Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle...

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Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Transcript of Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle...

Page 1: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ?

( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Page 2: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

FACTS TO EXPLAIN

-- Nearly circular orbits, same plane -- Move in same direction -- Spacing of the orbits, distr. of mass -- Most planets rotate same direction -- Terrestrial vs. gas-giant planets -- Gas-giants have moons -- Asteroid belt -- etc.

Page 3: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

NEWTONIAN ORBITS, 1700:

“Calculate backward in time” ???

Page 4: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON,1707—1788

-- Naturalist

-- Precursor to evolution theory -- Non-biblical history of Earth (Earth 75,000 years old?)

Movie trivia:

Jefferson in Paris (1995)

Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001)

Page 5: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Comte de Buffon’s theory (c. 1770): tidal forces

Page 6: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

IMMANUEL KANT1724—1804

German (Prussian)

philosopher

Page 7: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

PIERRE SIMON DE LAPLACE1749—1827

-- Famous mathematician

and physicist-- Mechanique Celeste-- Theory of probability-- Minister of the Interior (but later turned against Napoleon)-- etc.

Page 8: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

LAPLACE 1796: Exposition du System du Monde ( a book for ordinary people! )

Page 9: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

“NEBULAE”: mysterious glowing clouds in space

Page 10: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

KANT AND LAPLACE SUGGESTED THAT NEBULAE WERE PLANETARY SYSTEMS BEING FORMED:

“THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS”

Page 11: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 12: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 13: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Buffon proposed a “catastrophic” theory; but

The nebular hypothesis was an “evolutionary” theory.

( explain )

Page 14: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Buffon proposed a “catastrophic” theory;

The nebular hypothesis was an “evolutionary” theory.

The practical difference is enormous.

Page 15: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 16: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 17: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 18: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

Page 19: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

Page 20: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

1770, Buffon, cooling of the Earth: 75,000 years

Page 21: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

1770, Buffon, cooling of the Earth: 75,000 years

1850, fossils: millions of years?

Page 22: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

1770, Buffon, cooling of the Earth: 75,000 years

1850, fossils: millions of years?

1880, salt in ocean: even older?

Page 23: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

1770, Buffon, cooling of the Earth: 75,000 years

1850, fossils: millions of years?

1880, salt in ocean: even older?

1890, Kelvin, cooling of both the Earth and the Sun: 30—100 million years

Page 24: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

AGE OF THE EARTH (AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM)

c. 1750, The Bible: maybe 6000 years (depending on who was interpreting it)

1770, Buffon, cooling of the Earth: 75,000 years

1850, fossils: millions of years?

1880, salt in ocean: even older?

1890, Kelvin, cooling of both the Earth and the Sun: 30—100 million years

1910, RADIOACTIVITY: billions of years!

Page 25: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

RADIOACTIVE DATING OF METEORITES: THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS 4.6 – 4.7 BILLION YEARS OLD.

( 4.65 x 10 9 = 4,650,000,000 years )

Page 26: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 27: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 28: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 29: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 30: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 31: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 32: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 33: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 34: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 35: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 36: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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EARLY ATMOSPHERE DIDN’T HAVE MUCH O 2 .

Page 37: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 38: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 39: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 40: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

NEXT: THINGS THAT GO BOOMP IN THE NIGHT

COSMIC IMPACTS

Page 41: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

IMPACT CRATERS ON THE MOON, MARS, MERCURY

Page 42: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 43: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 44: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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... AND SMALLER METEOROIDS, OF COURSE.

( ALL SIZES )

Page 45: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

FLASHES SEEN ON MOON! (?)

Page 46: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 47: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 48: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

NE Arizona, 50,000 years old

Page 49: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Australia, 300,000 years old

Page 50: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Northern Quebec, 1 million years

Page 51: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Northern Canada,200 million years old

Page 52: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 53: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 54: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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GEOLOGISTS’ K-T BOUNDARY, 65 MILLION YEARS AGO

(“CRETACEOUS – TERTIARY”)

Page 55: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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GEOLOGISTS’ K-T BOUNDARY, 65 MILLION YEARS AGO

(“CRETACEOUS – TERTIARY”)

DINOSAURS R.I.P.

Page 56: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 57: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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IRIDIUM-RICH LAYER IN ROCKS

Page 58: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

SO WHAT?

WHY IS IRIDIUM IMPORTANT?

( explain )

Page 59: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

THE CHICXULUB EVENT,

65 MILLION YEARS AGO

Page 60: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

EFFECTS OF A BIG IMPACT

-- BLAST WAVE IN THE AIR

-- SEISMIC (earthquake)

Page 61: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

EFFECTS OF A BIG IMPACT

-- SEISMIC (earthquake)

-- TSUNAMI (see picture)

Page 62: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 63: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

EFFECTS OF A BIG IMPACT

-- SEISMIC (earthquake)

-- TSUNAMI (see picture)

-- PLANETARY CONFLAGRATION

Page 64: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

EFFECTS OF A BIG IMPACT

-- SEISMIC (earthquake)

-- TSUNAMI (see picture)

-- PLANETARY CONFLAGRATION

-- LONG LONG WINTER

Page 65: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

EFFECTS OF A BIG IMPACT

-- SEISMIC (earthquake)

-- TSUNAMI (see picture)

-- PLANETARY CONFLAGRATION

-- LONG LONG WINTER

---- ALTOGETHER, BIBLICAL IN SCOPE. ----

Page 66: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

ASTEROIDS

Page 67: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

COMET NUCLEUS

Page 68: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

MENTION HOW TO ESTIMATE

FREQUENCY OF EVENTS

Page 69: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 70: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Page 71: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 72: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

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Page 73: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

SIBERIA 1908: THE TUNGUSKA EVENT

PHOTO TAKEN 20 YEARS LATER

Page 74: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007

Vela satellite Sept. 1979: a mystery

Page 75: Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007 HOW DID THE PLANETS FORM ? ( Before about 1700 this would have been an idle question – not enough was known about physics and chemistry.)

Ast 1001 -- 1 Nov 2007