AssimilationCreoleAtlantic creolesCharter generationPlantation generationRevolutionary generationSocieties with slaves v. slave societiesTrue empireTrue empireTrade empireTrade empireExploitation colonyExploitation colonySettlement colonySettlement colonyHybrid colonyHybrid colony

Jamestown settlement Jamestown settlement 16071607First slaves 1619First slaves 1619Chesapeake (VA, MD, DE)Chesapeake (VA, MD, DE)TobaccoTobaccoCarolinasRice Louisiana

BerlinBerlin

AssimilationCreoleAtlantic creoleCharter generation versus plantation generationSocieties with slaves vs. slave societies

Colonial settlement:Colonial settlement:North AmericaNorth America

Settlement typesSettlement typesPeriodizingPeriodizing: generations: generationsUnderstanding colonial patternsUnderstanding colonial patterns–– The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake–– The CarolinasThe Carolinas–– LouisianaLouisiana–– The NorthThe North

European settlementsEuropean settlements

1492: Columbus reaches Bahamas1492: Columbus reaches Bahamas1497: Cabot reaches North America1497: Cabot reaches North America1498: De Gama explores Indian Ocean for Portugal1498: De Gama explores Indian Ocean for Portugal1513: Ponce de Le1513: Ponce de Leóón explores Florida n explores Florida 1517: Spanish grow sugar on Hispaniola1517: Spanish grow sugar on Hispaniola1519: Cort1519: Cortéés invades Mexico s invades Mexico 1540: Portuguese start growing sugar in Brazil1540: Portuguese start growing sugar in Brazil1607: Jamestown (Virginia) 1607: Jamestown (Virginia) 1608: Quebec founded (France)1608: Quebec founded (France)1619: First Africans in Jamestown1619: First Africans in Jamestown1620: Plymouth colony in New England 1620: Plymouth colony in New England 1630: Massachusetts Bay colony in New England1630: Massachusetts Bay colony in New England1634: Maryland colony founded in Chesapeake region1634: Maryland colony founded in Chesapeake region

Settlement typesSettlement types

True empireTrue empireTrade empireTrade empireExploitation colonyExploitation colonySettlement colonySettlement colonyHybrid colonyHybrid colony

settlersettler

exploitationexploitation

exploitationexploitation

trading empiretrading empire

true empiretrue empire

true empiretrue empire

exploitationexploitation

hybridhybrid

hybridhybrid

trading empiretrading empire

New England: settlerNew England: settler

Chesapeake: hybridChesapeake: hybrid

New Amsterdam: trading empireNew Amsterdam: trading empire

Carolinas: hybrid/exploitationCarolinas: hybrid/exploitation

Caribbean: exploitationCaribbean: exploitationMexico:Mexico:True empireTrue empire

Quebec: trading empireQuebec: trading empire

GenerationsGenerations

Charter generationCharter generationPlantation generationPlantation generationRevolutionary generationRevolutionary generation

GenerationsGenerations

16191619--16761676–– Founding of first coloniesFounding of first colonies–– Establishment of cash crop economyEstablishment of cash crop economy–– Labor experimentsLabor experiments–– Ends with BaconEnds with Bacon’’s Rebellion and rise of s Rebellion and rise of

Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade

GenerationsGenerations

16761676--17301730–– Late colonies (Georgia, Carolinas) foundedLate colonies (Georgia, Carolinas) founded–– Maturation of plantation complex in Maturation of plantation complex in

ChesapeakeChesapeake–– Increase in slave importsIncrease in slave imports–– Establishment of fullEstablishment of full--blown slave codesblown slave codes

GenerationsGenerations

1730s1730s--17831783–– Maturation of plantation complex in late Maturation of plantation complex in late

colonies (Carolinas, Georgia)colonies (Carolinas, Georgia)–– Agricultural production fully integrated into Agricultural production fully integrated into

English mercantile economyEnglish mercantile economy–– Development of slave society throughout Development of slave society throughout

coloniescolonies–– Ends with American Revolution (1774Ends with American Revolution (1774--1783)1783)

Regional variationRegional variation

What crop is grown?What crop is grown?What is the geography and climate like?What is the geography and climate like?What is the effect on:What is the effect on:–– racial definitions (racial definitions (““mulattoesmulattoes””))–– evolution of Africanevolution of African--American society and cultureAmerican society and culture–– CreolizationCreolization: can population reproduce itself (African : can population reproduce itself (African

vs. vs. creolecreole culture)culture)–– racial ratios and issues of acculturationracial ratios and issues of acculturation–– Development of American cultureDevelopment of American culture

The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake

JamestownJamestown

May 1607: First settlers land at May 1607: First settlers land at JamestownJamestown1609: 1609: ““Starving timeStarving time””: only 60 of 214 : only 60 of 214 survivesurviveJohn Rolfe develops tobaccoJohn Rolfe develops tobacco1617: First tobacco sent to England1617: First tobacco sent to England

TobaccoTobacco

1622: 60,000 lbs sent to England1622: 60,000 lbs sent to England1628: 500,000 lbs1628: 500,000 lbs1639: 1.5M lbs1639: 1.5M lbs1700: 20M lbs / year1700: 20M lbs / year

Slaves in VirginiaSlaves in Virginia

1619: 1619: ““Twenty Twenty negarsnegars”” sold to sold to JamestownJamestown1625: 23 Africans1625: 23 Africans1650: 15,000 total pop; 300 blacks (2%)1650: 15,000 total pop; 300 blacks (2%)1675: 32,000 total pop; 1,600 blacks 1675: 32,000 total pop; 1,600 blacks (5%)(5%)1708: 30,000 total; 12,000 blacks (40%)1708: 30,000 total; 12,000 blacks (40%)1756: 293,000 total; 120,000 black 1756: 293,000 total; 120,000 black (40%)(40%)

MarylandMaryland

1634: First settlement1634: First settlementBlack population in MarylandBlack population in Maryland–– 1640: 603 total; 20 black (3%)1640: 603 total; 20 black (3%)–– 1700: 32,800 total; 3230 blacks (10%)1700: 32,800 total; 3230 blacks (10%)

Natural population growthNatural population growth

Climate: benign disease environmentClimate: benign disease environmentCrop requirements: work regime relatively Crop requirements: work regime relatively benignbenignNutrition: Virginia a provisioning colony Nutrition: Virginia a provisioning colony as well (hybrid colony)?as well (hybrid colony)?Seasoned slaves?Seasoned slaves?

ConsequencesConsequences

Rapid Rapid ““creolizationcreolization””: Africans become : Africans become African AmericansAfrican AmericansEstablishment of black family lifeEstablishment of black family lifeCultural Cultural ““interinter--penetrationpenetration””Patterns of resistancePatterns of resistance

The CarolinasThe Carolinas

1663: Royal charter for proprietary colony 1663: Royal charter for proprietary colony from Virginia to Spanish Floridafrom Virginia to Spanish Florida1670: Settlement of Charles Town 1670: Settlement of Charles Town (Charleston, SC)(Charleston, SC)Early settlers Caribbean transplantsEarly settlers Caribbean transplants1693: introduction of rice as cash crop1693: introduction of rice as cash crop

Rice production in CarolinaRice production in Carolina

16981698 12,000lbs12,000lbs17301730 18M lbs18M lbs17701770 83M lbs83M lbs

Colonial Lower SouthColonial Lower South

Indigo production 1742Indigo production 1742The Caribbean connectionThe Caribbean connectionGeorgia: established 1733Georgia: established 1733

LouisianaLouisiana

French provisioning colony for St. French provisioning colony for St. DominigueDominigue (Haiti)(Haiti)1712: 20 slaves1712: 20 slavesCharter generation of Atlantic CreolesCharter generation of Atlantic CreolesCaribbean patternCaribbean pattern–– MultiMulti--tiered racial caste tiered racial caste sytemsytem–– Racial intermixtureRacial intermixture–– CatholocismCatholocism and Afroand Afro--Catholic syncretismCatholic syncretism

The NorthThe North

Low ratios of AfricanLow ratios of African--descended people to descended people to whiteswhitesGrain cropsGrain cropsProvisioning tradeProvisioning tradeUrban slaveryUrban slaveryNorth as a center of slave tradeNorth as a center of slave trade

New New EnglandEngland

MidMid--AtlanticAtlantic

SouthSouth West West IndiesIndies

TotalTotal % Slaves % Slaves West West IndiesIndies

16301630 2020 5050 10.00010.000 10,07010,070 99.399.3

16501650 400400 520520 700700 20.00020.000 21,62021,620 92.592.5

16701670 500500 800800 3,4003,400 40.00040.000 44,70044,700 89.589.5

16901690 950950 2,5002,500 13.30013.300 90,00090,000 106,750106,750 84.384.3

17101710 2,6002,600 6,2006,200 29.00029.000 148,000148,000 185,800185,800 79.679.6

African PopulationAfrican Population

Percentage of population black, by colony and year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1680 1700 1720 1750 1770

Year

Perc

enta

ge Virginia

South Carolina

16801680 17001700 17201720 17501750 17701770

NorthNorth 22 44 55 55 44

VirginiaVirginia 77 2828 3030 4444 4242

South CarolinaSouth Carolina 1717 4343 7070 6161 6161

Lower Lower Mississippi Mississippi

ValleyValley 3636 6060

% population of African descent% population of African descent

NorthNorthLow country Low country

CarolinasCarolinasChesapeake Chesapeake

regionregion

Charter Charter generationgeneration through 1740sthrough 1740s

through through 1600s1600s

Through midThrough mid--1600s1600s

Plantation Plantation generationgeneration

from 1740s to from 1740s to RevolutionRevolution 1700s1700s 1680s on1680s on

Regions/generationsRegions/generations

Regional variation

What is the main economic activity (e.g., what crop is grown)?What is the geography and climate like?What is the effect on:– racial definitions (mulattoes)– evolution of African-American society and culture– Creolization: can population reproduce itself (African

vs. creole culture)– racial ratios and issues of acculturation– Development of American culture