Butol, Michael Jordan PNovember 18, 2014IA12205Volleyball

1. Volleyball A game for two teams, usually of six players, in which a large ball is hit by hand over a high net, the aim being to score points by making the ball reach the ground on the opponent's side of the court.2. Origin of volleyballOn february 9, 1895, inholyoke, massachusetts(usa),william g. Morgan, aymcaphysical education director, created a new game calledmintonetteas a pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics fromtennisandhandball. Another indoor sport,basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city ofspringfield, massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the ymca, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.The first rules, written down by william g morgan, called for a net 6ft 6in (1.98m) high, a 25ft 50ft (7.6m 15.2m) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)except in the case of the first-try serve.After an observer, alfred halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the international ymca training school (now calledspringfield college), the game quickly became known asvolleyball(it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the international ymca training school and the game spread around the country to various ymcas.3. Volleyball Equipments

Volleyball Court DimensionsThe Volleyball court is 60 feet by 30 feet in total. The net in placed in the center of the court, making each side of the net 30 feet by 30 feet.Center LineA center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet squares, above which the net is placed.Attack LineAn attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line.Service LineA service line, the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet inside the right sideline on each back line.The NetThe net is placed directly above the center line, 7 feet 4 inches above the ground for women and 8 feet above the ground for men.PolesVolleyball poles should be set at 36 feet apart, 3 feet further out from the sidelines.Ceiling HeightThe minimum ceiling height should be 23 feet, though they should preferably be higher.4. Skills in Volleyball

Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig. Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.ServeA player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent.In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed:Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up and striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in high-level competitions.Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated. In Brazil, this serve is called Jornada nas Estrelas (Star Trek).Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist span, giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely used above the high school level of play.Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball.Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve amongst college and professional teams.Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. The ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air. This serve is becoming more popular amongst college and professional players because it has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern.PassAlso called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball.SetJump setThe set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court. The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball.As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set. Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent. In the case of a set, one also speaks of a front or back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter. There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net. In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net. The setter usually stands about of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can see).Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent's court. This movement is called a "dump".[22] This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack. The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4. More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.AttackThe attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.

Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:

Backcourt (or backrow)/pipe attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line.Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut shot.Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent's court that is not being covered by the defense.Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court.Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus confusing the opponent's defense.Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit.Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set. The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her.Double quick hit/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick hit at the same time. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from backcourt, maybe without block at all.BlockBlocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's attack.A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the "perfect" block.The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the net. Palms are held deflected downward about 4560 degrees toward the interior of the opponents court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof.By contrast, it is called a defensive, or "soft" block if the goal is to control and deflect the hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes more easy to be defended. A well-executed soft-block is performed by jumping and placing one's hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backward.Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, one may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block.Successful blocking does not always result in a "roof" and many times does not even touch the ball. While it's obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the attacker away from his or her 'power' or preferred attack into a more easily controlled shot by the defense is also a highly successful block.

At the same time, the block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.

DigDigging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms. It varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill, especially at the higher levels. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they're ready to move in any direction.

Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing. A player may sometimes perform a "dive", i.e., throw his or her body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball, and land on his or her chest. When the player also slides his or her hand under a ball that is almost touching the court, this is called a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball, but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and infirm nature of the sand court limits the chances that the ball will make a good, clean contact with the hand. When used correctly, it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays.5. Volleyball TerminologiesSometimes a player may also be forced to drop his or her body quickly to the floor to save the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries.10 Ball or Pipe - A high set around the 10-foot line, intended for a back row hitter.10-foot line or attack line - A line on the court 10 feet from the net, parallel with the net. Players in the back row cannot attack the ball above the net while in front of this line; however, if a player jumps from behind the line toward the net and hits the ball before landing on the court in front of the line, the attack is legal.ACE - A serve that results directly in a point without further action by players on the serving team. Typically, the ace can be detected due to an inability to touch the served ball or a shanked pass by a player on the receiving team. However, if the serve-receiving player passes the ball to another player and that second player can make a play on it, but doesn't, this serve is not considered an ace. ANTENNA - The vertical rods along the outside edge of the net extending 32 inches above the net to indicate out-of-bounds along the sideline. Any ball that touches the antenna is considered out. ASSIST - Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks the ball for a kill. The typical assist is a set, but generally, any ball delivered by one player to a second player to allow that second player to make a kill is an assist. ATTACK - A broad term that can mean many different things. At a high level, this term is used to describe the offensive scheme or pattern with which a team attempts to score a point. At a lower level, this term refers to the attempt by a player to score a point by hitting the ball in some manner.Attack Attempt - The attempt by a player to terminate a play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent's side. BACK SET - A set made when the player who is setting the ball has his/her back toward the hitter. Normally the setter back sets but occasionally, a player other than the setter decides to get fancy and back sets to the designated hitter. It looks more difficult than it really is. Many players master back setting at an early age.BACK ROW ATTACK - Typically, a player who has rotated to the back row jumps behind the 3-meter line to hit the ball. When done by a flashy player who puts some heat on the ball, the play is visually spectacular. However, regardless of whether a player takes off, any play involving a back row player attacking the ball is considered a back row attack. When accomplished by a short defensive specialist, the crowd goes wild with delight.BLOCK - The first line of defense where one or more players successfully terminate a rally or play in their favor by stopping the ball from traveling over the net. Typically, the blocking player(s) jump in front of the opposing hitter at the net to make contact with the ball in such a way that the ball lands inbounds on the opposing hitter's court or hits the opposing hitter before falling out of bounds. See ROOF.Blocking Error - A violation that consists of touching the net, crossing the center line, blocking a set or any other violation which occurs while making a block attempt.BUMP - The use of the forearm to pass or set the ball in an underhand manner.CARRY - An illegal maneuver in which a player makes an underhand contact with the ball where the duration of the contact last for more than the maximum amount of time. Needless to say, this is a very subjective call.CENTER LINE - The boundary that runs under the net and divides the court into two equal playing areas.CLOSING THE BLOCK - The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to angle their body relative tot he first blocker.Court Dimensions - 59 feet from end line to end line and 29 feet, 6 inches wide (18m x 9m).Courage - The capacity to meet danger or difficulty with firmness; bravery. Mental or moral strength to resist opposition or hardshipCROSS COURT SHOT - An angular shot made from one side of the offensive team's side of the court to the opposite side of the defensive team's side of the court.CUT SHOT - A spike from the hitter's strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net.DEFENSIVE SPECIALIST (DS) - The position on a team who is responsible for digging and passing the ball in the back row. These players are normally short and substituted out when they rotate to the front row. As befits their name, these players are not expected to contribute to the team's offensive production. Some of the greatest defensive specialists in the history of the game include Nalani Yamashita (Hawaii) and Jaimi Gregory (Stanford).DIG - The act of successfully receiving a ball. Almost always, the dig refers to the act of recovering an attacked ball close to the court floor. Some of the best diggers in collegiate volleyball include Nalani Yamashita (Hawaii), Stacy Sykora (Texas A&M), Jaimi Gregory (Stanford), and usually, any of Kathy Gregory's UCSB teams.DINK or DUMP - A pinpoint and aggressive push of the ball over the net. 99% of the time, this play is made by the setter. Usually performed by the setter, who delivers the ball into the opponent's court on the second contact.DOUBLE BLOCK - Two players working in unison to intercept a ball at the net.DOUBLE HIT/Contact - Successive hits by the same player. (Illegal)DOUBLES - A game with two players on a sideDOWN BALL - A ball the blockers elect not to attempt to block because it has been set too far from the net or the hitter is not under control.Down-Referee - Secondary referee. He/she stands on the floor at the opposite end of the net as the up-referee.FIVB/IVBF - Federation Internationale de Volleyball / International Volleyball Federation http://www.fivb.org/FIVE-ONE (5-1) - An offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter. The setter is usually not a hitter. Most younger teams and players are used to the 6-2 system but the more advanced teams utilize the 5-1 system. The vast majority of the college teams utilize a 5-1 system.FLOATER - A serve with no spin that follows an unpredictable path. Usually, the ball arcs high up at less than full speed and then, defying all laws of physics, drops to the floor with the force of a 10-ton truck.Focus - To concentrate attention or effort. To direct toward a common center or objective.FOOT FAULT - The illegal act of placing a foot on or inside the end line prior to the serve. Like tennis, the server's foot must always be located behind the end line until the server serves the ball.Forearm Pass - Contacting the ball with the forearms in order to deliver the ball to the setter in an underhanded manner.FOUL - A violation of the rules that was called by a referee. If the referees don't call it, you get away with it. No different from any other sport.FOUR-TWO - An offensive system using four hitters and two setters. The setters set from the front row.FREE BALL - A ball that is delivered over the net to the opposing team in a non-threatening manner because the ball was hit more like a pass rather than a spike. When this occurs, players on the opposing team normally and collectively yell "free!" while moving backwards away from the net to receive the free ball and set up a transition offensive play. Usually, but not always, the receiving team moves into its serve receive positions. HELD BALL (carry) - A ball that comes to rest for more than the maximum allowable time period during contact resulting in a foul. Again, this is a subjective call.HIT - To offensively strike the ball in an effort to terminate the rally for a sideout or point. The hit can be either an overhand or underhand shot so long as the hit is made to terminate the rally.HITTING PERCENTAGE - A statistical category calculated by subtracting the number of errors from the number of kills and dividing this result by the number of kill attempts. For example, a player who records 7 kills, 2 errors, and 10 kill attempts has a hitting percentage of 0.500 (Hitting Percentage = (kills - errors)/kill attempts). Typically, a setter's performance has a high correlation to a team's hitting percentage.ISOLATION PLAY - A play normally designed to deliver the ball to Michael Jordan to work his "magic" whenever Craig Ehlo of the Cleveland Cavaliers is guarding him. Umm, waitIn volleyball, an isolation play is designed to isolate the attacker on a specific defender due to a perceived advantage.JOUST - The act of simultaneously making contact with the ball by opposing players immediately above the net. Usually, both players use both hands to forcefully "push" the ball over the net and onto the other player's side of the court. The joust normally involves two players of equal heights but sometimes, a short setter is matched against a middle blocker and the result is not as predictable as you think.JUMP SERVE - One of the most feared serves in all of volleyball when executed consistently, the jump serve involves the server tossing the ball up and making contact with the ball as it falls by jumping up in the air. The resulting served ball usually has more power, arc, and spin than the normal serve. However, it is a risky serve for the serving team as most players cannot execute it perfectly. Some of the best jump servers in college volleyball include Logan Tom (Stanford) and Brittany Hochevar (Long Beach State).KILL - A succesfful attack that terminates a play or rally resulting in an immediate point or side out by the team making the kill.LET SERVE - A legal serve attempt where the ball makes contact with the net while still managing to go over on the serve receiving team's side of the court.LIBERO - A player who can be substituted into a game freely in the back row for defensive purposes, i.e., digging, passing. Required to wear a striking and different color jersey, the libero is prohibited from serving or attacking the ball.LINE SHOT - In contrast to a cross-court shot, a line shot refers to a hit attempt where the ball is directed along an opponent's sideline closest to the hitter and usually outside the block.Line Judge - Officials located at the corners of the court; each linesman is responsible for ruling if the ball is legally in play along the lines for which or she is responsible.MIDDLE BACK - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover deep spikes.MIDDLE HITTER/BLOCKER (MH OR MB) - The position on a team who is primarily responsible for blocking. Middle hitters or blockers are usually the tallest players on the team. Because of their proximity to the setter, the middle hitter usually receives most of the quick and lower height sets. Because of the variety of ability levels and heights, setting the middle is considered one of the most difficult sets to make in all of volleyball. However, setting the middle is indispensable to opening up the offense and keeping the opposing defenders on their toes. In practice, middles get yelled at a lot because they tend to get in the way of the setter. Some of the greatest middles in the history of the game include Deitre Collins (Hawaii), Kim Oden (Stanford), Elaina Oden (Pacific), and Danielle Scott (Long Beach State).MIDDLE UP - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover dinks or short shots.MINTONETTE - The original name for the sport of volleyball given by founder William Morgan.Missile: A spike or serve that rockets out of bounds.OFF SPEED SHOTS - Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin.Open Up - An exlamation made by a player telling his teammate in back of him that the ball is his/her.OUTSIDE HITTER (OH) - The position on a team who is normally responsible for attacking the ball on the left side of the team's side of the court. These players usually get the most kills and all the glory. Some of the best outside hitters in the collegiate game include Tara Cross-Battle (Long Beach State), Teee Williams (Hawaii), Natalie Williams (UCLA), and Elsa Stegemann (Pacific).Overlap - A violation called when a team lines up out of rotation on a service attempt.OVERHEAD PASS - A ball-handling skill using both hands simultaneously to contact the ball above the head and direct it to the intended target.PANCAKE DIG - a spectacular dig that should not be tried at home without the supervision of a trained professional, unless you are Kerri Walsh. As the ball falls toward the floor (as gravity dictates), a player literally dives head first toward the ball by stretching at least one arm to place his/her palm on or near the floor and under the ball to prevent the ball from touching the floor. The hand is as flat as a pancake on the floor. Clear enough?PASS - The act of receiving and delivering the ball to the setter. Technically, a pass is made by joining the arms from the elbows to the wrists and making contact with the ball on the forearms in an underhand motion to direct the ball to the setter. The pass is considered the most important fundamental element of volleyball.PIPE - A play which involves the setter delivering the ball high and to the middle of her side of the court so that a back row player (usually an athletic hitter who happened to be in the back row at the time due to the rotation) can leap and strike the ball with maximum force to terminate the play for a point or sideout for the offensive team. This is a special case of a BACK ROW ATTACK, because the location of the set ball and the hitter is somewhere along the middle of the offensive side of the court.POWER ALLEY - A cross court hit traveling away from the spiker to the farthest point of the court.READY POSITION - The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to the point of contact.Red Card - A more severe sanction given by the up-referee.RIGHT-SIDE HITTER (RS) or OPPOSITE (OPP) - The position on a team who is responsible for shutting down the opponent's best left side hitters. Right-side hitters don't record a lot of kills or receive a lot of glory but they are indispensable to the success of the team. In addition to blocking and hitting, the right-side hitter is also considered the second option for setting purposes when the setter cannot set the ball. Some of the greatest right-side hitters in the history of the game include Kerri Walsh (Stanford), Jenny Manz (Florida), and Nancy Meendering (Nebraska).RALLY POINT SCORE (or RPS) - Simply put, every play will result in a point regardless of who served. Rally score has been used in international play for years but the United States high school and collegiate games were played with the conventional sideout scoring system.ROLLSHOT - an offspeed shot where the ball is hit in such a way that it travels at less than full speed and arcs over the blockers' hands, requiring the back row defenders to make a play on the ball. Of course, the term is most famous for being the name of a webzine. http://www.rollshot.com/ROOF - A colloquial term that is used to describe a successful block attempt. See BLOCK.ROTATION - The collective clockwise movement of players on a team around their side of the court following a side out. Each rotation determines the identity of the server.SCREENING - The illegal act of obstructing the view of the opposing team by preventing them from visually seeing the server with players on the server's team at the time of the serve. Typically, players on the server's team gather together in close proximity to create a "wall" or "screen" so that the opposing team cannot determine how, when, and where the server will serve. The players on the server's team must be separated from each other by at least 1 meter.SERVE - The act by one player to put the ball into play. The serving player is usually identified by the current rotation. When serving, the player must be located in a designated area behind the back line.SETTER (S) - The position on a team who is considered the leader and "quarterback" (to use an overused analogy) who is normally responsible for delivering the ball to one of the other players for an attack attempt. In the past, setters were usually shorter and were not expected to contribute to blocking and the team's offensive production. Recently, the trend is to train athletic taller players so that they can also block and attack the ball when necessary. Some of the greatest setters in the history of the game include Debbie Green (USC, 1976-77), Lisa Sharpley (Stanford, 1994-97), Robyn Ah Mow (Hawaii, 1993-96), and Misty May (Long Beach State, 1995-98).SIDEOUT - In contrast to the rally point scoring system, the sideout scoring system mandates that the only time a team scores a point is when the play ends in the serving team's favor. Also, the term refers to a situation where a play ends in the serve receiving team's favor so that the serve receiving team now earns the right to serve the next play.SIX-TWO (6-2) - An offensive system that uses six hitters and two setters. Obviously, all six players on the court are considered hitters, including the setters. Most younger teams and players are used to the 6-2 system but the more advanced teams utilize the 5-1 system. One of the more successful and well-known 6-2 systems was Stanford's 1994 and 1995 teams which used Lisa Sharpley and Cary Wendell as the setters.SLIDE -The play involves the setter setting the ball to a hitter who is moving laterally with the net, takes off on one foot, and hits the ball forcefully near the antenna. Although this play was invented by the Asian teams to compete (very successfully) against the taller Russian and other Western teams, it is now a common maneuver and technique in all team's offensive repertoire.STUFF - A colloquial term that is used to describe a successful block attempt. See BLOCK. A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team's floor by the opponent's blockers.Substitution - Allows one player to replace another player already on the court. Each team is allowed 15 substitutions per game. Each player is allowed an unlimited number of entries.Tandem - A combination in which one player attacks immediately behind another.TEN-FOOT LINE (or 3-METER LINE) - The two lines that are parallel to the CENTER LINE. Each line is located approximately 10 feet (or 3 meters) from the center line on both sides of the court. This line specifies the boundary between the front row and the back row on each side of the court.TOOL - Commonly used in the phrase "tool the block" or "tooling the block," this term refers to the act of striking the ball in a savvy manner so that the ball deflects off the defender's hand/arm and fall to the floor for a sideout or point for the offensive team. This play normally occurs near the sidelines by the antenna.UNDERHAND SERVE - Although most players serve overhand for greater power, the underhand serve was successfully employed by the Japanese teams. Arguably, the underhand serve is a more conservative, "safer," and accurate serve than the overhand serve.Up Referee - The main referee. He/she stands up on a stand.USAV - United States Volleyball (formerly USVBA) http://www.usavolleyball.org/USPV - United States Professional VolleyballWIPE - the act of deflecting the ball off the opponent's hand(s) and then out-of-bounds by a "brushing" or "wiping" manner for a point or sideout. The wipe is usually made by an outside hitter near the antenna.Yellow Card - Warning given by the up-referee.