Name: Zain Saeed

Roll No: 8009

Class: BS (H) 3rd semester

Program: Botany (Evening)

How to create E-mail account?There are many websites offering to create free E-mail account for their users. I have selected to

create my E-mail account on gmail let’s start…

Step 1: Open the Gmail web site: To create your Gmail account you only need a web browser

and an internet connection. Go to http://gmail.google.com. You should now get to a page that

looks something like the one below

Click on the create an account for Gmail link in the screenshot and then proceed to the next step.

Step 2: Enter all the required information in the "Create an Account" online form :After you click

on the create an account link, you shall be shown the Create an Account form with several fields that need

your inputs. You now need to start filling the form. Once you have entered your first and last names, it is

time to choose a login name. This is important as your login name will decide the email address you will

get, and in case of a Gmail account, would be your-chosen-loginname@gmail.com. So be sure to pick a

login name, also called the username, with care.

Step 3: How to choose a login name or username for your email address: Choosing a login name is

part art and part common sense. And because it determines what your email address will be, we suggest

you spend a little time over it. Since, email addresses need to be unique which means no two people in the

world can have the same address, there is no guarantee that your preferred login name would be available.

The following are advice and suggestions on how to choose a login or username. First check if you can

get a login name of your name, first name, last name, as first name last name or the more popular, first

name last name (the period sign can be used in a login name). You can also try out first name last name.

Getting a Gmail email address of your name is indeed very fortunate because of the sheer number of

subscribers to the service. Your login name needs to be catchy and at the same time describe you so

people are able to recall it without much difficulty and associate it with you. The availability of a login or

user name can be verified by entering it first in the text field and hitting the check availability button.

Step 4: Choosing a password for your email Securing your Gmail email account with a strong password

is imperative. Think of the password as the key combination to your safe and you need to give the same

amount of importance. A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters with some digits thrown in

would be a strong enough password. on the right of the text fields in which you enter your password a sort

of meter would indicate the strength of the password. You need to enter the password twice and you can

leave the "Remember me on this computer" box unchecked.

Step 5: Protecting your Gmail account with a security question You now need to either select a

security question from the drop down list or enter one and you need to provide the answer. This

additional security helps in getting your email account password if you forget it.

Step 6: Word verification and confirmation After providing your secondary email address - you can

leave this blank, if you don't have one - and your location, you need to enter the characters that you see in

the picture above the field in your form. Why is this required? So that Gmail knows the inputs are from a

human being and not some automated program. Now that everything is set, you can go through the Terms

of Service and click on the "I accept. Create my account." button which will create your very own free

Gmail account! To access your Gmail account in future, you need to go to the web site

http://gmail.google.com using a web browser and enter your username (login name) and

password once again and you are on your way to your newly created google account.

Generations of ComputersGeneration in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially,

the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays,

generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussedin detail

along with their time period, characteristics. We've used approximate dates against each generations

which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers

First Generation

The period of first generation was 1942-1954.

First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for

memory and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs

produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very

expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly

batch processing operating system were used. In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape,

Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used. There were Machine code and electric wired

board languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:

Vacuum tube technology

Unreliable

Supported Machine language only

Very costly

Generate lot of heat

Slow Input/Output device

Huge size

Need of A.C.

Non portable

Consumed lot of electricity

Some computer of this generation were:

ENIAC

EDVAC

UNIVAC

IBM-701

IBM-650

Second Generation

The period of second generation was 1952-1964.

This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size,

more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vaccum tubes.In this

generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks

as secondary storage devices.

In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN,

COBOL were used.

There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.

The main features of Second Generation are:

Use of transistors

Reliable as compared to First generation computers

Smaller size as compared to First generation computers

Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers

Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers

Faster than first generation computers

Still very costly

A. C. needed

Support machine and assmebly languages

Some computer of this generation were:

IBM 1620

IBM 7094

CDC 1604

CDC 3600

UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation

The period of third generation was 1964-1972.

The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of

transistors.A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated

circuitry.The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size,

reliable and efficient. In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-

programming Operating System were used. High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,

PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

The main features of Third Generation are:

IC used

More reliable

Smaller size

Generate less heat

Faster

Lesser maintenance

Still costly

A.C needed

Consumed lesser electricity

Support high level language

Some computer of this generation were:

IBM-360 series

Honeywell-6000 series

PDP(Personal Data Processor)

IBM-370/168

TDC-316

Fourth Generation

The period of Fourth Generation was 1972-1990.

The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)

circuits.VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their

associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth

generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and

affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.

All the Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

VLSI technology used

Very cheap

Portable and reliable

Use of PC's

Very small size

Pipeline processing

No A.C. needed

Concept of internet was introduced

Great developments in the fields of networks

Computers became easily available

Some computer of this generation were:

DEC 10

STAR 1000

PDP 11

CRAY-1(Super Computer)

CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

Fifth Generation

The period of Fifth Generation is 1990-till date.

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)

technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic

components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial

Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means

and method of making computers think like human beings. All the Higher level languages like C

and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.

AI includes:

Robotics

Neural networks

Game Playing

Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.

Natural language understanding and generation.

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

ULSI technology

Development of true artificial intelligence

Development of Natural language processing

Advancement in Parallel Processing

Advancement in Superconductor technology

More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features

Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

Some computer types of this generation are:

Desktop

Laptop

NoteBook

UltraBook