Assignment 2 Thermal Performance

8/8/2019 Assignment 2 Thermal Performance

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Table of Content

No. Title Page

1. World Climate 2

2. Cold Climate 3

3. Russia 5

4. Challenges and Problems for Human Occupancy 6

5. The Very Basic Cold Climate House

- Bulding Enclosure- Roof Design- Wall Design- Foundation Design- Windows and Doors- Mechanical System

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9

14

19

23

27

29

6. Case Study

- Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg- Izborsk Fortress, Pskov

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World Climate

Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earth's surface at a certain

place on earth. It is the long-term weather of that area (at least 30 years). This includes the

region's general pattern of weather conditions, seasons and weather extremes like hurricanes,droughts, or rainy periods. Two of the most important factors determining an area's climate are

air temperature and precipitation.


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Cold Climate

These climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only

about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.

Subarctic climates

Subarctic climates have short, cool summers and long, bitterly cold winters. Freezes can occur

even in midsummer. Most precipitation falls in the summer. Snow comes early in the fall and

lasts on the ground into early summer.

Tundra climates

Tundra climates are dry, with a brief, chilly summer and a bitterly cold winter. Continuous

permafrost (permanently frozen ground) lies under much of the treeless tundra regions.

Icecap climates

Icecap climates are the coldest on earth. Summer temperatures rarely rise above the freezing

point. Temperatures are extremely low during the long, dark winter. Precipitation is meager

and is almost always in the form of snow.

Highland climates

Highland climates occur in mountainous regions. A highland climate zone is composed of

several areas whose climates are like those found in flat terrain. Because air temperature

decreases with increasing elevation in the mountains, each climate area is restricted to a certain

range of altitude.

A mountain climber may encounter the same sequence of climates in several thousand meters

of elevation as he or she would encounter traveling northward several thousand kilometers. For

example, the climate at the base of a mountain might be humid subtropical, and the climate at

the summit might be tundra.

This area extends from latitude 60r to 90 r North and South. Examples of areas that are

experiencing this type of climate are the Canadian North, Northern Russia, Siberia and North

Greenland.

Tundra climate characteristics are:

y Generally covered by snow all year round.


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y Short hot season (about 3 months) and long cold season (approximately 9 months).y Min temperature in hot season is 10 r C and cold season less than -29 r C.y

Rainfall less than 250 mm per year and falls in the form of snow.

y Plants that live in this area are cold-resistant plants and growing like mould and moss,grass and small trees.

y The populations main activity in this area is hunting animals, animal rearing and fishing,coal mining, oil and gold as shown in Alaska


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Russia

Russia is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential democratic republic,

comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares borders with the following countries (from

northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (bothvia Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia,

and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan (by the Sea of Okhotsk) and the

United States (by the Bering Strait).

At 17,075,400 square kilometers (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is by far the largest country in the

world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most

populous nation in the world with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern

Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a wide range of

environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy

resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest

reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

Russias Climate

The climate of the Russian Federation formed under the influence of several determining

factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result

in the dominance of the humid continental and subarctic climate, which is prevalent in

European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in thesouth obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, whilst the plain of the west

and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.

Throughout much of the territory there are only two distinct seasons winter and summer;

spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures

and extremely high. The coldest month is January (February on the shores of the sea), the

warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get

colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot and humid,

even in Siberia. A small part of Black Sea coast around Sochi has a subtropical climate. The

continental interiors are the driest areas.


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Challenges and Problems for Human Occupancy

People living in cold climates kept their body heat by using the method ofinsulating clothing,

houses, and fires. People all over the world also adapt by limiting outdoor activities to warmer

times of the day.

When the environment is very cold, life can depend on the ability of our bodies to reduce heat

loss and to increase internal heat production. As Bergmann and Allen observed, the human

physiological response to cold commonly includes the evolution of more massive, compact

bodies with relatively less surface area. There are three additional important types of biological

responses to cold conditions found among humans around the world:

1. increased basal metabolic rate

2. fat insulation of vital organs3. change in blood flow patterns

Different populations usually develop at least one of these important adaptive responses to

consistently cold conditions. People living in harsh subarctic regions, such as the Inuit

(Eskimo) of the far northern regions of the western hemisphere and the Indians of Tierra del

Fuego at the southern end, traditionally consumed large quantities of high calorie fatty foods.

This significantly increases the basal metabolic rate, which, in turn, results in the production of

extra body heat. These peoples also wore heavy clothing, often slept in a huddle with their

bodies next to each other, and remained active when outdoors.

Inuit man

The Ju/'hoansi of Southwestern Africa and the Aborigines of Australia usually respond

physiologically to the cold in a different way. Thick fat insulation develops around the vital

organs of the chest and abdomen. In addition, their skin cools due to vasoconstriction at night.

As a result, heat loss is reduced and the core body temperature remains at normal levels.

However, the skin feels very cold.


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This response would not be adaptive if the Kung and the Aborigines lived in consistently freezing

environments because the concentration of body heat in their torsos would allow the loss of

fingers, toes, and other appendages from frostbite. Their physiological adaptation is to

environments that rarely stay below freezing long and that do not have abundant high calorie

fatty foods.


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The Basic Very Cold Climate House

Figure 1: Front Elevation of Juneau Very Cold Climate House

This is a very basic design of a house in cold climate. The design of the roof is pointed because,

in cold climatic countries where it has heavy snow downfall, snow can cause damage to roofs,

so with pointed roofs, snow will fall from the roof, avoiding build-ups on the roof.


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This is the section of the building. Every part of the building is important in order to keep

insulation runs smoothly for the interiors of the house.

Every aspect of the design of the house must be taken seriously to maintain better control of

the interior environmental conditions.

In order to achieve this, the various components of the building enclosure (roofs, walls,

foundations, windows and doors) must be designed to fulfill their individual requirements.

However, these components must also be tied together in such a way as to create a complete

system to control rain water, air leakage, vapor migration, and thermal transfer.

Many systems needs to be taken care of, such as, the drainage system, the air barrier system,

the vapour management system and also the thermal resistance system.


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Figure 3: Building systems


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Figure 4: Diagram of drainage

Rain water infiltration is the largest source of material deterioration in buildings. The control of

rain water is best achieved if some simple principles of drainage are followed. The fundamental

design looks to create a means to drain water off the building, out of the assemblies and

components, and away from the building. The design uses a strategy referred to as a rain

screen approach.


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After liquid water intrusion, air leakage is the second most common mechanism for depositing

moisture in wall assemblies. Air leakage occurs due to air pressure differentials causing air to

flow through or within the building assembly. In order to control air leakage a continuous plane

of air seal must be created. This air seal must be continuous not only for each building

assembly, but at the connection between adjoining building assemblies.

Figure 5: Moisture Transport Comparison

Vapor diffusing into a wall assembly can condense and accumulate resulting in problems with

material deterioration. On the other hand, it can also be used as a drying mechanism that will

allow assemblies to dry to either the exterior or the interior or both.

To control thermal transfer, the intention is to maximizing the thermal insulating value of all 6

sides of the building enclosure to levels that are suited for the climate zone


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Roof Design

The roof is designed with asphalt shingle installed over a layer of building paper on OSB

sheathing. Below the OSB sheathing is a 4 inch ventilation space created by installing 2x4 studs

on edge on a 4 inch wide strip of _ inch plywood that is screwed through to the rafters. This

ventilation space will help remove any heat loss through the insulation to prevent problems

with ice damming on the roof eaves. In addition the ventilation space will help to dry any

moisture that may penetrate past the exterior shingles.

Figure 6: Roof Construction Section


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Figure 7: Roof Drainage

The overhangs from the roof are designed to extend a minimum of 2 feet from the exterior

wall. This amount of overhang will provide protection for the wall elements such as windows

and doors that are traditionally common sources of water leakage.


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Figure 8: Roof Air Barrier

The attic is designed as an unvented attic. The air tightness for this assembly is provided by the

house wrap sandwiched between the rigid insulation and the interior layer of roof sheathing. In

order to maintain the continuity of the air seal between the roof and the wall the house wrap

must be continuous from the roof down onto the wall with all the joints taped and sealed.


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Figure 9: Roof Vapor Management

With all of the insulation installed to the exterior of the structure common problems of

condensation within the structure are eliminated. The location of the insulation moves the dew

point of the assembly exterior of the structure and in a location where the materials used in the

construction are resistant to moisture damage. If condensation were to occur, it is exterior of

the drainage plane of the assembly and the moisture would be able to drain out to the exterior.


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Figure 10: Roof Thermal Resistance

The thermal resistance of the assembly is provided by the 12 inches of rigid EPS insulation

installed to the exterior of the structure. With cavity insulation, the framing members (studs,

top and bottom plates, window headers, etc) are thermal bridges through the insulating layer.

These thermal bridges can reduce the rated R-value of the insulation upwards of 35% to 40%.

This means that a 2x6 stud wall with a rated R-19 fiberglass batt will in reality have an effective

R-value of around R-13 for the entire assembly. For this design, since the insulation is installed

exterior of the structure, concerns with thermal bridging of the framing members are essentially

eliminated. This means that close to the entire rated insulating value of the insulation will be

effective in providing thermal resistance. 12 inches of rigid EPS installed to the exterior of the

structure will have an effective R-value of R-42.


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Wall Design

Figure 13: Wall Drainage

The wall water management system is designed with a ventilated and drained cavity behind the

wood siding. These furring strips provide for an air gap that acts both as a drainage gap and

ventilation gap. This allows any water that penetrates past the siding to drain to the exterior

and allows for air flow behind the cladding to help with drying of the cavity.


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Figure 14: Wall Air Barrier

The air tightness for this assembly is provided by the house wrap sandwiched between the rigid

insulation and treated OSB sheathing. The continuity is maintained at the top by ensuring

continuity with the roof house wrap. At the connection to the floor, the house wrap is

continuous past the rim joist and sealed to the OSB sheathing. The air seal is then maintained

by sealing the OSB sheathing to the rim joist of the floor assembly.


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Figure 15: Wall Vapor Management

With all of the insulation installed to the exterior of the structure common problems of

condensation within the structure are eliminated. The location of the insulation moves the dew

point of the assembly exterior of the structure and in a location where the materials used in the

construction are resistant to moisture damage. If condensation were to occur, it is exterior of

the drainage plane of the assembly and the moisture would be able to drain out at the bottom

of the wall assembly to the exterior.


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Figure 16: Wall Thermal Resistance

The thermal resistance of the assembly is provided by the 8 inches of rigid EPS installed to the

exterior of the structure. As mentioned in the roof design section, with cavity insulation, the

framing members can reduce the rated R-value of the insulation upwards of 35% to 40%. This

means that a 2x6 stud wall with a rated R-19 fiberglass batt will in reality have an effective R-

value of around R-13 for the entire assembly. For this design 8 inches of rigid EPS installed to

the exterior of the structure will have an effective R-value of R-28.


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Foundation Design

Figure 17: Foundation Drainage

The foundation is designed as a pier foundation with the floor elevated off the ground. This

foundation allows for more construction options in areas where the ground is frozen for long

period of the year and uneven rocky conditions make creating level footprints more difficult. In

addition, the open nature of the foundation will allow for snow to blow through, preventing

severe drifting of snow up against the house.


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Figure 18: Foundation Air Barrier

The air tightness for this assembly is provided by the house wrap sandwiched between the rigid

insulation and the OSB subfloor. At the connection to the wall, the house wrap is draped over

the exterior of the rim joist and sealed to the back of the wall OSB sheathing.


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Figure 19: Foundation Vapor Management

The insulation is installed above the framing structure of the floor. The assembly is designed to

dry to both the interior and the exterior. The EPS insulation is semi permeable and will limit the

amount of moisture that is able to diffuse into the assembly. Any moisture that does will be

able to dry to the exterior.


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Figure 20: Foundation Thermal Resistance

Similar to the wall assembly, the thermal resistance of the assembly is provided by the 9-3/8

inches of rigid EPS insulation installed in the floor structure. For this design 9-3/8 inches of rigid

EPS installed to the underside of the structure will have an effective R-value of R-33.


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Windows and Doors

Figure 21: Window Pan Flashing

The window and door installations are designed to be drained systems. A pan flashing is

installed below every window and door to direct any water that may leak through or around the

window back out to the exterior. The window is located in the wall so that the flanges of the

window are at the same plane as the house wrap drainage plane behind the rigid insulation.

The nailing flanges of the window are sealed with a membrane flashing on the jambs and head

of the window. The sill is left open to allow the water to drain out.


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Figure 22: Window air barrier continuity

The continuity of the air barrier is maintained by installing a bead of non-expanding urethane

foam between the window frame and the rough opening on all four sides of the window. Thefoam is installed from the interior prior to the installation of the interior trim. The foam should

also be closer to the interior so as not to block drainage of the pan flashing at the sill of the

window.

The thermal resistance of the window is provided by the overall U-value of the window

assembly as well as the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. For very cold climates, it is recommended to

minimize the overall U-value of the windows for all orientations.


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Mechanical Systems

As with the building enclosure design, working towards energy efficient mechanical systems is

also very important in reducing the overall building energy consumption.

Figure 23: Mechanical Schematic for Very Cold Climate House

In general, the placement of the mechanical equipment will depend on the design of the

house. Consideration for space requirements for the mechanical equipment should be made

early in the design.


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CASE STUDY

Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

IzborskF

ortress, Pskov


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Hermitage Museum

State Hermitage Museum

Entrance to the museum

Established 1764

Location 38 Palace Embankment, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Director Mikhail Piotrovsky

Website www.hermitagemuseum.org

The State Hermitage (Russian: ) is a museum of art and culture

situated in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums of the world, it was

founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of

which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise nearly 3 million items, including thelargest collection of paintings in the world. The collections occupy a large complex of six historic

buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian

emperors. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at

Staraya Derevnya and the eastern wing of the General Staff Building also make part of the

museum. The museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a federal state

property. Since 1990, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky.

Out of six buildings of the main museum complex, four, namely the Winter Palace, Small

Hermitage, Old Hermitage and New Hermitage, are partially open to the public. The other two

are Hermitage Theatre and the Reserve House. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists costsseveral times as much as the fee paid by Russian citizens. However, the entrance is free of

charge first Thursday of every month for all visitors and daily for students and children. The

museum is closed on Mondays. Entrance is in the Winter Palace from Palace Embankment or

the Courtyard.


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Buildings

Originally, the only building housing the collection was the Small Hermitage. Today, theHermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment and its

neighbourhoods. Apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the Old

Hermitage (also called Large Hermitage), the New Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre, and the

Winter Palace, the former main residence of the Russian tsars. In recent years, the Hermitage

has expanded to the General Staff Building on the Palace Square in front of the Winter Palace,

and the Menshikov Palace.

The Hermitage Museum complex. From left to right: Hermitage Theatre Old Hermitage Small

Hermitage Winter Palace (the "New Hermitage" is situated behind the Old Hermitage).

Collections

The Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculptures, applied art fromthe 13th to the 20th century and is on display in about 120 rooms on the first and second floor

in the four buildings. Drawing and prints are displayed in temporary exhibitions.


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RESTORATION & RECONSTRUCTION OF EASTERN WING OF GENERAL STAFF

BUILDING

Restoration project of the Eastern Wing of the General Staff Building is a part of the Great

Hermitage programme. The General Staff Building should become both a site for exhibiting

works of art of XIX - XXI centuries and a cultural and public forum that sets new frameworks forthe existence of Palace Square.

The concept of creating a new museum complex in the Eastern Wing of the General Staff

Building (1820-1830, architect Carlo Rossi) stated by the Hermitage provided the basis for the

project developed by the architect's Workshop Studio 44.

As explained by Mikhail Piotrovsky, architectural solutions should emphasize the greatness of

Russian architecture and enhance the perception of Palace Square ensemble. It is necessary to

follow all the rules of monument protection and to follow them in a way so everyone can see.

The General Staff Building is one of the symbols of the Russian Empire and one of the peaks of

the Russian Empire style. Its facades, historic interiors are subject to thorough restoration and

no changes are acceptable here. The goal of the project is to preserve and make accessible for

visitors the whole complex of premises that existed here in XIX century.

The development priority of the Hermitage is maximum accessibility of its collections. And the

necessary condition for that is the expansion of the Hermitage.

The task that was given to the Hermitage and the project developers was to provide the

museum with big exhibition halls, to create comfortable conditions for employees work and

exhibits conservation taking good care of Carlo Rossi's heritage.

The initial principle of organization of the exhibition premises in the General Staff Building will

be the enfilade principle that is characteristic of the exhibition halls of the Hermitage: the Old,

the New and the Winter Palace.

A universal, encyclopedic museum shall appear in the halls of the General Staff Building. The

exhibition of museum shall present the art of the 19th - 20th centuries of Europe and Russia as

well as the Eastern countries on full scale.

Special areas will be allocated for the display of the XXI century art.

Realization of the restoration project of the Eastern Wing of the General Staff Building will be a

model of how monuments of history and architecture are included in the modern life.


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Archaeological Survey Works in the Yards of the Eastern Wing of the

General Staff Building

Since 2005 in the framework of the reconstruction activities in the Eastern Wing of the General

Staff building there have been conducted the archaeological survey of the occupation layer. This

territory was developed back in the first quarter of the XVIII century. Before the group of

buildings for the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance (architect K. Rossi, 1820-1830) was

erected, it had been occupied by a residential district located between the river Moika and

Palace Square. In 2005-2006 the works progressed in the context of the pre-project survey,

since 2009 they have been an integral part of the implementation of the 1st stage of

reconstruction of the General Staff building Eastern Wing.

In 2005 the Sector of Archaeology and Architecture of the State Hermitage in association with

Mikhailov's Architectural Studio carried out a series of explorations in the yards and rooms (in

the basements, on the ground floor) of the buildings of the General Staff Eastern Wing. 33architectural-archaeological pits were dug. Numerous elements of the original appearance of

the building that had been previously lost were identified and secured: such as staircases, door

and window openings, and floors. Design of the building foundations, technological particulars

of their installation, location of the foundation strips, sequence of the erection stages were

studied in detail. The heavy foundations, which are laid 2.5 m deep, were proved to have been

erected using the technique of trenches and piles. The works of 2005 were intended to solve

the tasks of architecture and engineering, and the pits in the yards were laid not in the central

areas, but right beside the foundations, that is within the Staff construction pit, however, the

cultural layer of the XVIII century was registered even in them (particularly, in the fourth yard).

In 2006 the works were resumed, but then their primary mission was to secure the lines of the

stone sewer tunnels engineered in the process of the Staff construction, as well as to clarify the

nature of the cultural layer on the territory of the yards. The survey was focused on the 5th yard

where three trial pits having the total area of approximately 13 sq. m. were excavated. Based on

the activities of 2005-2006 the cultural layer of the XVIII century was ascertained to exist on the

territory of the 4th and 5th yards.

In February - beginning of March, 2009, in the context of implementation of the project on

restoration and capital repairs of the Eastern Wing of the General Staff building, the membersof the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences with

assistance of the Sector of Archaeology and Architecture of the State Hermitage carried out

archaeological survey works on the territories of the 5th and 4th yards. Four trenches 2 m wide

and of approximately 120 m in area were explored. Three trenches were dug on the territory of

the 5th yard and one - in the 4th yard.


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Thus, the survey conducted on the territory of the 5th and 4th yards of the General Staff Eastern

Wing resulted in discovery of the XVIII century archaeological layer having thickness of 0.4 - 0.7

m and containing the remains of the XVIII century layout design and development of the district

between the Moika and the Tsaritsyn Meadow, the Bolshaya Lugovaya street, with the

fragments of stone and wooden structures full of finds.

In the course of the works rich material of over 500 finds was collected. It is primarily presented

by fragments of so-called Dutch white clay tobacco pipes (Fig. 29), some of them bear brands

and ornament. Many various pieces of ceramics, including bits of several vessels, were

collected. Debris of glass bottles, wine glasses, window glass were found in abundance and a

whole window framing was discovered. A fragment of a lead sash is available. Lots of pieces of

blue-and-white pottery, bits of painted ornamented tiles, tiles, individual items made of iron

and bone are all among the finds. The high level of the groundwater facilitates preservation of

organic materials in the cultural layer. Such finds include individual wooden items, a birch bark

bast shoe, and fragments of leather shoes. It is quite possible that some of the finds can be

attributed to the beginning of the XVIII century.

Consequently, the archaeological survey completed on the territory of the yards of the Eastern

Wing of the General Staff building established that the occupation layer of the XVIII - beginning

of the XIX centuries has been preserved here, as well as the remains of the stone structures of

that period.

1999: The presentation of the "Great Hermitage" programme


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In 1999 Mikhail Piotrovsky, Director of the State Hermitage, presented the Great Hermitage

programme at the international press club in Moscow.

The "Great Hermitage" programme, supported by UNESCO, was devised as a method of

reconstructing a large museum complex. It envisages adapting a whole number of historical

buildings in the area of Palace Square in St Petersburg to house museum educational, leisureand entertainment facilities, in which galleries and lecture halls will co-exist with museum cafes,

restaurants and Internet centres.

The main parameters for the development of the Hermitage have been approved by the

government of the Russian Federation and the Russian Ministry of Culture. The programme for

the development of the Hermitage and Palace Square has also been confirmed by the governor

of St Petersburg.

One of the most important components in the programme for the development of the Great

Hermitage is the restoration and reconstruction of the eastern wing of the General Staff

building an outstanding architectural monument from the first third of the19th century. This

architectural unit comprises a five-storey building and five inner courtyards, with an overall

floor area of 38,200 square metres. The aim of the reconstruction and restoration of the eastern

wing of the General Staff will be to bring together such fields of activity as excursions, education

and the service sphere.

The General Staff building, constructed in the 1820s-1830s to the design of the architect Carlo

Rossi, was intended to accommodate the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

official apartments, a military hospital and other services. In 1989 the State Inspectorate for the

Preservation of Leningrads Monuments transferred the eastern wing to the State Hermitage.

It is proposed that the eastern wing will house the collection of 19th- and 20th-century art. Its

core will be the paintings of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists moved across the square

from the Winter Palace. The Hermitages famous porcelain collection will be displayed here in

all its glorious fullness, while the immense stocks of the Arsenal will find a worthy place along

with other military material. A Museum of the Russian Guards has already been created here

and a Museum of Private Collections will be opened too.

The reconstruction project proposes making it possible to walk through the building at ground

level from the Moika embankment onto Palace Square and Bolshaya Morskaya Street, passing a

variety of shops, restaurants and an Internet cafe in other words, all the extras that form part

of a modern major museum complex.

The museum displays will be accommodated on several levels, beginning on the second storey,

which visitors will reach by the grand staircase. Here, on the second level, the well-like

courtyards will be linked into a large enfilade made up of alternating gardens and large display

areas.


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The general design work for reconstruction and restoration of the Eastern Wing of the General

Staff building has been the task of Studio 44, which is one of the leading architectural

workshops of St Petersburg. Among the prizes which it has received for its work are the State

Prize of Russia in 1998, the Crystal Daedalus (the highest distinction in the field of architecture)

in 2002 and 2004, the gold medal of the Russian Academy of Architecture, and gold and silver

diplomas of the Pan-Russian Architecture Festivals (at the last of which Studio 44 wasacknowledged to be the best architectural workshop in Russia for 2004). In its work, Studio 44

continues the traditions of the St Petersburg architectural school including such fast-

disappearing elements as the culture of academic drawing and hand-made graphics.

The project is being developed in close collaboration with curators of the collections and various

departments and services of the State Hermitage. The work is proceeding in parallel with

elaboration of the Greater Hermitage program. The Dutch design studio AMO, which is directed

by Rem Koolhaas, is a consultant to the Hermitage on the program. The Hermitages partners in

the project for reconstruction are Interros and the Guggenheim Foundation.

The design of the reconstruction and restoration of the Eastern Wing of the General Staff

building has been going on for more than three years, and the objective of the exhibition is to

show off some of the completed architectural decisions taken along with the detailed plans, and

also to show the ongoing work. At the exhibition one can see various versions of the project

that have been drawn up at various times and stages in the design process.

PAGES OF HISTORY

The General Staff Building is one of the masterpieces of the great architect Carlo (Karl Ivanovich)

Rossi; it was built in 1820-1830s. As a basis for the project Rossi used the idea to join together

two separate buildings by the triumphal arch. The famous double arch with an allegorical

sculpture of the Russian triumph in the war of 1812-1814 became the centre of the composition

forming a symmetrical axis with the central part of the Winter Palace. The arch of the main

facade facing Palace Square is 580 meters long. The second facade judging by its significance,

facing the embankment of the Moika, belongs to the eastern building that now has been given

to the State Hermitage. Originally, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and

some other ministries of the Russian Empire were located in the Eastern Wing of the General

Staff Building. Starting from 1917 various institutions and organizations occupied the building.

The General Staff occupied the Western wing, at present it is used as the headquarters of

Leningrad military region.


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View of Palace Square and The General Staff Building, 1820-1830

the General Staff Building

STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION & HISTORY OF THE GENERAL STAFF BUILDING

1819

-The Highest will of Sovereign Emperor Alexander I for the construction of the building in 1820.

1820

-A building committee established by the Highest order of His Imperiality under the Cabinet to

organize the Right square in front of the Winter palace' was appointed.

-Erection of a part of the building of the Civil Ministries along Bolshaya Morskaya Street.

1822

-Construction of a part of the building of the Civil Ministries along Bolshaya Morskaya Street

with the turn to Palace Square.

1824

-Construction of a part of the building along Palace Square with the turn to Pevchesky lane.

1827

-The Highest order to build the church of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the name of St

Alexander Nevsky.


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1828

-Completion of the construction of the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the

building at Palace Square.

1830

-Completion of the construction of the Civil Ministries building.

1830-1917

-The Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and some other ministries of the

Russian Empire were functioning in the Eastern Wing of the General Staff Building.

1917

-By the end of 1917 the General Staff ensemble had been taken under the state protection as a

monument of historical and cultural importance.

1921

-Fire in the General Staff Building caused severe damages to the building.

1941-1945

-The General Staff Building was under fire and was damaged.

1947-1950

-Rebuilding and restoration works.

1988

-By decision of the Executive Committee of Leningrad city Soviet of People's deputies No.197

the Left Wing of the General Staff Building, former building of the Ministries, was donated to

the State Hermitage.

1999

-Opening of exhibitions in the new museum building in the Eastern Wing of the General Staff

Building.

2000-2003

-Redecoration of the gala interiors of the first and second floors of the building along Palace

Square and front facades along Palace Square and the Moika, Pevchesky passage.


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Fragment of the sculptural group on the arch Part of the Panorama of Palace Square

of the General Staff Building

The Church named for St Alexander Nevsky Portrait of Emperor Alexander I

DOCUMENTS

Status of major construction & installation works

-of the 1st stage of reconstruction and restoration of the Eastern Wing

of the General Staff building as of June 25, 2009

Building along the embankment of the river Moika

-Preparation works, dismantling of constructions completed

-Underpinning 90%

-Deepening of the basement 70%

-Repair of brick walls, reinforcement of openings, reinforcementand arrangement of lintels 90%

-Repair and reinforcement of brick arches completed

-Installation of a new reinforced concrete rib floor 80%

-Installation of lantern lights 30%

Building on Bolshaya Morskaya street and Palace Square



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-Underpinning 90%

-Deepening of the basement 25%

-Repair of brick walls, reinforcement of openings, reinforcement

and arrangement of lintels 95%

-Repair and reinforcement of brick arches 100%

-Installation of a new reinforced concrete rib floor 70%-Installation of jointless lantern lights 85%

Yard No. 4:

-Works on installation of translucent coverings have been commenced

-Frame works are being mounted.

Yard No. 5:

-Reinforcement of walls for installation of frame works 25%

-Removal of stucco from the frontispieces in the yard 50%

Building No. 5:


-Underpinning 100%

-Repair of brick walls, reinforcement of openings, reinforcement

and arrangement of lintels 85%

-Repair and reinforcement of brick arches 90%

-Installation of a new reinforced concrete rib floor 90%

Building No. 4:


Building No. 3:

-Preparation works. Dismantling of constructions 90%

-Volume of excavated soil in the course of basement deepening 3600 3

-Concrete volume of solid constructions 2400 3

NUMBERS

On the progress of implementation of the first stage of the project

-Reconstruction andRestoration of the East Wing of the Former General Staff Building (the State Hermitage)

as of August 25th, 2009

1.Construction, Installation and Restoration Works.

From the beginning of contract works the following works have been practically finished:

- reinforcement of new openings in brick walls;


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- installation of monolithic reinforced concrete structures of skylights;

- installation of temporary gas supply;

- construction units -1 and -2; rooms are handed over to Joint Stock

Company St Petersburg electrical networks for mounting of electrical equipment ;

- -5235 equipment disconnection and dismantling have been done

with transferring the unit to the temporary power supply diagram;

In process of implementation:

- dismantling works;

- deepening of basement, damp-proofing, installation of bored piles;

- reinforcement of brickwork, including the use of injection method;

- foundations reinforcement;

- installation of monolithic reinforced concrete floors;

- mounting of the roofing frame (metal constructions of transparent covers

of the 4th courtyard are manufactured and installed, 40 tones of metal structures

of floor beams are manufactured and installed);

- manufacturing and mounting of monolithic reinforced concrete structures

of skylights;

- preparatory works on decoration and restoration of rooms (plastering of brick

vaults and walls in rooms), preparation of window fillings and restoration works

in workshops outside the construction site (doors, fireplaces, interior elements);

- preparatory works on installation and utilities arrangement systems (heating,

ventilation and conditioning, power supply, communication and security systems,

gas boiler house - construction readiness);

- measures of environmental protection and reduction of adverse impact

on the environment;- monitoring of structures and parts of the building during execution of works.

Over a period of January to June, 2009 general contractor conducted works of the first stage

of the projectReconstruction andRestoration of the East Wing of the Former General Staff

Building (the State Hermitage) to the amount of 1 266 252. 727 ruble.Payment over

the specified period amounts to 1 161 214. 977 rubles counting in set-off of 105 137.750 rubles

from the advance payment transferred earlier in accordance with the terms of the contract.

2. During the period from May to August, 2009 manufacturing and testing of prototypes

of constructions of courtyard transparent cover (glass beam) are conducted for further

standardisation and certification of the construction.

In the course of the glass beam testing at the Central Scientific Research Institute for Building

Structures named after V.A. Koucherenko the necessity to specify design decisions

on the construction and to supplement the test programme was found. In this connection


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the preparation of suggestions on introducing appropriate changes to the schedule of works

for the year 2009 is going on.

3. Specialists and experts of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

conducted integrated assessment of the quality and results of work conducted by the general

contractor on implementation of the first stage of the Contract FC-11(w). On the basisof the results of this assessment IBRD reconciled continuation of full-scale works of Limited

Liability Company Intarsia on the Contract FC-11(w). The corresponding additional agreement

#1 to the Contract FC-11(w) was signed on June 29th, 2009.

4. Questions of the building foundations reinforcement within the construction site

of the second stage of the project have been considered by specialists of Foundation

for Investment Projects (FISP), of the State Hermitage and of building and design organisations

taking part in implementation of works concerning the first stage of reconstruction

and restoration of the site.


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THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM COMPLEX IN THE

EASTERNWING OF THE GENERAL STAFF BUILDING

Restoration and Major Repairs of the Monument

of Architecture of the first third of XIX century

Russia, St Petersburg, Palace Square 6-8

PROJECTING: 2002-2007

CONSTRUCTION: 2008-2014

CASTOFCHARACTERS & EXECUTERS

CUSTOMER:

Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation

Minister of Culture Alexander Avdeev

St Petersburg Foundation for Investment Construction ProjectsDirector General Alexey Vasiliev

USER:

Federal State Institution of Culture The State Hermitage

Director of the State Hermitage

Mikhail Piotrovsky

CHIEF DESIGNER:

Architect's Workshop Studio 44

Head - Nikita Yavein

EXECUTOR:

Consortium composed ofIntrasiya Ltd. and CJSC PA Vozrozhdeniye

Director General ofIntrasiya Ltd.

Viktor Smirnov

FINANCING:

Government of the Russian Federation

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank)


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Areas of floor with damaged parquet

The famous artistically patterned parquet floors of the State Hermitage, created to designs by

prominent 19th century architects, have now reached a considerable age.Time, heavy wear and

the poor state of the underlying sub-floors have led to destruction of the parquet. Complete

protection is not provided even by modern "water-based" wear-resistant coatings that are used

in the halls by a special museum service.

Time and heavy wear did not spare the parquet. It was badly worn and had numerous cracks

and missing parts and the sub-floor was destroyed to a large extent. The thickness of the strips

of decorative parquet came to no more than 0.5-2 mm, when the thickness of new parquet

elements was 9 mm.

-the parquet lost its colour and adhesive.

-some of them was damaged by insects

and natural causes like high humidity and

moisture.

Old wooden blankings

-the wood is weaken by insect attacks and

humidity.


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Staircase

-the staircases are badly worn and cracks.

-the mortar and bricks used in the structure

were damaged but still can hold the weight.

Attics floors, arches & vaults

-arches do not have the protective brickwork

and mortar sealing that lead them to damage by

moisture.

-a part of the bricks show that it has lost its original

proper shape.


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Roof & Natural lighting

-suffering from direct exposureto rain and snow.

-It should be mentioned that the surviving iron

roofing on the Hermitage buildings is a unique

monument to construction techniques dating from

the mid-19th century. Such roofs were introduced

following the fire in the Winter Palace that occurred

in December 1837.

Conservation works been done / undergoing

Blanking

Reinforcement of the new blanking new blanking

Floors

Depending on the age of the parquet, the design and the state of the sub-floor, differentrestoration techniques were used and different species of wood: ebony, rosewood, mahogany,

palisander, amaranth, maple, sandalwood and boxwood, among others. After restoration the

parquet was covered with six coats of water-based varnish that does not give off any substances

harmful to people or to the museum exhibits. The repair work on the parquet floors in 2003 can

be roughly divided into three basic categories: recreation, restoration and removalof the

lacquer.


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Attics & arches

The total amount of concrete for monolithic constructions - attics and arches - is equal

to 1,300 cubic metres. 2,400 cubic metres of soil have been picked from the basements

of the General Staff Building along the Moika Embankment and along Bolshaya Morskaya Street.

Works on strengthening historical arch covers, replacement of wooden beams for historical

ones and filled with historical bricks and mortar of lost details of walls and chimney pipes

are being fulfilled nowadays.

Reinforcement for attic floor Works on attics wall & arches

Decks strengthening


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Vaults & walls

The repair works and brick vaults enhancement are completed along the Moika Embankment;

the foundation is also enhanced. Preparation works for major repairs are in progress:

dismantling of the late unhistorical constructions subject to removal (such as straight arches,

temporary walls and vault applications) is completed.

\

After restoration


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Roofs

In the restoration work on the damaged building and in the construction of the New Hermitage

building that followed (designed in 1839, erection started in 1841), very diverse types of "fire-

proof" metal structures were used. From the standpoint of the history of engineering, their

construction can be called an example of large-scale use of the most modern building

technologies of the day. Unlike a number of other important early European metal structures

which disappeared in the course of later rebuilding, the "post-fire" structures of the Hermitage

complex continue to exist without major reworking.

According to representatives ofStudio 44, the historical wooden framework supporting the roof

of the building in the attic space will be preserved. The wood, according to the mycological

analysis, is "alive".


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Natural lighting

Most part of the load will be borne by new load-bearing structures, for instance, metallic

frameworks of transparent structures covering the inner yards. The installation of frameworks

has been completed, by autumn the yards will have been covered. All these activities

demonstrate a constantly followed principle of preserving the historical constructions alongside

with the reinforcement of the construction carcass by means of integrating new elements

into it.

Foundation & basement

The most recent restoration and repair works include the measures, which have been wholly

completed, taken to reinforce the existing floor decks and to set up new ones.

The activities aimed to secure the foundation with titanium piles and to strengthen the wall

openings in the fifth yard are still under way. Test works designed to lower the 5th yard level

by 5.2 metres have been launched.

For strengthening the East Wing they have done it a "medical" manipulation - it is lead

an injection strengthening the bases by special cement mortars in the zone of the first stage

of the construction.

The statistics of the works is full of impressive figures: 17 kilometers of cored holes are drilled,

temporary mobile transformer substations were installed and connected for strengthening

the foundation bases of the building for further installation of 1300 titanic piles

(9,5m everyone).


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Case Study 2

Izbosrk Fortress, Pskov, Russia

Izborsk Fortress has survived for over 1,500 years due to its excellent engineering, monumental

construction and continual restoration and improvements by Russian engineers and architects

until the 16th century when it was abandoned.

Over the past hundred years, the deterioration has rapidly accelerated as the mortars which

previously sealed the walls and towers has disintegrated, and wood roofing protecting the

ancients walls has disappeared. The regions extreme weather cycles of rain, snow and freezing

and thawing continues to destroy Izborkss last remaining walls and towers.

In 2001, work begun to authentically restore one tower and a portion of the walls as a model

of conservation for the ancient fort. Drainage, new capstones and restoration of the

deteriorating walls was successfully completed, and the work results sent to Moscow for quality

assessment. Despite excellent reviews for quality of the restoration work, Izborsk restoration

stopped due to lack of governmental funding and Russia has little private-sector philanthropy

available, especially for critically needed for archaeological conservation and research.

Global Heritage Fund (GHF) is working in partnership with the Pskov State Department of

Restoration and leading Russian archaeologists from Pskov, Moscow and St. Petersburg to

develop Izborsks first site management plan to be submitted for UNESCO World Heritage

nomination, and to complete archaeological conservation and authentic restoration of this

jewel in Russian history.


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The stunning Izborsk Fortress and its monumental ramparts is one of the last remaining forts from early Russian

history which overlooks the beautiful valley and lake district of Pskov.

The Izborsk Fortress is suffering from direct exposure to rain and snow attacking its foundation and ancient walls

which no longer have the protective roofing built and maintained over the centuries.


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Moisture enters the walls and freezes, causing accelerating deterioration and collapse of the towers and walls.

THREATSANDCHALLENGESCollapse and Destruction ofWalls and Towers

One of the most difficult challenges facing Izborsk Fortress is the rapid deterioration of its

foundation, historic walls and towers due to overgrowth of plants, and the brutal freeze and

thaw cycles of the long winters in the Pskov region. Without its traditional roofing and

coverings, elaborate drainage and protective brickwork and mortar sealing, moisture is

destroying the fort walls. Rain and snow seeping into the unprotected walls then freezing

expands and contracts the structure causing it to disintegrate season after season.

Another major problem facing Izborsk is lack of cooperation between the scientists and

archaeologists who have been undertaking research and excavation at Izborsk and its

surrounding settlements, and the Department of Restoration of Pskov State which undertook

restoration in 2001 without integrating essential archaeology and conservation science.

While the quality of restoration has been good, its authenticity and respect for archaeological

record is questionable and many archaeologists consider this unauthentic restoration to be

causing irreversible damage to Izborsks unique historical fabric and architectural integrity.


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Abandoned restoration work from 2001 showing before and after restoration of wall section and restored tower

which serves as a model for future conservation with GHF support in 2005-2006.


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Abandoned restoration work from 2001 showing before and after restoration of wall section and restored tower

which serves as a model for future conservation with GHF support in 2005-2006.

Restored tower which serves as a model for future conservation with GHF support in 2004-2006.


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The neglected walls of Izborsk Fort have continued to deteriorate and unchecked plant growth is causing

irreparable damage to its last remaining authentic fabric and construction.


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The Nickolsky Gate before restoration.


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In 2005, GHF completed the restoration of Nikolsky Gate. After restoration.


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Architectural conservation planning for Nikolsk Gate developed byGHF and Pskov Restoration Office.


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Work in progress to authentically restore the Nikolsk Gate.


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The Bell Town is suffering from direct exposure to rain and snow attacking its foundation and ancient walls which

no longer have the protective roofing built and maintained over the centuries. Moisture enters the walls and

freezes, causing accelerating deterioration and collapse of the towers and walls. In addition to these threats,

there was a lack of integrated archaeological science and expertise.


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Until GHF intervention, there was no overall conservation plan for Izborsk Fortress that prioritizes necessary

conservation and that balances the needs for restoration with archaeological excavation and research. Ancient wall

of the Izborsk Fortress and recently restored tower and wall left abandoned since 2001 due to lack of funding for

conservation.


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Some men doing restoration works at the upper part of the Nikolsky Gate.

The restoration works are continued where it has been abandoned.


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This is the close up view of the walls that has been deteriorated by the moisture and extreme cold of the climate.


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The ladder that is used to get on the top part of the wall of the fortress.


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This is the structure that is build in order to get up close to the deteriorated part to do restoration works. Men can

walk on the structure and do restoration works.


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Some of the structure of the building that is missing.


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This is the overall view of the damaged part of the fortress. Many bricks were missing due to the moisture and

extreme cold of the weather.

Assignment 2 Thermal Performance

Documents

Transcript of Assignment 2 Thermal Performance