Assignment #1 Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. Due next week in lab. Worth (12 points)
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Transcript of Assignment #1 Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. Due next week in lab. Worth (12 points)
Assignment #1
Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage.
Due next week in lab.
Worth (12 points)
Minerals
Earth’s Materials -Atoms, Elements, and
Compounds
•
Gas Liquid Solid
Three States of Matter
Three States of Matter
Solid – substance that keeps its shape
Liquid – a substance that flows freely but is not a gas
Gas - a substance that flows freely and will distribute itself evenly in a container
Three States of Water
Triple Point-all three statesexist at once
Two statesexist at once
Latent heat - amount of heat
released or adsorbed during
a change in state.
Latent heat redistributes solar energyfrom near the Equator towards the poles.
Review of the Atom
P
P
Helium
Protons in nucleus
N
3 (3He)
Neutron in nucleus
e
e
Orbitingelectrons
Atomic Number - # of protons
Atomic Weight = # of protons + Neutrons
Review of the Atom
Isotopes - elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
e
NP
N
e
Helium 3 (3He)
P
ee
P
NP
Helium 4 (4He)
Ions - atoms with excess positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons from the
outermost shell).
Cations (positive charge, lose electrons)
P
e
Hydrogen atom
P e
ElectronHydrogen ion ( H+) +
+
Anions (negative charge, gain electrons)
Compounds - combination of atoms of one or more elements in a specific ratio.
• Examples: N2 - nitrogen gas
• H2O - water
• CaCO3 – calcite (a mineral)
Ions dissolved in water will combine to form compounds
Chlorine GasSodium Solid
Sodium Chloride
SodiumChloride
HydrationOf Ions
Types of Bonds
• Ionic - transfer of electrons between cations and anions.
Moderate strength, Moderate hardness
• Covalent - electrons are shared between atoms
Types of Bonds
Strong bond/Hard mineral
• Metallic - electrons are shared but move about freely between ions
good conductors of electricity (copper, gold)
Types of Bonds
Types of Bonds
•Van der Waals - weak attraction
Graphite
Bond Strength and Mineral Hardness
**The stronger the bond, the harder the mineral
2. Ionic bond– intermediate strength, moderately hard minerals
1. Covalent bond – strongest bond, hardest minerals
3. Van der Waals bond– weakest bond, softest minerals
Most Common Elements
OxygenSiliconAluminumIronCalciumMagnesiumSodiumPotassium
Percentage by Weight
CrystalGrowth
Five Requirements to be a mineral
Naturally formed
Solid
Formed by inorganic processes
Specific chemical composition
Characteristic crystal structure
Properties of Minerals
Crystal form
Habit and Cleavage
Hardness
Luster, Color, Streak
Density
Crystal form
Quartz
Isometric(cubic)
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal
TrigonalMonoclinic
Crystal Form
Habit
Geode Stalactitic Botryoidal
FibrousMammillary Radiating
Cleavage
Cleavage
Red Arrows show where cleaveage will occur.
Mohs Hardness Scale
1 2
45
3
109
876
Mohs Hardness Scale
1 - Talc
2 - Gypsum
3 - Calcite
4 - Fluorite
5 - Apatite
6 - Potassium Feldspar
7 - Quartz
8 - Topaz
9 - Corundum
10 -Diamond
softest
hardest
fingernailCopper penny
glass
Streak plate
Vitreous - glass like
Resinous - resin like
Pearly - pearl like
Greasy - slippery
Luster
Non Metallic
Metallic - metal like
LusterMetallic Nonmetallic
Color
Color of Streak
box of feathers
box of hammers
Density
Common Mineral Families
Silicates (SiO4)4-
Oxides O2-
Carbonates (CO3)2-
Sulfates (SO4)2-
Phosphates (PO4)3-
Silicates
Neosilicate Sorosilicate
Silicates
Inosilicate Inosilicate Phylosilicate