ICT Applied to English TeachingICT Applied to English Teaching Assignment # 1:Assignment # 1:

““History of Education Technology”History of Education Technology”

Czemernicki Daniela – Piazza María EugeniaCzemernicki Daniela – Piazza María Eugenia

20122012

Educational technologyEducational technologySome definitions…Some definitions…

It refers to the use of technology in educational It refers to the use of technology in educational settings. settings.

It also refers to the instructional use of computers, It also refers to the instructional use of computers, television, and other kinds of electronic hardware and television, and other kinds of electronic hardware and software.software.

Instructional mediaInstructional media

All of the devices that teachers and learners use to All of the devices that teachers and learners use to support learning.support learning.

The typical view among The typical view among educators was that educators was that Technology could be used Technology could be used effectively to supplement effectively to supplement instruction by providing instruction by providing instructional variety, by instructional variety, by helping to make abstract helping to make abstract concepts concrete, and by concepts concrete, and by stimulating interest stimulating interest among students. among students.

Both terms were used Both terms were used originally because many of originally because many of the media available to the media available to teachers, such as three-teachers, such as three-dimensional objects, dimensional objects, photographs, and silent photographs, and silent films, depended upon sight.films, depended upon sight.

Visual Education Visual Education means freeing education from text and making it more visual by using

photographs, illustrations, animation, video and interactivity.

Visual InstructionVisual Instruction focuses on explaining corporate processes by using video.

However, some of the reasons cited for infrequent use However, some of the reasons cited for infrequent use of silent films:of silent films:

Teachers' lack of skill in using equipment and filmTeachers' lack of skill in using equipment and film

Cost of films, equipment, and upkeepCost of films, equipment, and upkeep

Inaccessibility of equipment when it was neededInaccessibility of equipment when it was needed

Time involved in finding the right film for each classTime involved in finding the right film for each class

Silent filmsSilent films were used for educational were used for educational purposes by the first decade of the twentieth purposes by the first decade of the twentieth century.century.

TelevisionTelevision became available so, efforts to promote radio became available so, efforts to promote radio instruction in schools were abandoned.instruction in schools were abandoned.

Instructional television the 1950s and the 1960s.Instructional television the 1950s and the 1960s.It was stimulated by two factors: It was stimulated by two factors: The decision by the Federal Communications The decision by the Federal Communications

Commission to set aside 242 television channels for Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. educational purposes.

The substantial investment by the Ford Foundation. The substantial investment by the Ford Foundation.

RadioRadio was the next technology to gain attentionwas the next technology to gain attention. However in the 1940s it did not have the impact on 940s it did not have the impact on

schools its advocates.schools its advocates.Poor audio receptionPoor audio reception and and the cost of equipmentthe cost of equipment were were

obstacles to use. When these problems were overcome in obstacles to use. When these problems were overcome in later years, the lack of fit between the broadcasts and later years, the lack of fit between the broadcasts and

teachers' instructional agendas became more important teachers' instructional agendas became more important factors.factors.

Many educators and public officials Many educators and public officials became enthusiastic about computers. became enthusiastic about computers.

By January 1983, computers were being By January 1983, computers were being used for instructional purposes in 40 used for instructional purposes in 40 percent of all elementary schools and percent of all elementary schools and 75 percent of all secondary schools in 75 percent of all secondary schools in the United States.the United States.

It was not until the 1980s, and the It was not until the 1980s, and the appearance of appearance of Microcomputers.Microcomputers.

Approaches to Educational Approaches to Educational TechnologyTechnology

The interest in The interest in BehaviorismBehaviorism occurred about the same time that the first occurred about the same time that the first computer-computer-assisted programsassisted programs (CAI) were being developed. (CAI) were being developed.

According to this perspective, students could be assigned to a computer to work at According to this perspective, students could be assigned to a computer to work at their own pace, and the computer would keep track of students' work and their own pace, and the computer would keep track of students' work and provide a record of each student's progress for the teacher. Such programs provide a record of each student's progress for the teacher. Such programs evolved into what were later called evolved into what were later called individualized learning systemsindividualized learning systems (ILS). (ILS).

According to this perspective, learners must construct their own understanding of According to this perspective, learners must construct their own understanding of whatever is being taught. The teacher's role is to create an environment in whatever is being taught. The teacher's role is to create an environment in which students are able to arrive at their own interpretations of knowledge while which students are able to arrive at their own interpretations of knowledge while becoming ever more skillful in directing their own learning. Some constructivists becoming ever more skillful in directing their own learning. Some constructivists recognized the computer as a potential ally and designed programs that took recognized the computer as a potential ally and designed programs that took advantage of constructivist beliefs. The result has been advantage of constructivist beliefs. The result has been computer-based computer-based programsprograms that promote higher-level thinking and encourage collaborative that promote higher-level thinking and encourage collaborative learning.learning.

Benefits of using Technology in the Benefits of using Technology in the classroomclassroom

Easy-to-access course materials.Easy-to-access course materials. Instructors can post the course material or important Instructors can post the course material or important

information on a course website.information on a course website. Students can study whenever they want and have Students can study whenever they want and have

quickly access to the material. quickly access to the material. Increases students motivation. Increases students motivation. Computer-based instruction can give instant feedback to Computer-based instruction can give instant feedback to

students and explain correct answers. students and explain correct answers. Wide participation. Wide participation. Learning material can be used for long distance learning Learning material can be used for long distance learning

and are accessible to a wider audience.and are accessible to a wider audience. Improved student writing. Improved student writing. Different types of educational software are designed and Different types of educational software are designed and

developed to help students to learn specific subjects. developed to help students to learn specific subjects.

Criticism of using technology in the Criticism of using technology in the classroomclassroom

Lack of proper training.Lack of proper training. Limited access to sufficient quantities of a Limited access to sufficient quantities of a

technology.technology. Extra time required for many implementations of Extra time required for many implementations of

technology.technology. Special training is vital to ensuring the effective Special training is vital to ensuring the effective

integration of classroom technology. integration of classroom technology. Limited resources. Limited resources. Technology implementation can also be time Technology implementation can also be time

consuming. consuming.

Ideas to use technology in the Ideas to use technology in the classroomclassroom

Class website:Class website: easy way to display your student's work. easy way to display your student's work. Class blogs and wikisClass blogs and wikis: : BlogsBlogs can maintain a running can maintain a running

dialogue and assignments. dialogue and assignments. WikisWikis are more group focused are more group focused ans studentss can edit a single document and create a ans studentss can edit a single document and create a edited finished product. edited finished product.

Mobile devices:Mobile devices: they enhance the experience in the they enhance the experience in the classroom by providing the possibility for professors to get classroom by providing the possibility for professors to get feedback. feedback.

Interactive WhiteboardsInteractive Whiteboards: they enhance the experience in : they enhance the experience in the classroom by showing anything that can be on a the classroom by showing anything that can be on a computer screen. It is interactive so the students can draw, computer screen. It is interactive so the students can draw, write, or manipulate images on the interactive whiteboard. write, or manipulate images on the interactive whiteboard.

PodcastsPodcasts: It enables teachers to reach students through a : It enables teachers to reach students through a medium that is both "cool" and a part of their daily lives. medium that is both "cool" and a part of their daily lives. Podcasting can help sharpen students’ vocabulary, writing, Podcasting can help sharpen students’ vocabulary, writing, editing, public speaking, and presentation skills. editing, public speaking, and presentation skills.

ReferencesReferences Baldwin, R. (n.d.) School Technology in Education. Baldwin, R. (n.d.) School Technology in Education.

http://www.answers.com/topic/school-technology-in-http://www.answers.com/topic/school-technology-in-education education

Deakin University.Students' gateway to Campus Study Deakin University.Students' gateway to Campus Study support support http://www.deakin.edu.au/current-students/study-support/study-skills/handouts/referencing-apa.php#_the_apa_style_62_3*http://www.deakin.edu.au/current-students/study-support/study-skills/handouts/referencing-apa.php#_the_apa_style_62_3*

Educational Technology. In Wikipedia Educational Technology. In Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology