ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION: A CASE STUDY IN PUNJAB
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ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION: A CASE STUDY IN PUNJAB
AMINA MUMTAZSenior Scientific Officer
PCSIR Laboratories Complex,Lahore
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Agriculture
Industry
CommerceEC
ONOM
Y
Role of agriculture in economySAP –PK Blob ,2010
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INTRODUCTION• Soil salinity and sodicity problems are
common in arid and semiarid regions because of insufficient rainfall.
• Nearly 10% of the total land surface is covered with different types of salt affected soils.
• 954 million hectors of saline soil is present on the earth’s surface. All these salt affected soils are distributed throughout the world.
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Saline Soil Distribution on Earth
AFRICA8% EU
ORPE
5%
AUSTRAILIA37%
AMERICA15%
ASIA34%
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Cultivatable Area in Pakistan
17%
83%
Non-agri
Agri
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DISTRIBUTION OF SALINE PATCHES IN PAKISTAN (million hectares)
Punjab
Sindh
KPK
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Series1
0.45
0.94
0.50
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Salt affected land in Pakistan (million hectares)
Saline Permeable saline-sodic
Impermeable saline-sodic
Sodic0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1.89 1.85
1.02
0.028
Series1
Industry & Economy, 2000,08
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The major constraint faced by agriculture in Pakistan:
• Low availability and productivity of water• Primitive nature of farming• Water-logging and salinity• Problematic marketing system• Complex agriculture credit institutions• Inadequate research and extension services
AGRICULTURAL CONSTRAINS
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• Under utilization of land resources• Achievable yield potential • Non-development of rain fed areas• Dwindling land area• Poor infra-structure• Pricing and quality of inputs• Wasteful irrigation system and methods and• Unchecked population growth
Contd…
Engineering News, 2010,43(10): 39
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IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIASoil scientists use the following categories to describe irrigation water effects on crop production and soil quality:
• Salinity hazards: total soluble salt content• Sodium hazards: relative proportion of sodium
to calcium and magnesium ions • pH: acidic or basic
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• Alkalinity: carbonate and bicarbonate• Specific ions: Chloride, sulphate, nitrate etc. Other potential irrigation water contaminants that
affect suitability for agricultural use include• Heavy metals• Microbial contaminants
IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIA, 2011,29: 0.506
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Water Quality Guidelines• Water quality criteria- Not absolute • Water suitability– Soils–Management– Drainage
• A ten-fold range in the salt tolerance of plants gives wide scope for utilizing water of different quality.
• Referred guidelines areRichards (1954) Muhammad (1996)Ayers & Westcott (1976) Malik (1984)WAPDA (1981) WWF(2007)
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Irrigation Water Quality Criteria
Parameters Status Richards,L.A.(1954)
WAPDA (1981)
Muhammad(1996)
Malik et al.(1984)
EC (Scm-1 ) Suitable 750 <1500 <1500 <1000
Marginal 751-2250 1500-3000 1500-2700 1000-1250
Unsuitable >2250 >3000 >2700 >1250
SAR Suitable <10 <10 <7.5 <6.0
Marginal 10-18 10-18 7.5-15 6.0-10.0
Unsuitable >18 >18 >15 >10.0
RSC (me L-1) Suitable <1.25 <2.5 <2 <1.25
Marginal 1.25-2.50 2.50-5.0 2-4 1.25-2.5
Unsuitable >2.5 >5.0 >4.0 >2.5
Cl (me L-1) Suitable <4.5 - 0-3.9 -
Marginal - - - -
Unsuitable >4.5 - >3.9 -
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Conditions of water use and irrigation quality parameters by WWF
Conditions of Use EC(Scm-1 )
SAR RSC(me L-1)
Coarse Textured Soil 3000 10 2.5
Medium Textured Soil 2300 8 2.3
Fine Textured Soil 1500 8 1.25
Engineering News, 2010,43(10): 53
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Effects of Poor Quality WaterBoth plant and soil problems can occur due to poor quality waters.
• Plant Factors• Soil Factors
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Plant Factors Salinity• High soil salinity reduces the availability of soil
water to the plant and induces a drought condition i.e. osmotic effect
• The severity of the osmotic effect may vary with the plants growth stage and in some cases may go unnoticed because of a uniform yield decline over the whole crop
• Symptoms such as tip or marginal burn and defoliation may or may not occur
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Toxicity• Specific ions from the irrigation water may
accumulate in the plant and reduce yields.• Concentration by evaporation of either water
droplets on foliage or of soil water may help induce specific ion toxicities.
• Specific ion toxicities are commonly associated with woody perennials, such as citrus, stone and other fruits and result mainly from high concentrations of Na+ and chloride (Cl-) ions or occasionally boron.
Contd…
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Miscellaneous
• Constituents such as iron and carbonate can at high levels stain plants to cause mainly cosmetic problems
Contd…
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Soil Factors Permeability• When low salinity water is used on soils with high
exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels the soil disperses and becomes impermeable.
• As a result it is difficult to supply enough water to the plant.
• Related cultural problems include increased soil strength, crusting of seed beds, water logging and accompanying problems (disease, weeds, nutrition, etc.).
Agricultural Water Quality Criteria ,2004,30:3
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WATER SUPPLY
QUALITY ASSESSMENT
ANALYSIS
QUANTITY ASSESSMENT
EC CHEMISTRY
OSMOTIC EFFECT TOXICITY
SARRSC
SUITABILITYSUITABILITY
Soil typePlant tolerance
Plant factor Soil factor
MANAGEMENT
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Measuring the Quality of Irrigation Water
• Electrical Conductivity
• Ionic composition
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Electrical Conductivity• Electrical conductivity (EC) is the most
convenient way of measuring water salinity.
• There is however no unique factor that can be applied and the factor will vary with composition and concentration. Generally, it is more convenient to use electrical conductivity as the measure of salt content.
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Ionic Composition• Individual ions that make up the solute in water
are often determined to identify specific ion toxicities and to assess the effect that the water will have on soil physical condition.
• The latter effect is most often assessed by the
sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) of the water.
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• SAR is a measure of the tendency of the irrigation water to cause the replacement of calcium (Ca+2) ions attached to the soil clay minerals with sodium ions (Na+1). Sodium clays have poor structure and develop permeability problems.
• RSC is the measure of the excess of carbonates (C03
-2) and bicarbonates (HCO3-1) over
magnesium (Mg+2) and calcium (Ca+2).With high RSC there is a tendency for Ca+2 and Mg+2 to precipitate in the soil, thus increasing the proportion of Na and increasing the SAR of the soil solution.
Agricultural Water Quality Criteria ,2004,30:2
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CASE STUDYSheikhupuraGujranwala
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Irrigation Water Evaluation Water analysis and the guidelines are the tools
used in the initial assessment of the water.
Sheikhupura and Gujranwala (villages) were selected for study. Water samples (tubewells) were collected in clean amber coloured 1-2 L samples bottle that were previously rinsed out with distilled water. It is imported that the samples must represent the water sources and special care may be needed to ensure that.
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Comparison of EC values of samples with standards
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
SampleRichardWAPDA
Villages of Sheikhupura
EC(S/cm)
Shei
khup
ura
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
2
4
6
8
10
12
SampleRichardWAPDA
Villages of Sheikhupura
SAR
Comparison of SAR values of samples with standards
Shei
khup
ura
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
WAPDARichardsamples
Villages of Sheikhupura
RSC(me L-1)
Comparison of RSC values of samples with standards
Shei
khup
ura
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Richardssamples
Villages of Sheikhpura
Chloride ion(me L-1)
Comparison of Chloride ions values of samples with standards
Shei
khup
ura
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
SampleRichardWAPDA
Villages of Gujranwala
EC(S/cm)
Comparison of EC values of samples with standards
GUJR
ANW
ALA
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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.50
2
4
6
8
10
12
SampleRichardWAPDA
Villages of Gujranwala
SAR
Comparison of SAR values of samples with standards
GUJR
ANW
ALA
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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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WAPDARichardsamples
Villages of Gujranwala
RSC(me L-1)
Comparison of RSC values of samples with standards
GUJR
ANW
ALA
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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.50
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Richardssamples
Villages of Gujranwala
Chloride ion(me L-1)
Comparison of Chloride ion values of samples with standards
GUJR
ANW
ALA
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Sheikhupura
fit80%
unfit20%
fit72%
marginal fit15%
unfit13%
Comparative analysis of Water quality criteria between Sheikhupura and Gujranwala
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SUGGESTIONS Drainage
The most important requirement for irrigated agriculture. It is essential that either an underground or an open surface drainage system must be implemented in the region.
Land preparation It is essential that fields under irrigation must be
leveled through land grading as it provides uniform water application which is important for leaching.
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• Crop rotation When it is possible, crops of high salt
tolerance should also be included in the cropping system.
• Irrigation methods and management Border and basin methods should be
preferred in order to minimize Salinization risk when good quality water is not available.
• Leaching Saline soil may be improved by leaching salts
from the root zone.
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THANK YOU
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Proposed pH value by WWFVillages Sheikhupura Gujranwala Standard limits
1 7.3 7.3 6.5-8.4
2 7.2 7.5 6.5-8.4
3 7.5 7.3 6.5-8.4
4 7.85 7.9 6.5-8.4
5 7.3 7.95 6.5-8.4
6 7.9 6.5-8.4
7 7.9 6.5-8.4
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Tube well Sheikhupura
Villages
pH EC (Scm-1 )
SAR RSC(me L-1)
Cl-
(me L-1)1 7.3 798 0.47 7.4 0.36
2 7.5 950 1.18 1.54 4.0
3 7.2 648 0.40 2.2 0.5
4 7.85 543 0.24 0.2 1.07
5 7.3 796 0.49 1.25 1.15
6 7.9 1266 0.88 1.4 3.94
7 7.9 601 0.64 0.08 2.17
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Canal WaterVillages pH EC(Scm-1 ) SAR RSC(me L-1) Cl-1(me L-1)
1 7.8
2 7.7
3
4
5
6
7
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Tube well Gujranwala Villages pH EC
(Scm-1 )SAR RSC
(me L-1)Cl-
(me L-1)
A 7.3 790 0.28 0.54 0.47
B 7.5 1456 0.68 1.08 2.53
C 7.3 798 0.58 1.52 0.45
D 7.9 1139 2.93 8.02 3.46
E 7.9 954 0.33 0.2 1.46