Assessment of steppe Ungulates Final Repor(Mong)

Ko Ne

oninkrijk deetherlanden

er WWF ongoli

2009

ia

UND

DP WCS

,

S

: : ,

,

- 2010 1- 25-

:

:

(PhD) . (PhD) . (PhD) Samantha Strindberg (PhD). . . . . . . . .

2009

, 2009

~1~

, . , . . . . . . . . 5-10

1.1. , . . . . . 5-6 1.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14

: , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-21

3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-16 3.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 3.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-21

. , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-28 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22-24 4.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .24-26 4.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26-28 . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29-33 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-30 5.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-32 5.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33 . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-36

6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35 6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35-36

. , , . . . . . . . . . .37-42

7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37-38 7.2. , . . . . . . .. . 39-41

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-49 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57-62

, 2009

~2~

,

, , NEMO-II ,

,GEF/UNDP-

-

, -

. ,

, ,

- , ,

.

-, , , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, - ,

,

.

, 2009

~3~

,

.

, , , , , ,

.

, (1997),

(1995),

(CMS)- II (2002),

(CITES)- II .

. 8 ,

, 15

( , 2005).

,

, .

,

, , .

,

, , .

, , ,

,

,

.

, ,

..., ..., ,

, , , ,

,

,

( , 1999).

, 2009

~4~

, ,

, NEMO-II ,

, GEF/UNDP- -

-

,

,

.

, , ,

,

.

: 1. ,

, ;

2. ,

;

3. , ,

;

4. , ,

;

, 2009

~5~

. ,

1.1. ,

-

1, 2, 3,

4, 5,

- 6- ,

2009 XI/16-XII/02 .

1- .

, 1. - .1, . , -,

2. .1, ., . . 3. .1, ., . 4. .1 , . , 5.

.2, .6, 4 6. 7. .1, .1,

4, .5, .4 ., .

8. 9. .1, .4 . ,

. 10. .1, 1, 3,

.6, .3 .3 .

()-

( - Procapra gutturosa,

-Gazella subgutturosa, Equus hemionus)

(, , , ),

( -, -)

.

30.2

20,000 93 .

,

, , , ,

.

, 2009

~6~

, , ,

( ) 1- .

1- .

1.2. ,

, , ,

Distance sampling

.

Distance sampling

(Burkham K. P, 1980, , 2009). :

1. ,

, ,

.

2. ,

.

, 2009

~7~

3. ,

.

4. ,

,

.

5. (

) .

. :

- 2 w ( w

)

- ( x )

.

- 2

( ) , ( r ) )sin(rx = .

, ,

.

,

Distance 6 (Thomas et al., 2009) .

2009 11- 2

,

.

,

. ,

, 2009

~8~

.

.

,

Explorator .

5 1000 (PG), 3000 (GS) and

4000 m (EH) . Akaike (AIC)-

0

.

,

,

.

a.

b.

c.

2-

: (GS), (c) 5

,

(a) Equus hemion , 1000 , 3

~9~

Procapra guttnus (EH) 3000, 4000

turosa (PG), (b) .

) G .

Gazella subgut

2009

tturosa

, 2009

~10~

1

.

.

0

)0(f , ( Ln / ), ).(sE

1- ( D ) .

D - ( N )- .

, ,

.

.

LsEfnD

2)()0( = (1),

L - , n , )0(f

, )( sE

(Buckland et al., 2001).

, 2009

~11~

. ,

2.1.

.. (1954)

1950 (3-

). 2/3

,

. 1970- ,

, ,

(, 2000).

., . (1964) 1960-

1/3- . . (1981)

1960- -

300-400 .

1970- ,

, ,

,

. (1970), . (1977), . (1980) .

1970- ,

.

,

(.., 1977; ,1990) .

1972 ,

( , 1977) -

1974 -2 . , - -

1975-1985

. 1970- 1980-

, ,

,

, 2009

~12~

(, 2000)

, , , , ,

. (1950), . , . , .

(1961), ., . (1964, 1966, 1969), . (1964),

. (1964,1979), ., . (1970), . (1970),

., ., ., . (1970), . (1973), .

(1975), . (1977), ., . (1978), ., . (1978),

. (1980, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989), . , . . (1981),

., ., . (1982), . , . , . (1983), .

(1985), . (1986, 1990), . , . , .

(1988), . (1985, 1990), . (1985), . , .

,

(, 2000).

, - , , ,

, ,

, (Lhagvasuren et al. 1997; Milner-Gulland

et al. 1998; Schaller & Lhagvasuren, 1999; Lhagvasuren et al, 1999, ..) .

- 2004

, , 3 -

.

2.2.

,

.

, ,

", "

.

,

.

, 2009

~13~

1960-1974 . (1974), . (1967), .

(1968) . (1978), . (1971,1979), . (1982),

., . (1985), ., . (1986), ., .

(1987), . (1988), ., . (1989), . (1990)

.

, , 1970-

.

. . (1978), .

(1979), (1990), ., . (1983) ,

1980-1982 ., . , .

(1967), .. (1982), (1977),

(1997), "" R.P.Reading (1999)

, (, 2000).

2.3.

1770

, . ,

, ,

,

..

, ,

.

, .

(80.000 2) 8.000 , (150.000

2) 15.000 10-

40- -, - 12-15,

300, 1.000 1974

(, 1975, , 1967) .

, 2009

~14~

. (1975-1976), . (1985), (1988), X.Wang, J.Shaller

(1994), . (1997), . (1999) R.Reading (2001)

,

, ( , 2003).

1980- ,

. 1970, 1980- 15.000-

,

( 2003).

, ,

, , -

, , , ,

.

- , 2003

177563.4 2 1000 - 1.04

19652600 . 67% , 20%

, 12% (/-), 1% -

/ ( , 2003) .

, 2009

~15~

: , , ,

3.1.

,

2000 .

2000 14 113

500.000 ( 2000) .

516982 2 .

3- .

63

1970-1980- 40 (1-

) .

, 2009

~16~

1- . (2-)

, , ,

, .

, ,

(, 1966,

2005 , Ito et al 2005).

.

,

, ,

, -

.

,

,

.

820462

361460 365976

500000 516982

1954 1964 1970 2000 2009

,

54-4500

3.2.

560

, 19.6%

(30

00,

.

46

%

088

2-

1-870

26-109,

1000

5-

,

66352

,

)

.

3088 267 21 51 634 67

00, ,

01-

.

~17~

,

6352 893 56 61

1060 58

2-

2-167,

1.6%-

39.9%-

101-10

~

15.6

605 5446 11 15

159 241 2

-5500

,

9

000

.

%

,

4-45000 1-8700 1-271 2-167

2-5500 26-109

1-2

.

.

.

110 363 22 16 44 2

.

271

1864

(32.6%

2009

64.8%

33975297227

479 831

27909135

474

%)

,

(

,

, 200

, ,

- ,

,

41.9%

,

00).

6-

,

,

,

,

,

-

,

,

%- 1-50

.

,

-

~18~

(

.

,

11-

.

~

)

,

,

,

,

(

-

12-

,

,

2009

,

,

, 2000).

,

, -

.

2004

,

,

,

,

-

.

,

572488

-

5 (95%

2

1

,

3.3.

-

1

3-

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

,

2- (20

10-13

,

1 2

338746

.

D44.

5.20.2

~19~

. 004

,

8.7

66-9836377)

D ( sD )

12 (0.014) 2 (0.060)

21 (0.0039)

~

)

:

.

28000

)

N

4994300 427600 15523

.

(

2

5 ,

0

.

,

(%CV)

25.78 23.63 70.91

1:12

(.

)

95% C

(3016100-82(265660-68

(3993-603

2009

2000)

(

430

.

CI

269800) 88280) 352)

)

.

0

, 2009

~20~

: 12 (D), ( sD ), N -. .N - (%CV), 95% - (95% CI).

(76.8%

) ,

.

, 2003, 2004

.

33,4%- , 41,1%-

.

3- . , .

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1

2

2004

2009

-- 2.75 (0.0075) 281030 55.16 (99978-789940)

, - 0.04 (0.0012) 5308 88.21 (1081-26074)

- 0.24 1124 25.24 (654-1931)

8.7 5724885 48.15 (3387466-9836377)

, 2009

-21-

4- . ,

1932 1941-1988

80-50

. , ,

,

,

.

5- . 1 2-

2000 60

.

1000000

190000 250000 180000

350000

2670000

2000000

5724885

1940 1975 1979 1980 1983 1994 1997 2009

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

, 1954 , 1970 , 1980 , 2000 , 2009

, 2009

-22-

. , , ,

4.1.

1950- 31.4%- (, 1954)

13.6% (, 1974) .

1930-

.

, .

60

,

1940-1960- , 1960-

, 1980

, 90-

2000 30 (7- ).

7- .

, 2009

-23-

6- .

343982 2

45.73510/113.50343

, , ,

,

, ,

, ,

,

, , , ,

, , ,

.

.

493155

213520

342810

471600 480000

542700

343982

. (1954) . (1966)

. (1980)

. (1986) . (1990) . (2000) (2009)

, 2009

-24-

4.2. ,

255 2610 65.8%

, 16.8% .

21.6% .

(34 ) , - (6) .

4- . ,

8 7.1 1.5 1-26 23 187 34 63 15 1-240 17 583 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 3.6 0.6 1-18 43 223 9 12 0.9 1-109 168 1541 - 6 4 1 1-109 11 75

.

1-240 , 1-109-

, 1-26 .

,

, 10-20

60 . ,

30-100 (, 2000)

, 51- 5 627

1.9%-

24.0 %- .

, 2009

-25-

8- .

76 1-10

.

9- .

0,03

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

,

,

,

,

4.3.

.

,

,

,

7-

-26-

,

(

.

,

,

, 20

,

11978 (95

000).

.

.

,

.

5% CI 6458

,

-

8-26748)

2009

,

1

1

:

.N -

: 12-

-

(

,

5-

(%CV)

40-60-

50%

8)

8-

88000

1986

,

,

.

(D), (

), 95% -

,

,

.

.

.

50000

1990

000

- 0

-

-27-

100000

1992

D ( sD )

- 0.0161 (0.00240.0002 (0.00020.0544 (0.0003

0.039 (0.0028

0.01

0.05640

0.01356 0.0702 0.0324

sD ), N - (95% CI

,

,

90000

1994

N

- 4) 13242) 15 3) 1300

8) 5103

2778

144

419895

11978

,

CI).

.

140000

2000

(%CV)

- 66.56

- -

47.97

10.67

26.38

12.9930.21

8 49.93

,

2

11978

2009

95%

(377(2

(934

(2027

(2250

(83

(322(463

(6458

2009

,

% CI

- 7-4652) 2-97) 4-1511)

7-12849)

0-3430)

-251)

2-545) -1730)

8-25035)

, 2009

-28-

9- . 2-

1 2 2000 6.6

.

0.19

0.10

0.26

0.03

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

1986 1990 2000 2009

, 2009

-29-

. , , ,

5.1.

,

, ,

2-3 , , ,

-,

167598 2 .

10- .

10- .

40000

10000

60000

110000

160000

210000

260000

1954 1970 2003

2009

, 2009

-30-

2003 9991 2 , 1950-

33 (10- )

5.2. ,

56 3404 75%

, 3.6% -, 10.7% , 10.7%

.

(81 ) , - (2 ) .

6- . ,

68 100 15 1-385 42 2875 6.5 2.9 1.2 2-10 6 39 81 180 73 3-450 6 486 - 2 0 0 2 2 4 . ,

450

2-10- .

, 101- 9 2487

16.1%-

73.1 %- .

45%,

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

11

2003

8,5%,

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

,

1- .

,

11-

-31-

,

. (2003

8,5%

)

40,8%,

%,

, -

.

2

22,9%

, -

2009

.

,

5.3.

: 1 .N -

-

2003

2009

7-

2-

12-

15000

1954

,

,

,

,

,

3

167598

1405

.

(%CV), 95%

.

.

4000

1976

-

-32-

2

1

(D), N% -

, -

6500

1985

D 0.085

0.03620.0587

1.7 0.469

8

,

N -

,

48137

1997

N 111

2 397 37

209 140

,

(

1

,

(95% CI

,

19652

2003

N (%CV87 53.4

3 34.16 16.8

95 20.051 31.1

.

177563.4

1

.

I).

,

14051

2009

V) 947 (401

17 (188 (204 (1614 (779

2009

, 2003).

0.4

95% CI 12-31196)

67-925) 68-528) 75-2515) 99-38163)

4

,

, 2009

-33-

2003 1997

59%-, 2009 2003 28.6%- .

. 2003 1 2 1.04

2009 0.46 2 .

,

, , , ,

, , ,

, ,

.

, 2009

-34-

. , ,

6.1.

. , ,

, , , ,

.

40

(Necrovaterum), (

Septicaemia haemorrhagica, Pasteurella), , (,

Grippus Influenza), ( Foot and Mouth

Disease), - (-, Rickettsia burnetti, Rickettsia),

, 310.000

(, 2000).

.

.

(Castrophyllus pectorum) ( , 1996) .

.

.

.

.

.

(Canis lupus), (C. familaris), (Aquila sp) .

(Aquila rapax), (Bubo bubo)

.

, 2009

-35-

.

, . (Lasiopodomys brandti)

(, 1961,

, 1969; Lhagvasuren et al., 1997).

10

( , 1961) .

,

(Lhagvasuren, 1999) .

.

. ,

(, 2000).

,

,

,

.

6.2.

. , ,

, , ,

.

,

, ,

, , ,

. 1990

, .

,

.

, 2009

-36-

.

, .

. -- 1950-

.

(, 1966; , 1978; Schaller,

1998, 2000) ,

.

- ,

(, 2005).

, .

. ,

, .

60 ,

. 1990-

,

.

. (1994, 1996-2000 ) ,

,

.

,

(Schaller & Lhagvasuren, 1999).

,

.

, 2009

-37-

. , ,

7.1.

, 30-

, , ,

. ,

, ,

.

70

, , ,

, , , ,

.

, , ,

,

,

.

8- . ,

, 19

95

CIT

ES*

I, II

IUCN

Red

List

(2

006)

G

loba

l cat

egor

y

, 19

97

(200

6)

CMS*

* I,

II

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -ARTIODACTILA

Procapra gutturosa + - - - II Gazella subgutturosa + - -

-PERISSODACTYLA Equus hemionus + I II

: - , - - , -, - CITES*- , CMS**-

1. 2000- .

, 3

. , (Gazella subgutturosa),

(Equus hemionus) 2

, 2009

-38-

(1995)- . ,

.

2.

(CITES)- .

I (Equus hemionus) .

3. , .

(IUCN)-

(Gazella subgutturosa),

(Equus hemionus) .

4. . (Gazella

subgutturosa), (Equus hemionus) 2

.

5. .

(IUCN)- 128

2006 , .

(Equus hemionus), (Procarpa

gutturosa), 2 . (Gazella subgutturosa)

1 . ,

.

6.

. ,

, .

, , .

1998

II- (Equus hemionus), (Procapra gutturosa)

2 .

, 2009

-39-

7.2. ,

.

,

, .

, ,

, ,

.

-

(1992),

(1995), (1995)

.

, (Gazella subgutturosa),

(Equus hemionus) 2

(1995)- . ,

. , ,

,

.

. :

1992 .

, ,

2 , 6 , 2 , 1

(

) 8%

.

1972 , 1953

, 2009

-40-

15 , 29%

( , 2004).

,

, 2003, 2009

.

, , ,

, . ,

,

,

. ,

, , , ,

, .

,

,

.

, 2009

1997 65%-

.

, ,

. :

1978 ,

1988-1990

600

. 1995 3500

(, 1995) . ,

,

.

,

, ,

.

, 2009

-41-

, ,

,

, , ,

,

.

, ,

, ,

.

, 2009

-42-

, ,

(, 2000).

2000 14 113 500.0

2 1000 - 44 2.2

(, 2000). 2009

516982 2 1 2- 8.7 5.7

. ,

2000 16982 2-,

2- 1.9 .

.

60-85%, 82% , 2-

8%, 5% (, 2000) 2-3 2

(, 1997)

5.7 .

,

5-6

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

(Andrew Sih 2002).

2

3.2%-

,

.

, 2009

-43-

7.3 ,

4.3 .

,

(1998)

(, 2000 ).

2009

94.7% , .

-

. ,

.

, ,

,

.

- 1950-

, ,

(, 1966) .

5

-

. ,

.

, ,

-

, 2009

-44-

,

(, 2006) .

, ,

.

,

. 30-

()

, (, 2000). 1990

,

. ,

, , .

, 2000

10 52 542700 2 1 2- 0.26

140 (, 2000).

2009 343982 2 1000 - 0,03

. 37%-,

6.6 . 11978 (95%-

6458-25,035) 2000

8.5 .

,

( , , 2004).

"" 1997 III

1 2 0.150.03 60461398 (R.P.Reading et al,

1999) . 2009 1 2 0.01-0.07

131465 1999

2.1-15 , 4.6

.

, 2009

-45-

1994

, ,

275400 . 1 2- 0.76 90000

64.2%

(, 2000) . 1

2- 0.02 9181459

. 76.6%- 1994

38 , 10

.

, , -

2 ,

, ,

.

, ,

, (, 2000)

, ,

.

,

, ,

,

.

,

,

.

2003

177563.4 2 ( , 2003)

, ,

2-3 167598 2 .

9965 2 .

,

, 2009

-46-

. : 2003 1 2- 0.104

19652600 ( , 2003).

1 2 0.46 14051

(95%- 7799-38163) .

,

28.6%- 4.4

. ,

,

.

,

.

,

. 2002 1 2- 0.23

1851437028 (

, 2003). 2009 12 0.08

11187559 .

2.8 , 39.6%- .

, ,

, .

.

, ,

, , ,

. , 2000

,

,

.

.

,

, ,

, 2009

-47-

( , 2006).

, ,

.

7

(10747 2-43105 2)

(Kaczensky et al, 2006).

, , .

,

.

, ,

(, ) .

123423.78 (11.9%)

.

, 368123.25 (35.5%)

- 2.9 .

,

,

.

, ,

,

.

1940-2007 2.10 -

, 1.9-2.30 -,

1.60 -1.70 - .

, 2009

-48-

68 7

16 - . , 8.7-12.5

, 3.5-9.3 (

, 2008).

,

,

. ,

3-8/ .

,

.

,

,

, .

2003

5097 , 9582 , 372 , 1158

,

(www.esd.mn).

, .

. 2009

(, ) 6527900,

(, , , , ) 12846600, (, , ) 9814700

.

17722900 ,

33854500 , 23124700 (www.nso.mn).

C=A(P*U)/F

2268012, 4332385, 2959285

.

(9814700) (2959285)

.

, 2009

-49-

, ,

,

,

.

10

3,4 , 5,4 ,

1,8 ,

41,3 647,0

,

(www.esd.mn)

,

, ,

,

. ,

.

, ,

.

,

.

,

.

2

.

, 2009

-50-

10 87 516982 2 10 87 5,7

.

.

10 52 343982 2 , 10 - 0,3 12

. ,

.

5 22 167598 2 10 4 14

. ,

.

, ,

, , , ,

,

,

.

, 2009

-51-

, ,

.

1. , ,

, ,

, ,

,

, , ,

,

.

2. , ,

,

. , ,

, ,

, , , ,

.

3.

, , , ,

, ,

.

, ,

,

2 -

4. , , ,

.

,

.

, 2009

-52-

5. , ,

, ,

.

,

.

6.

.

, ,

- . :

.

7. - . -

.

8.

, .

9.

.

.

.

, , ,

, , ,

.

. , , ,

, 2009

-53-

,

.

, 2009

-54-

1. ., (Gazella subgutturosa Pallas, 1777) , , . , 2000. /

/

2. , 1999.

3. . . , 2007.

4. .. 1954. . -

, .

5. .. 1975. . . 4, 6:93-

94.

6. ., .., .. 1977. .

. 12. 43-46.

7. , . (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777)-

. , 2006. /

/

8. . 2000. (Procapra gutturosa Pall., 1777)

.

. . 1-26.

9. ., . . 1981. ?

. 1, 57-59.

10. . 1970.

. - . .

11. , . (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777)

, , . 2000.

/ /

12. . 1995.

. . WWF of Mongolia.

13. .., .. , .. , .. .

1986., ,

. . . - . . . 91(5): 73-82.

14. . 1995. .

, 2009

-55-

15. . (. . . ). , 1997. 388 .

16. ., J.E.M.Baillie, .,

P., M.Stubbe. , 2005.

17. (Equus hemionus) , .

. , 2003

18. ., ., . , .. 1988. ,

Equus hemionus Pallas, 1774

.

. 21, . 46-5.

19. . ,

( ), . 2009.

20. .., .., .., ... 1978,

().

. :

. , . 10: 7-11

21. . 1966. ,

. . 2.

145-152.

22. CITES-

. 2001. .

23. ., , ., ., .,

.. ,

(Equus hemionus) , , . -

. 26. , 2006.

24. . 1980. , , ,

. - . . . 15. 128-139.

25. . 1974.

.

. .

26. . 1979. ,

. /. .

14:123-129.

, 2009

-56-

27. Andrew Sih 2002. Effects of ecological interactions forager Diets competition,Predation

risk, parasitism and behavior.

28. Burkham K. P., D. R. Anderson, J. L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line

transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72: 1-202.

29. Lhagvasuren B., S.Dulamtseren., L.Amgalan., D.Mallon., G.Schaller., R.Reading.,

H.Mix. 1999. Status andconservation of antelopes in Mongolia. .

. /. . 1. 96-107.

30. Lhagvasuren B. 1999. Status of the Mongolian gazelle population in Mongolia.

Mongolian Gazelles: Steppes for survival. An International meeting to assess the threats

to the species and to propose effective solutions. Choibalsan. Mongolia 6-8 April.

31. Kaczensky P., D.P.Sheeny, C.Walzer, D.E.Jonshon, D.Lkhagvasuren and C.M.Sheeny.

2006. Room to Roam? The threat to khulan (Wild ass) from Human Intrusion. Mongolia

discussion papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development

Department. Washington. D.C.:World Bank

32. Milner-Gulland E.J., B. Lhagvasuren. 1998. Population dynamics of the Mongolian

Gazelle Procapra guttuosa: an historical analysis. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 35,

240-251.

, 2009

-57-

/ / . (, ), (

, )

.

, 2009

-58-

.

/ /, .

.

, 2009

-59-

, .

,

.

, 2009

-60-

, .

, 2009

-61-

2

,

MONGOLIAN UNGULATE SURVEY 2009: EFFORT-WEATHER FORM

Vehicle DATE Form Effort-Weather Data Recorder

# Forms

Day Month Year Number in Day

0 9 ________________________

TIME HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC

DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DECLATITUDE

LONGITUDE

EFFORT CODE

VEHICLE COURSE

VEHICLE SPEED

LEFT OBSERVER

RIGHT OBSERVER

CLOUD COVER %

SIGHTABILITY (1-5)

C O M M E N T

EFFORT CODES: WP=Waypoint, CC=Course Change, SC=Speed Change, CS=Course & Speed Change, OC=Observer Change, WC=Weather Change, WH=Weather on the hour, BS=Begin Searching Mode, ES=End Searching Mode, PS = Primary Sighting, RT=Return to Transect Line, ED=End Day

SIGHTABILITY CODES: 1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=moderate, 4=good, 5=excellent

, 2009

-62-

MONGOLIAN UNGULATE SURVEY 2009: SIGHTINGS FORM

Vehicle DATE Form Sightings Data Recorder # Forms

Day Month Year Number ________________________ in Day

0 9 LEFT/RIGHT SIDE

SIGHTING TYPE TIME RADIAL DISTANCE

(M)

ANGLE SPECIES SPECIES

GROUP NO. OF BEH COMMENT

NUMBER HOUR MINS SECS CODE NO. SIZE CALVES

SPECIES CODES: PG = Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa, GS = Goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa, EH = Khulan Equus hemionus, UU = Unidentified ungulate BEHAVIOUR CODES: NM= Normal movement, MI= Non-directional movement (milling), AV= Avoiding vehicle, AT= Attracted to vehicle, FE= Feeding, RE= Sleeping/Resting, OT=Other

Steppe ungulates tailangiin nuur.pdfAssessment of the steppe ungulates.pdf

Assessment of steppe Ungulates Final Repor(Mong)

Documents

Transcript of Assessment of steppe Ungulates Final Repor(Mong)