Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY...

43
ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology University of Yangon 29 th January, 2015

Transcript of Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY...

Page 1: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR

Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

University of Yangon

29th January, 2015

Page 2: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

YCDC Area

Hlaing

River

Yangon River

Panhlaing

River

Yangon Division

Yangon

Union of Myanmar

Page 3: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

YANGON between

1960s & 1980s

1920 - 8625 Ha

1974 - 20862 Ha

1985 - 34613 Ha

Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007

URBAN PLANNING

HISTORY OF YANGON

It had expanded gradually

in N-S direction in 1960s

and 1980s

Page 4: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

URBAN PLANNING HISTORY OF YANGON

rapidly in E-W direction .

developing new suburbs in

1990s through the present

time.

in an attempt to balance

the elongated south to

north growth of the city

limits, development of new

towns in the east and west

TOWN EXTENSION

(Site & Services Scheme)

INDUSTRIAL ZONES

Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007

Page 5: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

1.Surface water

Reservoirs

• Gyobyu (started from 1940)

• Hlawga (started from 1906)

• Phugyi (started from 1992)

• Ngamoeyeik (started from 2007)

Lakes and ponds

•Kandawgyi Lake (1879-1906)

•Innya Lake (1884-1906)

Lakes and ponds

2.Ground water

Open wells (hand-dug wells)

Tube wells

• 30 wells (1842)

•YCDC tube-wells

16

Ngamoeyeik Reservoir

56"

OVERFLOW EL.133.0 FT

CAPACITY 1 MG

SHWEDAGON RESERVOIR

12"

95

Twantay

Canal

20"

5958

57

12"

24"

16"

16"

16"

16"

115

116

117

3

2

1

12"

113

114

12"

9"

9"

9"

9" 9"

9"

6"

15"

15"

158

12"

18"

18"

104

112103

9 8

24"

111

108107 110

109105

106

101

102

9"

9"

18"

166

163

14

10

76

5

4

9"

9"

9"

18"9"

9"

15"

12"

24"

9"

15"

9"

162

164

157156

155

161165

159

160167

168

154153

968487

858683

6"

9"

9"

9"

24" 30"

152

80

24

21 22

23

9"

30"

42"

24"

170

Pan Hlaing River

68

69

707172

67

73

74

8"

82

18"

94

93

12"

8"

6"

12" Inya

Lake

81

78

92

899190 88

79

6"

6"

6"

6"

6"

10"

10"

12"

12"12"

12"

18"

8"

18"

20"

27"

76

75

66"

27"

12"

27"

12"

66"

66"

77

66"

42"

56"42"

56"

56"

Hla

ing

Riv

er

Hlawga

Reservoir

173

175

176

172

171

174

177

No.2

No.1

56"

56"

56"

36"

24"

56"

56"

56"

56"

Myitm

akha

Riv

er

Pyugyi

Reservoir

Gyobyu

Reservoir

56"

Yangon

River

65

9" 12"12"

42"

12

36"

12"

6"

12"

149151

121

120

119118

122

20

27"

27"

27"

9"

9" 9"

12"

27"

12"

9"

15"12"

150

100

97

98

99

12"

27"

12"

12"

36"

9"

12"

11"

12"

27"

9"

12"

12"

12"

169

11

13

8"

10"

10"

12"

17"

12"

12"

10"

17"

12"12"

12"

60

12"

12"

12"

Kandawgyi

Lake

CAPACITY 10 MG

CENTRALSERVICE RESERVOIR

27"

15

19

18

17

12"

12"

27"

27"

27"

12"

8"

OVERFLOW EL.140.0 FT

CAPACITY 20 MG

KOKINE RESERVOIR

42"

9"

8"

27"

10"

42"

9"

42"

12"

12"

12"12"

123

64

61

12"

12"

30"

24"

9"

12"

18"

185

62189

190

12"

186

66

63

10"

187

191

188

12"

208,21410"

50k-gal Capicity

216

124

12"

10"

10"

24"

6"

12"12"

24"

10"

10"

12"

19212"

199198

12"

201

196

197

193

200

194

195

1 miles1 miles

0.5 km1 km

0.5 miles

0

0

1 km

Bago

River

36"

183

12"

8"

12"

12"

42"27"

6"

6"

30"

30"

42"

PUMP STATION

YEGU

8"

8"

12"

42"

10"

10"

6"

12"

12"

42"

56"

210

12"

209

6"

184

12"

24"

42"

66"

56"

56"

66"

66"

10"42"

56"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

24"

24"

10"

24"

12"

18212"

24"

215

206

205

202

203

12"

8"

8"8"

207

6"

179180

181

24"12"

212

204

178

6"

12"

12"

211

217

213

6"

145

8"

24"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

36"

24"

36"

144

143

141

140 142

139

138137

12"

12"

148126

125

8"

8"

132

134

128131

130

129

127

36"

36"

146

133

136

147

135

42

32

55

48

2949

54

5251

5053 44

28

46

45

43

47

41

3530

31

33

34

56

26

25

39

38

40

37

36

36"

36"

36"

Bago

River

Lagunpyin

Reservoir

Ngamoeyeik

Gyophyu

Phugyi

Hlawga

Types of water resources

in Yangon area

Page 6: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Monthly Temperature and Monthly Rainfall

•Monthly mean temperature is

essential in water usage

•Water demand in township is

mainly depend upon variation

of temperature

Page 7: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

0500

10001500200025003000

1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006

Inch

Year

Gyophyu Reservoir (correlation between water level

and total rainfall)

minimum

maximum

total rainfall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

Inch

Year

Hlawgar Resevoir (correlation between lake water

level and total rainfall)

minimum

maximum

total rainfall

0200400600800

1000120014001600

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

20

07

Inch

Year

Phyugyi reservoir correlation between water level and

total rainfall

minimum

maximum

total rainfall

Correlation of water level and total rainfall

Page 8: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology
Page 9: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Water supply in Yangon area (2010)

Water resources

Surface water (reservoirs)

• Gyobyu 27 MGD

• Phugyi 44 MGD

• Hlawga 14 MGD

• Ngamoeyeik 90 MGD

Ground water

• About 400 tube wells over 20 MGD

• Lakes and ponds

Total over 195 MGD (Million gallon per day)

Page 10: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Depending on total population and served population data analysis every townships show

the lack of water sufficiency. Half of total population of Bahan, Botahtaung, Dagon,

Kyauktada, Lanmadaw, Latha, Mingalartaungnyunt, North Okkalapa, Pabedan,

Pazundaung, and Tarmwe have access to YCDC water supply.

Ahlone, Hlaing, Hlaingtharyar, Insein, Kamaryut, Kyeemyintdaing, Mayangone,

Mingalardon, North Okkalap, Sanchaung, South Okkalapa and Thaketa get only small

amount of or limited water supply.

Page 11: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

La

ke

no

.

Township Name

Drinking water lake in Yangon Area

drinking water lake

fire control

Page 12: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

The domestic water consumption per month is increased in Ahlone,

Tarmwe, Yankin, Bahan and Pabedan Townships. Utilization for

commercial purposes in Insein is increased more than the other townships.

Departmental water consumption per month is found to be high in Dagon,

Mayangone, Yankin and Insein.

Page 13: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

As population density increases, an ever-increasing demand on water resources

and an ever increasing complexity of management issues are created.

Population Density

050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000

Ahlo

ne

Bahan

Bota

taung

Dagon

Dagon M

yoth

it e

ast

Dagon M

yoth

itD

agon M

yoth

itD

agon M

yoth

itD

ala

Daw

bon

Hla

ing

Hla

ingth

ary

ar

Insein

Kam

ary

ut

Kyaukta

da

Kyeem

yin

dain

gLanm

adaw

Lath

aM

ayangone

Min

gala

rdon

Min

gala

rtaungnyunt

Nort

h O

kkala

pa

Pabedan

Pazundaung

Sanchaung

Seik

an

Seik

kyi kanaungto

Shw

epyitha

South

okkala

pa

Tam

we

Thaketa

Thin

gangyun

Yankin

Townships

Po

pu

lati

on

pers

on

s

1973

1983

1998

2001

13 Urban expansion coupled with population growth accelerated the deterioration of

environment and degradation of quality of groundwater.

Page 14: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Location of Industrial zones

Industrial zones

Proposed industrial zones

14

Page 15: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Ah

lon

e

Bo

tata

un

g

Dag

on

Dag

on

Myo

thit

(N

ort

h)

Dag

on

Myo

thit

(So

uth

)

Dal

a

Daw

bo

n

Hla

ingt

har

yar

Inse

in

Kam

ayu

t

Kya

ukt

ada

Kye

em

yin

din

e

Lan

mad

aw

Lath

a

Min

gala

tau

ngn

yun

t

No

rth

Okk

alap

a

Pab

edan

San

chau

ng

Sou

th O

kkal

apa

Shw

epyi

tha

Thak

eta

Thin

gan

gyu

n

Seik

kyi-

khan

aun

gto

Dag

on

(Ea

st)

Dag

on

(Se

ikka

n)

10

2

14

2

33

5

9 10

5

23

6

13 16

11

1

26

9

17

8

4

23

9

3 3 2

YCDC’s tube-wells in Townships

well no.

Tube-well located at 13thstreet,

lanmadaw township

Tube-well located at in front of the

railway station, kyauktada township

Page 16: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

19

96

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

05

20

06

20

07

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

um

be

r

Gp 1 South Okkala

and North Okkala

0

50

100

150

200

250

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

05

20

07

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

um

be

r

Gp 2 Dagon, Mayangon, Mingalardon, Yankin, Kamaryut and Sanchaung

50

47

47.5

48

48.5

49

49.5

50

50.5

19

96

19

99cu

mu

lati

ve w

ell

nu

mb

er

Gp 3 Hlaing, Kyimyintdaing and Mayangone (west)

24 33 40

76

137 140 145 154 161

174 190

0

50

100

150

200

19

96

19

97

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

um

be

r

Gp 4 - North Dagon

Water wells in townships (1996-2008)

Page 17: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

6 6

11

17 21

25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

05

20

07

20

08

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

um

be

r

Gp 7 Ahone, botatung, Pazundaung

and Mingalartaungnyunt

57

79

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

19

96

19

97

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

um

be

r

Gp 5 - Shwepyitharyar

79 84

131 144 151 154

168 170

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

03

20

05

20

07

cum

ula

tive

we

ll n

ub

er

Gp 6 - Hlaingtharyar

Water wells in townships (1996-2008)

Page 18: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Built up area occupied

many areas of water

resources especially lakes

and ponds

Page 19: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Water Budget

Urban growth and land area reduction

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1920 1974 1985

Area Town

Land area

Sq km

Year

Total land area = 480 sq.km

0

100000000

200000000

300000000

400000000

500000000

600000000

700000000

800000000

1920 1974 1985

Subsurface flow cu.m/year

Subsurface flow cu.m/year

Year

Area sq ft

(Town)

Land

area

Subsurface flow

( recharge)

1920 86.25 393.75 759738839.6

1974 208.62 271.38 523626479.5

1985 346.13 133.87 258301558

Page 20: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Increase in households through population growth, economic activities and

lifestyle changes directly transform the condition of the water resources.

Controlling factors for the deterioration of water resources are interaction of

climate, topography and drainage system, geology, population density and

land-use.

Potential sources of groundwater contamination

Page 21: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Geology

Geological Map

of Yangon City

(Win Naing, 1972)

Page 22: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Hydrogeology

Aquifer (Rock)

• Upper Pegu Group (Thadugan Sandstone, Hlawga Shale, Besapat Alternations) – Limited in Thadugan

sandstone

• Irrawaddy Formation (Arzanigone Sandrock, Danyingone Clay) – Mainly Arzanigone sandrock

Aquifer (Alluvium)

• Valley-filled deposit – Important aquifer in the

western part of the study area

• Younger alluvium – Widely distributed

Page 23: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Well locations in different

lithology

I - valley-filled deposit

( good water quality)

II - Arzanigone sandrock

( good water quality)

III- Danyingone clay

IV - Younger Alluvial deposit

V – Thadugan sandstone

23

III I

II

IV

V

I

IV

V

III

IV

I

II

Page 24: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types

Arzanigone sandrocks 90-110 sand Valley-fill deposits 125-157 coarse sand and gravel

80-137 sand 118-170 fine gray

170-200 sand 114-147 clay sand and gravel

145-170 fine sand

82-129

/134-145 coarse sand and gravel

70-100 sand 206-290 sand and gravel

420-480 sand blue 104-170 sand and gravel

460-490 fine to medium sand

213-243

/253-273 coarse sand and gravel

Danyingone clays 130-264 coarse sand and gravel 90-118/139-164 sand and gravel

334-385 gray sand 130-160 sand and gravel

185-210

blue clay and coarse

sand 140-180 sand and gravel

105-130 sand and gravel 110-130

medium sand and

yellow

110-140 medium sand Alluvial 126-156 Sand

295-335 medium sand 274-364 gravel and sand gravel

480-510 sand blue 151-221 coarse sand and gravel

247-280 coarse sand and gravel 101-127 sand and gravel

223-261 coarse sand and gravel 105-125 sand with fine gravel

370-390 medium sand and blue 100-130 sand fine and yellow

430-470 fine sand 335-365

medium sand and

gritty

40-60 sand and gravel 600-630 sand and gravel

100-148

medium sand and

gravel 570-590 sand and gravel

200-295 sand yellow and gravel 520-580 sand

325-350 medium sand blue 320-400 medium sand blue

460-490 medium sand blue

Page 25: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Groundwater specific yield

map and its wells locations

Depending upon this map,

the specific yield is abundant

in the south-west and western

part of this study area.

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability

Page 26: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Water quality • Unbalance between discharge and recharge

may cause groundwater quality degradation

• Over-exploitation can also disturb the saltwater and fresh water interface, leading to local or regional saline contamination

Page 27: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

TDS distribution

(Total Dissolved Solid)

Excellent

less than 300 mg/litre

Good

between 300 and 600 mg/litre

Fair

between 600 and 900 mg/litre

Poor

between 900 and 1200 mg/litre

Unacceptable

greater than 1200 mg/litre

Over pumping of groundwater will

cause the intrusion of saline water

to the well in the area to the tidal

river and chaung.

Page 28: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Chloride distribution

Chloride originates from

natural sources, sewage

and industrial effluents,

and saline intrusion.

Guideline value of

Chloride is 250 mg/litre

•This presentation reveals the

quality of groundwater in terms

of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

and Chloride (Cl)

Page 29: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Drainage Coverage Map of the Study Area

Yangon-Mingaladon

Ridge is main

watershed for Hlaing

River and Ngamoeyeik

Creek

Page 30: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

(modified after Win

Naing and Maung

Maung1996)

Contour map showing

potentiometric level

•Topography normally

controls the subsurface

water flow.

•However, permanent

reservoirs like Innya and

Kandawgyi can feed

water into the local

aquifers continuously

Page 31: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Land use map

modified by Wint Wint Htun 31

Page 32: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Figure showing Industrial

zones, solid waste disposal sites

and

groundwater flow direction

32

Old solid waste disposal site

Existing solid waste disposal site

Industrial zones

Proposed industrial zones

Page 33: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Main solid waste disposal sites

And industrial zones

Waste disposal sites are located at the

area of shallow water-table aquifers

situated at the depth of 40 ft below the

surface.

Page 34: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Flooding

Low lying areas are high

vulnerable to flooding

during rainy season.

But the southern city may

have further problems.

Page 35: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

All 22 drainage channels present in Yangon are polluted. Channel water pollution is rather high in dry season when the surface run-off by rain water is absent. Channels passing through the densely populated area are highly polluted and they will contaminated the groundwater lying below.

Page 36: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Groundwater vulnerability assessment

• Aquifer vulnerability index (AVI)

• The Vulnerability Index is one of the methods simplest, fast and easy to quantify the vulnerability, since so single it uses the hydraulic conductivity and the thickness of the layers of different material that are on the level of the water.

c=Σbi / Ki for the layers i = 1, 2, 3,...,i • where:

• bi: it is the thickness of each layer of the ground water,

• Ki: it is the hydraulic conductivity of each layer, and

• c: it is total the hydraulic resistance by ft of depth (inverse of Ki, [ time]),

Page 37: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Groundwater vulnerability

index map by using AVI

(aquifer vulnerability

index) method for

reconnaissance studies.

Groundwater

vulnerability

assessment map and its

wells locations

Page 38: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Legend

Township Boundary

Extremely high vunlerability index

5 10 Km0

0 0.05 0.1

Scale

Inya Lake

Kandawgyi Lake

Yangon River

16.95

16.9

16.85

16.8

17.0

16.75

17.05

96.05 96.10 96.15 96.2 96.25

Hlaing River

Panhlaing River

Insein

Dagon

Ngamoeyeik Stream

The area of very high vulnerability include some parts of Latha (Alluvial), Dagon (Valley-fill deposits), and Insein (Danyingone Clays)

Legend

Township Boundary

Extremely high vunlerability index

5 10 Km0

0 0.05 0.1

Scale

Inya Lake

Kandawgyi Lake

Yangon River

16.95

16.9

16.85

16.8

17.0

16.75

17.05

96.05 96.10 96.15 96.2 96.25

Hlaing River

Panhlaing River

Insein

Dagon

Ngamoeyeik Stream

Page 39: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Groundwater management tools TECHNICAL TOOLS

0 1 2

Resource Assessment

Basic knowledge of aquifer

Conceptual model based on field data

Models linked to decision-support and used for planning and management

Page 40: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Management Process

Capacity

Demand Factor of safety

Capacity Resources: Surface and

subsurface water

Demand Water utilization: urbanization and

industrial development

Interaction with the environment

Page 41: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Water shortage (4-5-2008) After Nargis

Page 42: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Challenge in groundwater use

Page 43: Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Yangon … · ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMAR Dr. Wint Wint Htun Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology

Thank you very much

for

Your kind Attention