Assessing the Role of Institutions in Urban visioning: Case Study of Nyala, Darfur, Sudan 6 th...
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Transcript of Assessing the Role of Institutions in Urban visioning: Case Study of Nyala, Darfur, Sudan 6 th...
Assessing the Role of Institutions in Urban
visioning: Case Study of Nyala, Darfur, Sudan
6th Annual EA Conference and Exhibition
UoN, Nairobi, kenyaADD Building23rd July 2015
Julius Coredo
Table of Contents Brief Historical Background of Darfur Conflict and City Context of Nyala Context of planning in Sudan Urban Growth and Conflict challenges of
Nyala Nyala: City Vision Stakeholders, Values and Processes Strategic Spatial Planning approach Current Realities Looking at the Future Conclusion
Sudan
Nyala, South Darfur Capital
Dar- Fur-land of the Fur
Area- 500,000 sq.km South Darfur-
130,000 sq.km Climatic Diversity-
Arid Sahara in the North to Dense savannah woodland in the South
Ethnic Diversity- Hamitic, Arabic and Sudanic
Darfur-The ContextKey conflict factors still
include: Historical political and economic
marginalization of the regio
Inter-communal competition over resources
Politicization of ethnic and tribal affiliations
Erosion of the authority of both native administration and traditional mechanisms of reconciliation and conflict resolution
Weak rule of law and security institutions, reflected also in growing crime rates
Capacity shortfalls within state institutions
etc
Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD)- The History
Date Place Agreement8 April, 2004 N’Djamena,
ChadThe Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur & Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur
28 May 2004 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on the Modalities for the Establishment of the Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment of Observers in Darfur
9 November, 2004
Abuja, Nigeria the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur
5 July, 2005 Abuja, Nigeria the Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur
DDPD- The History…cont’d
Date Place Agreement5 May, 2006 Abuja, Nigeria The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA)
17 February 2009
Doha, Qatar The Goodwill Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement,
23 February 2010,
Doha, Qatar The Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement
18 March 2010 Doha, Qatar; The Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement
18 March 2010,
Doha, Qatar The Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement
Nyala, a City of Contrast
Conflict, Displacement, arrival of huge humanitarian population
Modern housing constructions vs burlap bags shacks
IDPs Vs Cosmopolitan population Optimism vs Fear
Nyala: An Environmental Scan
SWOT Analysis…cont’d
Planning in Sudan State in charge of plan
making under central Ministry guidance
Physical planning and Land Disposal Act 1994; Local Govt. Act 2003
Environmental Conservation Act 1975
Several acts regulate settlements- land registration & surveying
Challenges- Lack of skilled manpower and adverse socio-political conditions
Informal settlements in major townsAdapted from Schall, 1994.
Nyala: Growth and Conflict Imperial interventions in the
19th and 20th C by Turks, Egyptians and British
Conflict between ‘Arab’ and ‘African’ tribes escalated in Urban and Rural areas
Famine and Desertification made towns attractive
Al Hajj Atta al Manan (Governor) order for people to settle in towns and cities
Conflict attracted foreign INGOs/UN
SOURCE: University of San Francisco, Landscape Ecology
and Ecosystem Research Laboratory.
Nyala: The Vision Master Plan 2006-2021 Process began in the 1990s
spearheaded by a Company Badia Passed in to Law by South Darfur Parliament in 2008 Governor El Haj Atta channeled political support from
Khartoum Process is Top-Down with little citizen participation
(Tokenism) Modern city with Multi-Story, Office Blocks and Ring
Roads Town Centre: Business and Commercial Heart with
infrastructure and Services Document does not incorporate DPA resolutions
Stakeholders, Values and Processes
New markets and services
Bars, restaurants, supermarkets, Guest Houses, IDP camps
Humanitarian ‘War Economy’
Size, shape and composition of city
Gentrification in the Town Centre
Strategic Spatial Planning…
Adapted from , Van Den Broeck, 2004.
Current Reality…. Increased organization within the private sector to
protect themselves against high taxes, poor services and delayed payments from government
Associations of Artisan’s Union and contractors union made up of 70 members (2011).
Increased presence of big businesses companies from outside Nyala especially construction contractors
The association of the economy with the current ruling party in Khartoum, National congress Party (NCP) e.g 2004-2007, during the reign of El Haj Ata Elmannan Idris, Nyala benefited from constant federal budget allocation
Current Reality…cont’d IDP camps new urban identity. Otash, Kalma,
Bileil, Dereig, El Saref, and Mosey account for more than 200,000 people (OCHA, 2007)
Govt. Initiatives: Conventional Area-Based Development ‘(Site and Service’) failed due to lack of infrastructure and land sensitivity
Govt. initiatives: ‘Model villages’ (Sunta, Ed Dain, Kilekil- Abusalama Srambanga etc) Approach not well received as a solution to resettlement due to insecurity and lack of trust
UN/INGOs: Durable solutions; Return, Reintegration and Resettlement
Proposal..
Making Strategic ChoicesScope: One thing or several issues?Complexity: Elaborate complex issues Conflict: Interests, Actors and Values Uncertainty: Political, ethnic tensions
Actors… Policy Funding Knowledge Information
Conclusions Daring approaches: Political, social, economic,
spatial The operationalization of the DDPD, with the
reflection of Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) Implementation framework that is to be
supported by All actors: Government, UNAMID, UN agencies, international organizations, civil society, Business community, Universities, Specilaised Institutions, citizens.
Coordination between National Govt. and The Land Commission and the Resettlement Commissions
Managing expectations
END
The Process?