Assessing the impacts of underwater noise - Courses...Assessing the impacts of underwater noise Eeva...

Assessing the impacts of underwater noise

Eeva Sairanen

SYKE Marine Research Centre

UH FEM Research Group

25.9.2017

PhD student 2017 –

MSc 2015

Underwater noise &

porpoises

MA 2007

Language technology

Work

Researcher, SYKE MRC

IT stuff (BI, Data analytics,

programming, databases..)

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First of all: Nice to meet You!

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Motivation: Why it matters?

1. Importance of sound in the sea

~340 m/s

~1500 m/s

2. Variety of sound in the sea

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3. Industrialization of the sea

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4. Characteristics of the Baltic Sea

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Robinson et al (2014)

Assessing the impact of underwater noise

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1. Acoustics basics: Sound and hearing

2. Noise as an environmental issue

1. Pressure waves moving through a medium

http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html

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What is sound?



1. Pressure waves moving through a medium

2. Particle motion that carries the pressure wave


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What is sound?



Spherical wave

http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/rad2/mdq.html

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Sound waves



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Wave equation

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/wavrel.html

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Reflection and refraction

http://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-waves/

http://home.kpn.nl/msalomons/sound.html

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Channeling of sound in ocean

https://www.rom.on.ca/en/blog/singing-the-blues-the-mystery-of-b105

http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition12/h

ottopics/sound.html

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Channeling of sound in shallow water

Free-field propagation

Waveguide

SPL (dB)

pref = the reference pressure (1 µPa)

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Sound Pressure Level

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Spectrum, Bands

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Spectrogram

● Human beings sense the pressure component of sound

waves

…just like other mammals, including marine mammals

● All fish sense the particle motion component of sound

waves, and some also the pressure component

● At least some invertebrates can detect the particle motion

component of sound waves

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Hearing

Terrestrial mammals

http://leavingbio.net/the%20senses_files/the%20senses.htm#top

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Hearing

http://leavingbio.net/the senses_files/the senses.htm#top


Amphibious mammals

Fully aquatic mammals

Fish

http://leavingbio.net/the%20senses_files/the%20senses.htm#top

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Hearing

http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2011/03/marine-seismic-sources-part-viii-fish-hear-a-great-deal https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resour

ces/568-non-visual-sensory-systems-

of-fish



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Hearing

Popper, A., & Ketten, D. (2008). Underwater hearing. In The senses: a comprehensive reference (pp. 225-236). Elsevier.

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Hearing


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Hearing


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Underwater sounds

Continuous Impulsive

Natural Sea state

Animals(?)

Thunder

Earthquake

Animals(?)

Man-made Shipping

Seismic surveys

Sonars

Construction

Explosions

Soundscape

Physical properties of water body

Depth, Boundaries, Salinity, Bottom

type, …

Sound that is

…harmful?

…disturbing?

…unpleasant?

…produced unintentionally?

…sound that hampers signal detection?

…everything but the intended signal?

(received or transmitted)

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What is noise?

Assessing the impact of underwater noise

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1. Sound and hearing

2. Noise as an environmental issue

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Noise as an environmental issue

1. Risk identification

2. Risk assessment

3. Risk management

4. Risk governance

5. Risk communication

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Risk identification: Is there a problem?

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Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C., & Popper, A. N. (2010). A noisy spring: the

impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in ecology & evolution, 25(7), 419-427.

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Williams, R., Wright, A. J., Ashe, E., Blight, L. K., Bruintjes, R., Canessa, R., ... & Hammond, P. S.

(2015). Impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine life: publication patterns, new discoveries, and future

directions in research and management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 17-24.

1. Detection

2. Masking

3. Behavioral changes

4. Physiological stress

5. Hearing sensitivity threshold shift

6. Physical injury to non-auditory tissue

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Risk assessment: The impacts

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Kunc, H. P., McLaughlin, K. E., & Schmidt, R. (2016, August). Aquatic noise pollution: implications for individuals, populations,

and ecosystems. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 283, No. 1836, p. 20160839). The Royal Society.

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The International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE): Science Plan

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Risk assessment: Monitoring

http://stateofthebalticsea.helcom.fi/pressures-and-their-status/underwater-sound/

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http://underwaternoise.ices.dk/map.aspx



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Risk management: Mitigation


Impact or pressure?

Pressure can be managed

…to mitigate impact

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● Identification of noise sensitive species (HELCOM):

○ Hearing sensitivity

○ Impact of noise

○ Threat status

○ Commercial value

○ Data availability

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Risk governance & communication

Discovery of sound in the sea

http://dosits.org/

HELCOM State of the Baltic Sea


BIAS project - Baltic Sea Information on the Acoustic Soundscape

https://biasproject.wordpress.com/

Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas

https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=33031

Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C., & Popper, A. N. (2010). A noisy

spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in ecology & evolution, 25(7),

419-427.

Wenz, G. M. (1962). Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources. The Journal of the

Acoustical Society of America, 34(12), 1936-1956.

Au, W. W., & Hastings, M. C. (2008). Principles of marine bioacoustics (pp. 121-174). New York: Springer.

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Reading

https://dosits.org/

https://dosits.org/

https://dosits.org/

https://dosits.org/



















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Thank you for listening

Don’t hesitate to contact!

Always happy to connect with nice people and

chat about research, studies, acoustics,

porpoises, seals, boating, making the world a

better place, …

[email protected]

050 351 8170

@EevaSairanen

@eevatoday

Assessing the impacts of underwater noise - Courses...Assessing the impacts of underwater noise Eeva...

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