Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on ......Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic...
Transcript of Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on ......Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic...
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 6, 2013
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402
Received on March 2013 Published on June 2013 2036
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in
Kashmir Himalayas Irfan Rashid
1, Majid Farooq
2, Mohammad Muslim
1, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
1
1- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India - 190006
2- Department of Environment and Remote Sensing, Srinagar, J&K, India - 190018
doi: 10.6088/ijes.2013030600023
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to quantify various anthropogenic activities and their
impact on the environmental quality of Manasbal Lake and its catchment. The datasets used
in the study include IRS-LISS III bi-seasonal satellite data having a spatial resolution of 23.5
m, ground truth data, Digital Elevation Model (DEM). During the study, land use/ land cover
was mapped using on-screen image interpretation. A total of 12 land cover-land use classes
were delineated from the given satellite data. The land use land cover statistics reveal that
highest area is occupied by Barren Land (29.52%) followed by Agriculture (17.85%) and
Plantation (13.39%). Moreover data pertaining to limestone quarrying in the catchment of
Manasbal Lake was also analyzed and correlated with water quality. ASTER DEM with a
spatial resolution of 30 m was also used to study the elevation and slope profile of the lake
catchment. All the above parameters were incorporated into Leopold Matrix to predict the
impact of various anthropogenic activities on the Manasbal Lake. It is concluded that the
stone quarrying and subsequent land system changes observed in the catchment are the main
causes responsible for the deteriorating health of the lake by adversely influencing the
erosion and other land surface processes in its catchment.
Keywords: Land Cover, Remote Sensing, Leopold Matrix, Manasbal Lake, Digital Elevation
Model
1. Introduction
The picturesque valley of Kashmir, located in the foothills of the Himalaya, abounds in fresh
water natural lakes that have come into existence as a result of various geological changes
and also due to changes in the course of the Indus River. These lakes categorized into Glacial,
Alpine and Valley lakes based on their origin, altitude and nature of biota, provide an
excellent opportunity for studying the structure and functional process of an aquatic
ecosystem system (Kaul 1977; Kaul et al 1977; Trisal 1985; Zutshi et al 1972). However,
anthropogenic activities have resulted in heavy inflow of nutrients into these lakes from the
catchment areas (Romshoo et al 2011, Romshoo and Rashid 2012). These anthropogenic
influences not only deteriorate the water quality, but also affect the aquatic life in the lakes,
as a result of which the process of aging of these lakes is hastened (Odada et al 2004; Li et al
2007; Karakoc et al 2003 ). As a consequence, most of the lakes in the Kashmir valley are
exhibiting eutrophication (Kaul 1979; Khan 2008; Khan and Ansar 2005). It is now quite
common that the lakes of Kashmir valley are characterized by excessive growth of
macrophytic vegetation, anoxic deep water layers, and shallow marshy conditions along the
peripheral regions and have high loads of nutrients in their waters (Jeelani and Shah 2006;
Khan 2000; Koul et al 1990).
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2037
During recent years the rapid increase in population has resulted in establishment of new
human settlements in the catchment area of the lake. Also the vast areas of forest were
converted into agriculture and farmlands that resulted in opening up the terrestrial ecosystem,
with heavy loads of nutrients leaching into the lake from the fertile top soil of the catchment
area (Romshoo and Muslim 2011). In addition to sewage and domestic effluents from the
new and expanding human settlements the runoff from fertilized agricultural land and the
residual insecticides and pesticides from the arable lands and orchards plantations also drain
into the lake. These human activities not only deteriorate the water quality but also affected
the aquatic life in the lake, as a result of which the process of ageing of these water bodies is
hastened (Rashid and Romshoo 2012). This artificial or cultural eutrophication is exhibited
by a large number of Kashmir valley lakes (Garg and Garg 2002). It is common experience to
find that the rural lakes of Kashmir are characterized by excessive growth of macrophytic
vegetation, anoxic deep water layers, and shallow marshy conditions along the peripheral
regions and have high load of nutrients in their waters (Murtaza et al 2010; Jeelani and Shah
2006). Thus main impact of undesirable human activities is responsible for accelerated flow
of material from the terrestrial to aquatic portion of the watershed. In this context, the present
study has been undertaken to evolve conservation strategies based on present and future use
of the lake.
1.1 Study Area
The study area, Manasbal Lake, a marl lake, is located district Ganderbal in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir, India (Fig-1). The actual location of the Manasbal catchment is defined
by latitudes 34014' - 34
016' N and longitude 74
040' - 74
043' E, and has altitude position of
about 1551m a.s.l. The lake catchment covers an area of about 22 km2. According to
Bagnoulus and Meher-Homji, (1959) the climate of Kashmir falls under Sub-Mediterranean
type with four seasons based on mean temperature and precipitation. The study area receives
an average annual rainfall of about 650 mm. The topography of the study area is hilly with
flat areas at lower elevations. The highest point in catchment is north eastern part where the
land rises to an elevation of about 3107m a.s.l. The topography gently drops in west and
south west direction with lowest point being at about 1551m around Manasbal Lake. Fig-2
shows the elevation profile of Manasbal Lake catchment. Most of the area falls in the slope
ranging from 0-45 degrees but settlements and allied anthropogenic activities like agriculture,
stone quarrying is done in the slopes ranging from 15-30 degrees.
The lake is surrounded by many villages among which Kondabal is very important as far as
health and vigor of the lake is concerned. Kondabal (Kond means Kiln and bal means place)
as the name suggests is the place of kilns, quarries and mines is significant as far as the
calcium intrusion into the lake is concerned. Kondabal village is situated on Kondabal hill on
the banks of Manasbal Lake. Kondabal hill contains huge proportion of limestone and the
run-off from this hill directly pours huge quantities of calcium into the Manasbal Lake.
Kondabal is a small village having population of not more than six hundred people. The most
common occupation of the people in the Kondabal is working in the limestone quarries/ kilns
of the region. Most of the families are below poverty line as far as their socio-economic
status is concerned. Due to the hilly topography of the region the soil is unfit for agriculture
and hence less important. Manasbal Lake is stated to be the deepest lake (at 13 m depth) in
the Kashmir valley. The large growth of lotus at the periphery of the lake (blooms during July
and August) adds to the beauty of the clear waters of the lake. The climate of the study area is
characterized by warm summers and cold winters. Most of the streams are seasonal. However,
Laar Kul-a meager water channel, is perennial. It is the main stream draining the catchment
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2038
and discharges into the Manasbal Lake. The lake catchment has predominantly rural
surrounding.
Fig-1: Location of the study area
Manasbal, a marl lake, has predominantly rural surrounding. The lake harbors rich
biodiversity and is among the largest habitat for aquatic birds of the region. The lake is of
high economic importance to the area as it provides water for irrigation and domestic use to
Yangoora and Safapora towns. Currently, one of the visible problems within the lake
reservoir is eutrophication. With regard to eutrophication, it is often suspected that the
principal culprit contributing to the problem is upstream agricultural activity, limestone kilns
and stone quarrying. However, in order to verify this hypothesis, an assessment of upland
areas lying in the catchment of lake is needed.
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2039
Fig-2: Elevation profile of Manasbal Lake catchment
2. Material and methods
In order to map Land Use Land Cover (LULC), multispectral bi-seasonal satellite data (IRS
P6 LISS III) of October 2005 and May 2006 was visually interpreted using on-screen
digitization technique at 1:50,000 scale. Bi-seasonal satellite data was used so as to
discriminate deciduous and evergreen vegetation. This was followed by extensive ground
validation in order to obtain a final and accurate land use land cover map. The accuracy
estimation is considered to be one of the most important aspects to assess reliability of the
generated dataset. The quantitative approach is one such method through which the overall
classification accuracy can be assessed. It is given by
c/n)x100(
where, ‘ρ’ is Overall Classification Accuracy
‘c’ is number of correctly classified points
‘n’ is the number of points checked in the field
Ten water quality parameters were also analyzed which include pH, Secchi Depth (m), Water
Temperature (0C), Electrical Conductivity (µScm
-1), Calcium (mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/L), ortho-phosphate Phosphorous (µgL-1
), Total Phosphorous (µgL-1
), Ammonical
Nitrogen (µgL-1
) and Nitrate Nitrogen (µgL-1
) during the month of August. Before collecting
the water samples, all the samples bottles were washed and rinsed with distilled water. Water
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2040
sampling was done in the morning hours from 10:30 to 11:00. The samples were collected in
air-tight opaque jars of 3 liter capacity. Separate samples were collected in 250 mL glass
bottles for the estimation of dissolved oxygen (DO). All the eight water quality parameters
were measured at the centre of the lake. pH, Conductivity and temperature of water were
measured on-site while as rest of the parameters were analyzed in the lab within 48 hours.
The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed as per standard methods (APHA, 1998).
Dissolved Oxygen was estimated by Winkler’s method (1888).
Another aspect of the study was the use of Leopold matrix. Leopold et al. (1971) designed a
matrix with a hundred specified actions and 88 environmental components. Each action and
its potential for impacting each environmental item could be considered. The matrix approach
is reasonably flexible and the total number of specified actions and environmental items may
increase or decrease depending on the nature and scope of the study. The magnitude of the
interaction (extensiveness or scale) is described by assigning a value ranging from 1 (for
small magnitudes) to 10 (for large magnitudes). The assignment of numerical values is based
on an evaluation of available facts and data. Similarly, the scale of importance also ranges
from 1 (very low interaction) to 10 (very important interaction). Assignment of numerical
values for importance is based on the subjective judgment of the interdisciplinary team
working on the EIA study. This is one of the attractive features of the Leopold Matrix.
Technically, the Leopold Matrix approach is a gross screening technique to identify impacts.
It is a valuable tool for explaining impacts by presenting a visual display of the impacted
items and their causes.
The main objectives of the present research were to identify the critical source areas causing
nutrient pollution and quantifying the impacts of stone quarrying resulting in calcium
intrusion into the lake. Based on this, the study aims to devise a probable solution for
reduction of nutrient contamination and silt load in the lake catchment, so as to ensure
sustainability and management of Manasbal Lake. All this was accompolished using an
integrated approach of Remote Sensing data analysis, field work and lab analysis.
3. Result and Discussion
Land use land cover and vegetation:
Using On-Screen Digitization a total of twelve Land Use Land Cover classes were delineated
(Fig-3, Table-1). The most dominant land cover type is Barren Land (29.52%) followed by
Agriculture (17.85%), Plantation (13.35%), Waterbody (7.61%) while as the least dominant
land cover type is Bare rock occupying 0.42% of the catchment area. A considerable area is
under Built Up (6.76%). The overall accuracy of the land use land cover was 94%. As we can
see from Table-1 that more than 31% area is without any vegetation comprising of Barren
Land, Bare Rock and Stone Quarrying sites, which bring in tremendous amount limestone
sediments into the lake system. The high sediment load comprising mostly of limestone
particles is responsible for the lake being categorized as marl. Plantation comprised of Salix
alba, Juglans regia, Populus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia. Scrub was dominated by
Indogofera heterantha, Viburnum grandiflorum and Daphne mucronete. Agriculture was
dominated by Rice (Oryza sativa). Orchards were dominated by Apple (Malus pumila) and
Almond (Prunus amygdalus). Pasture was dominated by Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium sp.
Aquatic vegetation comprised of Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, P.
leuscens, Potamogeton pectinatus, Azolla sp. and Salvinia sp.
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2041
Fig-3: Land Use Land Cover Map of Manasbal catchment
Table-1: Land Use Land Cover distribution of Manasbal Catchment
Class Name Area (km2) %age
Agriculture 4.01 17.85
Aquatic Vegetation 1.08 4.83
Bare Rock 0.09 0.42
Barren Land 6.62 29.52
Built Up 1.52 6.76
Orchard 1.46 6.51
Park 0.28 1.25
Pasture 1.18 5.25
Plantation 3.01 13.39
Scrub 1.17 5.23
Stone Quarry 0.31 1.39
Waterbody 1.71 7.60
Total Catchment Area 22.44 100.00
Water Quality:
As per the trophic status Manasbal lake falls under mesotrophic category (Carlson and
Simpson, 1996). pH of water is slightly basic but high calcium content (32.8 mgL-1
) has been
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2042
found in its waters mainly because the lithology of the lake catchment is dominated by
bedded limestone (Fig-4). Hence the lake is typically a marl lake (Sarah et al, 2011). The
dissolved oxygen content of 8.6 depicts that lake waters have good oxygen content enough to
sustain fish and other aquatic biodiversity therein. Higher levels of Phosphorous and Nitrogen
Content can be attributed to the direct sewage ingress into the lake from the surrounding
settlements. The results of physico-chemical analysis water quality are tabulated in Table-2.
Fig-4: Various lithologies in the catchment of Manasbal Lake
Table-2: Results of physico-chemical analysis of water
S. No. Parameter Value
1 Water Temperature(⁰C) 26
2 pH 7.4
3 Secchi depth 2.5
4 Conductivity (µScm-1
) 332
5 Dissolved Oxygen (mgL-1
) 8.6
6 Calcium (mgL-1
) 32.8
7 Nitrate (µgL-1
) 198
8 Ammonical nitrogen (µgL-1
) 106
9 Ortho-phosphate Phosphorous (µgL-1
) 46
10 Total Phosphorous (µgL-1
) 74
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2043
Impact of Stone quarrying and Kiln work on environment:
Kondabal is known for rock mines and kilns are related to the production of Gypsum.
Gypsum is produced by heating the limestone for four days continuously in the fire kiln with
the temperature above 9000C. Cold water is then added to red hot limestone which gets
pulverized into powder. The raw material for producing gypsum is obtained from hills nearby,
although stone extraction/quarrying is banned by Department of Tourism and Department of
Ecology and Environment. Presently there are almost 16 gypsum manufacturing kilns in the
area but only two out of sixteen are operational. The kilns are filled with limestone rocks and
heated for four days continuously with coal or wood, whichever is available. Almost four
quintals of fuel are consumed for four days and the gypsum thus produced in the kiln costs
about Rs 50/kg.
Quarrying and kiln work in the area has direct impact on almost all components of physical
as well as socio-economic environment like topography, air quality, water quality, soil, noise,
health, economic status, etc (Naja et al, 2010, Iwanoff, 1998, Chauhan, 2010; Reza and Singh,
2010). The effects of quarrying and kilns are varied and quite significant. Kondabal is a hilly
area on relatively steeper slope and because of quarrying slopes of surrounding hills are
destabilized. Moreover, quarrying is modifying the topography the area from hilly to plain
(Langer, 2001). Because of quarrying and kiln work, ambient air quality is getting affected
(Langer, 2001). The effects can be visualized during various phases viz; Quarrying phase,
Transportation phase, Operational phase of kilns. During quarrying there is use of blasting
material which increases SPM concentration in the air besides the release of SOx and NOx
and other obnoxious gases. Transportation also increases the SPM concentration as well as
the concentration of oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen. Moreover, operational phase of kilns
also causes increase in the concentration of air pollutants.
Due to quarrying, scrub and other vegetation of the hills of the area is removed, hence
loosening the underlying soil and rocks resulting in small tremors or jerks (White and White,
1995; Darwish et al, 2010). Also the removal of vegetal cover can lead to habitat
fragmentation (Rashid et al 2010). These factors are also responsible for soil erosion and loss
of nutrients from the soil. Location of Kondabal is such that any activity of the people in the
area directly influences Manasbal Lake. Quarrying and kiln work in the area have direct
bearing on the water quality of Manasbal Lake. Direct effects include increased silt load into
the lake because of erosion and increased nutrient levels (Urich 2002). The indirect effects
include less light penetration (Nwanebu et al, 2011) into the lake strata which causes decrease
in primary productivity, increase in Biological Oxygen Demand and decrease of Dissolved
Oxygen. During quarrying and transportation of gypsum there is a considerable increase in
the noise levels which may prove deleterious for the biodiversity in the area including
humans (Fletcher and Busnel, 1978). Population of the Kondabal area is affected both
positively and negatively, though negative effects are substantially at large. Because of
quarrying and kiln work there is environmental degradation which has negative implications
on human health. Most of the diseases are related to respiratory tract. Men in the age group of
25-50 years (working class) are affected the most. Moreover, the only source of water is
Manasbal Lake, whose water quality is poor because of accelerated cultural eutrophication
over the years. However, the only source of income for most of the families in the area is
related to quarrying and kiln work.
The fauna recorded in the lake are the Zooplankton, Benthos and Fish. The economically
important fishes reported are Schizothorax niger, S. esocinus, Cyprinus carpio specularis, C.
carpio communis and Neomacheilus latius. Pollutants released from quarrying and kiln work
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2044
affect biodiversity particularly fish species (Vermeulen and Whitten, 1999, Lameed and
Ayodele, 2010) in the Manasbal Lake. A species of fish, Ram Gurun (Bortia birdi) which
was found in abundance just a decade ago is now extinct from the lake. Leopold matrix
(Table-3) was also constructed for quantifying the actions causing the impacts versus the
respective environmental components. As is evident from Table-3, limestone excavation
causes deleterious effects on flora, water and soil. Similarly Blasting affects the quality of
soil, distribution of flora and fauna. Processing and Transportation of material has serious
implications on air quality, fauna, soil besides posing danger for spread of respiratory
diseases like sore throat, cough, sneezing, and allergic bronchitis. Deforestation or
denudation of vegetated areas has implications on water quality (Neal 2002) because it causes
accelerated flow of sediments from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystem of Manasbal Lake.
Table-3: Leopold matrix showing impacts of stone quarrying/kiln work on bio-physical
settings in Manasbal catchment
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
CO
MP
ON
EN
T
ACTIONS CAUSING IMPACT
Excavation Blasting Processing Transportation Deforestation
Biological Flora -9
1
-4
3
-3
2
-6
1
-7
3
Fauna -5
3
-7
2
-7
3
-8
1
-7
4
Physical / Chemical Atmosphere -7
4
-5
2
-7
4
-8
4
-7
2
Water -9
9
-6
3
-7
1
-6
2
-4
2
Soil -8
2
-9
4
-5
2
-5
3
-4
3
Socio-economic Household -6
5
-5
5
-4
8
-3
8
-3
5
Communities -7
5
-3
4
-7
6
-2
9
-4
4
Economy -2
8
-2
8
-3
7
-1
5
-5
6
4. Conclusion
Various anthropogenic activities in the catchment of Manasbal have tremendous ecological
and socio-economic importance, and it aptly depicts the way people are treating the lake
ecosystems in the mountainous Himalayan region. The water quality of the wetland is
deteriorating and changes in the distribution of flora and fauna have been very significantly
affecting the trophic status of the lake. The degradation has serious implications on livelihood
of the people dependent on the service and goods provided by the lake. High sediment and
nutrient loads have a direct bearing on the distribution of flora and fauna. This has caused
extinction of a fish species (Bortia birdi) and an aquatic plant (Eurayle ferox) from the lake
waters. Land use land cover results indicate that about 31.28% of the lake catchment is
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2045
devoid of vegetation and only 23.88% is covered by vegetation which comprises of willow
plantation, scrub and pastures. Hence proper efforts of should be put in place to afforest the
barren areas with local coniferous forest species like Pinus wallichiana and so as to reduce
the silt load on the lake body. Also a proper land suitability plan should be carved out so that
damage on the Manasbal is minimised.
From the analysis and discussion of the results, it is thus concluded that the main reasons for
the deterioration of the Manasbal Lake are increase in the nutrient and silt load from the
catchment due to stone quarrying and unplanned urbanization in the vicinity of the wetland.
The damage each human activity causes on respective components of bio-physical and socio-
economic environment of Manasbal catchment have a direct bearing on the trophic status and
life of Manasbal Lake. It is suggested that an appropriate mechanism be established for
continuous monitoring of the wetland, its immediate surrounding and the catchment for land
system changes, hydrochemistry, biodiversity and lake hydrology so that a robust strategy
and action plan is developed for the conservation and restoration of this important lake in
Kashmir Himalayas.
5. References
1. A.P.H.A., (1998), Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water. 20th
Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
2. Bagnolus F., Meher-Homji V.M., (1959), Bioclimatic Types of South East Asia.
Travaux de la Section Scientific at Technique Institut Franscis de Pondicherry, pp 227.
3. Carlson R.E., Simpson J. A., (1996), Coordinator's Guide to Volunteer Lake
Monitoring Methods. North American Lake Management Society. 96 pp.
4. Chauhan S.S., (2010), Mining, Development and Environment: A Case Study of
Bijolia Mining Area in Rajasthan, India. J. Hum. Ecol, 31(1), pp 65-72
5. Cristina F.M., Neal C., Jenkins A., (1995), Modeling Perspective of the Deforestation
Impact in Stream Water Quality of Small Preserved Forested Areas in the Amazonian
Rainforest. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 79, pp 325-337
6. Darwish T., Khater C., Jomaa I., Stehouwer R., Shaban A., Hamze M., (2011),
Environmental Impact of Quarries on Natural Resources in Lebanon. Land
Degradation and Development. 22(3), pp 345–358
7. Fletcher J.L., Busnel R.G., (1978), Effects of Noise on Wildlife: Academic Press,
New York.
8. Garg J., Garg H.K., (2002), Nutrient Loading and its Consequences in a Lake
Ecosystem. Tropical Ecology, 43(2), pp 355-358
9. Iwanoff A., (1998), Environmental Impacts of Deep Opencast Limestone Mines in
Aegerdorf, Northern Germany. Mine Water and the Environment, 17(1), pp 52–61
10. Jeelani G., Shah A.Q., (2006), Geochemical characteristics of Water and Sediment
from the Dal Lake, Kashmir Himalaya: Constraints on Weathering and Anthropogenic
activity. Environmental Geology, 50 (1), pp 112-123
11. Karakoc G., Erkoc F.U., Katircioglu H., (2003), Water quality and Impacts of
Pollution Sources for Eymir and Mogan Lakes (Turkey). Environment International,
29, pp 21-27
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2046
12. Kaul V., (1977), Limnological Survey of Kashmir Lakes with Reference to Trophic
Status and Conservation. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental
Sciences, 3, pp 29–44
13. Kaul V., (1979), Water Characteristics of Some Fresh Water Bodies of Kashmir.
Current Trends in Life Sciences, 9, pp 221–246
14. Kaul V., Handoo J.K., Qadri B.A., (1977), Seasons of Kashmir. Geographical Review
of India, 41(2), pp 123–130
15. Khan F.A., Ansar A.A., (2005), Eutrophication: An Ecological Vision. The Botanical
Review, 71(4), pp 449–482
16. Khan M.A. (2000). Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in
Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,
28, pp 95–101
17. Khan M.A., (2008), Chemical Environment and Nutrient Fluxes in a Flood Plain
Wetland Ecosystem, Kashmir Himalayas, India. Indian Forester, 134(4), pp 505–514
18. Koul V.K., Davis W., Zutshi D.P., (1990), Calcite Super-Saturation in Some
Subtropical Kashmir Himalayan lakes. Hydrobiologia, 192(2–3), pp 215–222
19. Lameed G.A., Ayodele A.E., (2010), Effect of Quarrying Activity on Biodiversity:
Case study of Ogbere Site, Ogun State Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology, 4(11), pp 740-750
20. Langer W. H., (2001), Potential Environmental Impacts of Quarrying Stone in Karst-
A Literature Review. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
21. Leopold L.B., Clarke F.E., Manshaw B.B., Balsley J.R., (1971), A Procedure for
Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 645,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
22. Li R., Dong M., Zhao Y., Zhang L., Cui Q., He W., (2007), Assessment of Water
Quality and Identification of Pollution Sources of Plateau Lakes in Yunnan
(China). Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, pp 291-297
23. Murtaza S., Aziz M.A., Ali S.M.F., Hussain S.A., (2010), Impact of Pollutants on
Physicochemical Characteristics of Dal Lake under Temperate Conditions
of Kashmir. Accessed on 11th
Oct, 2011 From:
www.forestrynepal.org/images/publications/Murtaza_2010.pdf
24. Naja G.M., River O.R., Davis S.E., Lent T.V., (2010), Hydrochemical Impacts of
Limestone Rock Mining. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, DOI 10.1007/s11270-010-
0570-2
25. Neal C., (2002), Assessing Environmental Impacts on Stream Water Quality: The Use
of Cumulative Flux and Cumulative Flux Difference Approaches to Deforestation of
the Hafren Forest, Mid-Wales. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6(3), pp 421–
431
26. Nwanebu F. C., Ogbulie J. N., Obi R. K., Ojiako O. A., (2011), Chemical and Silt-
Induced Eutrophication Syndrome at Otamiri River, Owerri, Nigeria. Journal of
Public Health and Epidemiology, 3(8), pp 358-361
27. Odada E.O., Olago D.O., Kulindwa K., Ntiba M., Wandiga S., (2004), Mitigation of
Environmental Problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Causal Chain and Policy
Options Analyses. Ambio, 33, pp 13-23
Assessing the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Manasbal Lake in Kashmir Himalayas
Irfan Rashid, Majid Farooq, Mohammad Muslim, Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.6, 2012 2047
28. Rashid I., Romshoo S.A., (2012), Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Water
Quality of Lidder River in Kashmir Himalayas. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2898-0
29. Rashid I., Romshoo S.A., Muslim M., Malik A.H., (2010). Landscape Level
Vegetation Characterization of Lidder Valley Using Geoinformatics. Journal of
Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development, 6, pp 11-24
30. Reza R., Singh G., (2010), Impact of Industrial Development on Surface Water
Resources in Angul region of Orissa. International Journal of Environmental Sciences.
1(4), pp 514-522
31. Romshoo S.A., Ali N., Rashid I., (2011), Geoinformatics for Characterizing and
Understanding the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics (1969 to 2008) of Hokersar Wetland in
Kashmir Himalayas. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(5), pp 1026–
1038
32. Romshoo S.A., Rashid I., (2012), Assessing the Impacts of Changing Land Cover and
Climate on Hokersar Wetland in Indian Himalayas. Arabian Journal of Geosciences,
DOI 10.1007/s12517-012-0761-9
33. Romshoo, S. A., Muslim, M., (2011), Geospatial Modeling for Assessing the Nutrient
Load of a Himalayan Lake. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64, pp 1269-1282.
34. Sarah S., Jeelani G., Ahmed S., (2011), Assessing Variability of Water Quality in a
Groundwater-Fed Perennial Lake of Kashmir Himalayas Using Linear Geostatistics.
Journal of Earth System Science, 120(3), pp 399-411
35. Trisal C.L., (1985), Trophic status of Kashmir Valley lakes. Geobios Spl. Vol-I.17179.
In: Mishra SD, Sen DN, Ahmed I (eds) Proceedings of National Symposium on
Evaluation of Environment, Jodhpur, India.
36. Urich P.B., (2002), Land Use in Karst Terrain: Review of Impacts of Primary
Activities on Temperate Karst Ecosystems. New Zealand Department of Conservation.
60pp.
37. Vermeulen J., Whitten T., (1999), Biodiversity and Cultural Property in the
Management of Limestone Resources: World Bank, Washington, D.C., 120 pp.
38. White W.B., White E.L., (1995), Thresholds for Soil Transport and the Long Term
Stability of Sinkholes, in Beck, B.F., and Pearson, F.M., eds., Karst geohazards -
Engineering and Environmental Problems in Karst Terrane: Proceedings of the Fifth
Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Environmental Impacts of Karst,
A.A. Balkema, pp.73-78.
39. Winkler L.W., (1888), Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelosten Sauerstoffes.
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 21, pp 2843–2854
40. Zutshi D.P., Kaul V., Vass K.K., (1972), Limnological Studies of High Altitude
Kashmir lakes. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 118, pp 599-
604