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Assessing IntelligenceAP Psychology

+Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon practiced a more modern form of intelligence testing Developed questions

that would predict children’s future progress in the Paris school system.

+Alfred Binet—Mental Age

Alfred Binet was the first to develop a test to classify children’s mental abilities- Did not test mastery of schoolwork or what

they should know after a specific class,Rather a child’s mental abilities that

included memory, attention, which he referred to as mental age (definition to follow).

+Alfred Binet—Mental Age There are certain mental

abilities that a person should be able to perform at a specific age- this is referred to as mental age.

This mental age described where a person should be intelligently. For example: a 9 year old

should have a mental age of 9.

If a child who is 11, but has a mental age of 5 would be considered or may have a disability

+The Stanford-Binet Test and Intelligent Quotient

Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for use in the United States, which he called the Stanford-Binet test

William Stern wrote the scoring criteria for the Stanford-Binet test through the development of the Intelligence quotient

+ Lewis Terman & William SternStanford-Binet IQ Test

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test IQ=(MA/CA)*100 IQ=Intelligence Quotient MA=Mental Age CA=Chronological AgeA score of 100 would be considered average

+Calculating Intelligence

For an average 7 yr old… MA=7 CA=7 IQ=(MA/CA)*100 IQ=(7/7)*100 IQ=1*100 IQ=100 (average)

+Calculating IntelligenceFor an average 11 yr old…

MA=11CA=11IQ=(MA/CA)*100IQ=(11/11)*100IQ=1*100IQ=100

+Calculating Intelligence

For an above average 10 yr old…MA=12CA=10IQ=(MA/CA)*100IQ=(12/10)*100IQ=1.2*100IQ=120

+Calculating Intelligence

For a below average 8 yr old…MA=6CA=8IQ=(MA/CA)*100IQ=(6/8)*100IQ=.75*100IQ=75

+Calculating IntelligenceFormula has been replaced with modern versionsA glitch…

MA levels off at about 18xAverage 18 yr oldMA=18CA=18IQ=(18/18)*100IQ=(1/1)*100=100

Average 36 yr oldMA=18CA=36IQ=(18/36)*100IQ=(1/2)*100=50

+Intelligence TestsHow is intelligence measured?

+Intelligence TestsBinet-Simon scale

First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school

Binet developed the concept of mental age in children

Stanford-Binet scale L. M. Terman’s adaptation of the Binet-Simon

scale Terman introduced the I.Q. score A score of 100 is considered average

+Aptitude vs. Achievement

Designed to make predictions about future performances An ACT test is

considered an aptitude test because the score is used as a predictor for success in college

Designed to reflect what a person has learned, or mastered A test you take in

history would be an achievement test because it is assessing what you have learned in history

Aptitude Tests Achievement Tests

+David Wechsler

Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

And later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for preschoolers.

+The WAIS

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the most widely used intelligence test in the United StatesThe WAIS has 2 sets of tests, verbal scale

and performance scaleWAIS measures overall intelligence and 11

other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.

+WAIS

+Intelligence TestsGroup Tests

Intelligence tests that can be given to large groups

Advantages Quick scoring No examiner bias Easier to establish norms

Disadvantages Less likely to detect someone who is ill or confused Might make people nervous Learning disabled children often perform worse

+Intelligence Tests

Performance tests Tests that minimize the use of language Used to test very young children or people with

retardation Also can be used to test those unfamiliar with English

Culture-fair tests Tests designed to reduce cultural bias Minimize skills and values that vary from one culture

to another

+Test ConstructionHow is test data analyzed?

+ Principles of test ConstructionNormal Curve is a bell shaped curve that

includes a normal distribution of scores- half above the average and half below the

average with most scores falling right around the

average- the mean

+Flynn EffectIn the past 60 years, intelligence scores

have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect.

What might be contributing to this?

+ Principles of test Construction Mean is the average score median is score in the middle-

the high point of the curve mode is the score or number

that appears the most standard deviation is how the

scores deviate or spread from the mean if the mean is 71 and a person

scores a 4 then that score would have high, or great standard deviation

+ Principles of test Construction Standardization is defining

present scores through comparison to a group who previously took the test that is called the representative sample

A teacher often compares present class scores to past scores to ensure students learning the material. For example if a class averaged

51 and the group who took the same test last year averaged 75, then the teacher may have not properly taught the material to the present group

+ Principles of test Construction

Reliability is the measure of giving a test multiple times and receiving similar scores each time the test is given A test is considered

reliable if each time that test is given similar results are posted.

+ Principles of test Construction—Testing Reliability

Alternative form- giving alternatives of the same test If you took test form B, you should get the same

score if you took form A test Split-half- calculating a score by dividing the test

into different parts then comparing Comparing the odd and even questions would be

an example of split-half reliability. Test-retest- giving the same test twice and then

comparing the scores

+ Principles of test Construction

Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure

+ Principles of test Construction—Testing Validity

Content validity- test measures the content it is supposed to measure If you are studying psychology, then you should take a

psychology test- not a history test

Construct validity- test measures a specific theory, or question Certain questions may be written to test if students are

paying attention in class- based on lectures

Predictive validity- test makes predictions about future performances Certain questions may be written to test whether students

will do well on the following chapter