Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 –...
Transcript of Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 –...
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Asphalt 101:
An Introduction to Hot Mix Asphalt
Materials
-Part I-
Asphalt and Modified Asphalts
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Asphalt 101:
An Introduction to Hot Mix Asphalt
Materials
-Part I-
Asphalt and Modified Asphalts
Scott Shuler
CSU
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Glue:Scott Shuler
Sticky Glue:Marshall Shackelford
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Why Study Asphalt?
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Why Study Asphalt?
of all the ROADS IN THE U. S. A.(miles)
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Why Study Asphalt?
of all the ROADS IN THE U. S. A.(miles)
Concrete Earth Gravel Asphalt
100,000
![Page 8: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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Why Study Asphalt?
of all the ROADS IN THE U. S. A.(miles)
Concrete Earth Gravel Asphalt
100,000 400,000
![Page 9: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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Why Study Asphalt?
of all the ROADS IN THE U. S. A.(miles)
Concrete Earth Gravel Asphalt
100,000 400,000
1,300,000
![Page 10: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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Why Study Asphalt?
of all the ROADS IN THE U. S. A.(miles)
Concrete Earth Gravel Asphalt
100,000 400,000
1,300,000
2,200,000
95%5%
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Why Study Asphalt?
![Page 12: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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Why Study Asphalt?
Highway Expenditures in 2008– $140 Billion
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Why Study Asphalt?
Highway Expenditures in 2008– $140 Billion
Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually– 500 Million Tons– $10.5 Billion
![Page 14: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
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Why Study Asphalt?
Highway Expenditures in 2008– $140 Billion
Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually– 500 Million Tons– $10.5 Billion
Employment– 300,000 directly– 600,000 additionally
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Why Study Asphalt?
Highway Expenditures in 2008– $140 Billion
Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually– 500 Million Tons– $10.5 Billion
Employment– 300,000 directly– 600,000 additionally
Asphalt is Largely Empirical– “Old Timers” Retiring
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
Rocks Glued Together With Asphalt
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
Rocks Glued Together With Asphalt
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
Rocks Glued Together With Asphalt
About 86% n Rocks Volume
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
Rocks Glued Together With Asphalt
About 86%
About 10%
n Rocks
n Asphalt
Volume
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What Are Asphalt Pavements ?
Rocks Glued Together With Asphalt
About 86%
About 10%
4%
n Rocks
n Asphalt
n Air
Volume
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Let’s Consider the Glue
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Among the Oldest Engineering Materials– Waterproofing of Ships
Sumeria-6000 BC
Let’s Consider the Glue
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Among the Oldest Engineering Materials– Waterproofing of Ships
Sumeria-6000 BC– Waterproofing of Baths and Tanks “Earth Butter”
Mohenjo-Daro Indus Valley-3000 BC
Let’s Consider the Glue
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Among the Oldest Engineering Materials– Waterproofing of Ships
Sumeria-6000 BC– Waterproofing of Baths and Tanks “Earth Butter”
Mohenjo-Daro Indus Valley-3000 BC– Mummies
Egypt-2600 BC
Let’s Consider the Glue
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Among the Oldest Engineering Materials– Waterproofing of Ships
Sumeria-6000 BC– Waterproofing of Baths and Tanks “Earth Butter”
Mohenjo-Daro Indus Valley-3000 BC– Mummies
Egypt-2600 BC
– Bible References Noah’s Arc Waterproofed with “Pitch” Genesis 6:14.20 Moses’ Basket Coated with “Bitumen” and “Pitch” Exodus 2:3.24
Let’s Consider the Glue
![Page 27: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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Among the Oldest Engineering Materials– Waterproofing of Ships
Sumeria-6000 BC– Waterproofing of Baths and Tanks “Earth Butter”
Mohenjo-Daro Indus Valley-3000 BC– Mummies
Egypt-2600 BC
– Bible References Noah’s Arc Waterproofed with “Pitch” Genesis 6:14.20 Moses’ Basket Coated with “Bitumen” and “Pitch” Exodus 2:3.24
– Roman Buildings Waterproofed and Cemented Romans called the source Lacus Asphaltites
Let’s Consider the Glue
![Page 28: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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So It Will Work!
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So It Will Work!
![Page 30: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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So It Will Work!
![Page 31: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
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So It Will Work!
![Page 32: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
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Reed Boat, aka Gufa
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Bitumen
![Page 35: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
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Bitumen
Asphalts Tars
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Bitumen
Asphalts Tars
PetroleumNatural Coal
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Asphalts
![Page 38: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
![Page 39: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
![Page 40: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
LakeTrinidad
![Page 41: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
LakeTrinidad
La Brea
![Page 42: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Trinidad
La Brea
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
AB
![Page 46: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Asphaltites
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
AB
![Page 47: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Asphaltites
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
AB
UT-Gilsonite
![Page 48: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Asphaltites
Cements LiquidsTrinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
AB
UT-Gilsonite
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Asphalts
PetroleumNatural
Lake
Rock
Asphaltites
Cements Liquids
Emulsions Cutbacks
Trinidad
La Brea
KY
TX
AB
UT-Gilsonite
![Page 50: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
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Crude Oil Variations
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Crude Oil Variations
Venezuelan Nigerian Light
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Crude Oil Variations
Gasoline 3%
Venezuelan
Gasoline 33%
Nigerian Light
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Crude Oil Variations
Gasoline 3%Kerosene 6%
Venezuelan
Gasoline 33%
Kerosene 20%
Nigerian Light
![Page 54: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
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Crude Oil Variations
Gasoline 3%Kerosene 6%
Gas Oil 33%
Venezuelan
Gasoline 33%
Kerosene 20%
Gas Oil 46%
Nigerian Light
![Page 55: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
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Crude Oil Variations
Gasoline 3%Kerosene 6%
Gas Oil 33%
Residuum 58%
Venezuelan
Gasoline 33%
Kerosene 20%
Gas Oil 46%
Residuum 1%
Nigerian Light
![Page 56: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
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Refining Methods
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Refining Methods
Distillation– Atmospheric– Vacuum
![Page 58: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
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Refining Methods
Distillation– Atmospheric– Vacuum
Solvent Deasphalting– Propane and Butane Extraction of Lube Oils– Result is Very Hard Precipitate AC
![Page 59: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
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Refining Methods
Distillation– Atmospheric– Vacuum
Solvent Deasphalting– Propane and Butane Extraction of Lube Oils– Result is Very Hard Precipitate AC
Solvent Extraction (ROSE)– Separates AC into Asphaltenes/Resins/Oils– Result is Blended to Produce Spec AC
![Page 60: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
![Page 61: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
Oil Well
![Page 62: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
Oil Well
![Page 63: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
60-700F
![Page 64: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
60-700F
![Page 65: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
![Page 66: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
![Page 67: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
13
Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Vacu
um S
till
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
![Page 68: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
13
Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Gas Oil
Vacu
um S
till
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
650-1050F60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
650-850F
![Page 69: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
13
Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Gas Oil
Vacu
um S
till
AsphaltCements
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
650-1050F60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
650-850F
![Page 70: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
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Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Gas Oil
Vacu
um S
till
AsphaltCements
Emulsions
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
H 2O
650-1050F60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
650-850F
![Page 71: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
13
Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Cutbacks
Gas Oil
Vacu
um S
till
AsphaltCements
Emulsions
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
H 2O
Gas/Kero650-1050F60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
650-850F
![Page 72: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
13
Petroleum Asphalts
CrudeStorage
GasolineKerosene
Cutbacks
Gas Oil
Vacu
um S
till
AsphaltCements
Emulsions
Oil Well
Atm
os S
till
Con
dens
er
H 2O
RoofingAsphalts
Air
Gas/Kero650-1050F60-700F
60-325F
325-500F
650-850F
![Page 73: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
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Asphalt Types
![Page 74: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
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Asphalt Types
Asphalt Cement
![Page 75: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
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Asphalt Types
Asphalt Cement Liquid Asphalts
– Emulsified Asphalts– Cutback Asphalts
![Page 76: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
15
Behavior of Asphalt Cements
![Page 77: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
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Behavior of Asphalt Cements
Asphalt is Viscoelastic– Viscous (Flows) at High Temperatures
![Page 78: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
15
Behavior of Asphalt Cements
Asphalt is Viscoelastic– Viscous (Flows) at High Temperatures– Elastic at Low Temperatures
![Page 79: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
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Behavior of Asphalt Cements
Asphalt is Viscoelastic– Viscous (Flows) at High Temperatures– Elastic at Low Temperatures
Silly Putty is Viscoelastic– Pull it Slowly- It stretches – same as high temperature
![Page 80: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
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Behavior of Asphalt Cements
Asphalt is Viscoelastic– Viscous (Flows) at High Temperatures– Elastic at Low Temperatures
Silly Putty is Viscoelastic– Pull it Slowly- It stretches – same as high temperature– Pull it Rapidly – It breaks – same as low temperature
![Page 81: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
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Asphalt Performance depends
on Environment and Traffic
![Page 82: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
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Asphalt Performance depends
on Environment and Traffic
![Page 83: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
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![Page 84: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
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Hot
Beh
avio
r
![Page 85: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
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Weak BehaviorH
ot B
ehav
ior
![Page 86: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
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Weak BehaviorH
ot B
ehav
ior
Cold Behavior
![Page 87: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
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Temperature Effects
![Page 88: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
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Temperature Effects
100°F
1 Hour
![Page 89: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
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Temperature Effects
30°F
100°F
1 Hour
![Page 90: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
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Temperature Effects
30°F
100°F
1 Hour
10 Hours
![Page 91: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
18
Temperature Effects
30°F
100°F
1 Hour
10 Hours
![Page 92: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
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Material Effects
![Page 93: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
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Material Effects
30°F
1 Hour
![Page 94: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
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Material Effects
30°F
1 Hour
Hard Asphalt Softer Asphalt
![Page 95: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
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![Page 96: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
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Achieving
![Page 97: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
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SUPERPAVE
To The Rescue !
![Page 98: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
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SUPERPAVE
To The Rescue !
![Page 99: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
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SPECIFYING PERFORMANCE
Based on Climate
![Page 100: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
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SPECIFYING PERFORMANCE
Based on Climate
PG 64 - 22
![Page 101: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
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SPECIFYING PERFORMANCE
Based on Climate
PG 64 - 22
Performance Grade
![Page 102: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
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SPECIFYING PERFORMANCE
Based on Climate
PG 64 - 22
Performance Grade
Average 7-day max pavement temperature, C
![Page 103: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
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SPECIFYING PERFORMANCE
Based on Climate
PG 64 - 22
Performance Grade
Average 7-day max pavement temperature, C
Min pavement temperature, C
![Page 104: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
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Dynamic Shear
Rheometer
Tests in PG Specifications
Bending Beam
Rheometer
Rotational Viscometer
![Page 105: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
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Caused by Warm Weather, Traffic and Wrong Mixture
Cou
rtes
y of
FH
WA
Permanent Deformation ( )
![Page 106: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
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High Temperature or,Slow Loading Behavior, aka Rutting
High Pavement Temperature– Desert climates– Summer temperatures
Sustained loads– Slow moving trucks– Intersections
![Page 107: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
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High Temperature or,Slow Loading Behavior, aka Rutting
High Pavement Temperature– Desert climates– Summer temperatures
Sustained loads– Slow moving trucks– Intersections
100°F
1 Hour
![Page 108: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
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Courtesy of FHWA
Thermal Cracking
Caused by Low Temperatures, Rapid Loads, Hard Binder
![Page 109: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
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Low Temperature, or Fast Loading Behavior-aka Cracking
![Page 110: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
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Low Temperature, or Fast Loading Behavior-aka Cracking
Low Temperature– Cold climates– Winter
![Page 111: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
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Low Temperature, or Fast Loading Behavior-aka Cracking
Low Temperature– Cold climates– Winter
Rapid Loads– Fast moving trucks
![Page 112: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
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Low Temperature, or Fast Loading Behavior-aka Cracking
Low Temperature– Cold climates– Winter
Rapid Loads– Fast moving trucks
σ
ε
![Page 113: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
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Low Temperature, or Fast Loading Behavior-aka Cracking
Low Temperature– Cold climates– Winter
Rapid Loads– Fast moving trucks
σ
ε
Cracking Failure
![Page 114: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
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Aging
Asphalt reacts with oxygen– Becomes harder, more brittle– More Elastic, Less Viscous
Short term– During Mixing with Aggregates (280F-330F)
Long term– In Pavement– Air, Water, Sun
![Page 115: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
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Asphalt Plant and Construction Aging
Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO)
Fan
Rotating Bottle
Carriage
Blowing Air
![Page 116: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
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Pressure Aging Vessel
Pressure Aging Vessel
![Page 117: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
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Pressure Aging Vessel
50 grams of Asphalt in Each Pan
Pressure Aging Vessel
![Page 118: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
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Pressure Aging Vessel
Courtesy of FHWA
![Page 119: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
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RV
DSR
BBR
Rutting, Hardening and Fatigue
![Page 120: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
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1 cycle
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1 cycle
Fixed Lower Plate
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1 cycle
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper Plate
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1 cycle
CA
B
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper Plate
![Page 124: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
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1 cycle
CA
B
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper PlateAsphalt Glued In-Between
![Page 125: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
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1 cycle
Time
CA
B
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper PlateAsphalt Glued In-Between
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1 cycle
TimeAA
B
C
CA
B
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper Plate
A
Asphalt Glued In-Between
![Page 127: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
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1 cycle
TimeAA
B
C
CA
B
Fixed Lower Plate
Oscillating Upper Plate
A
Now, Measure the Force Required to Rotate the Upper
Plate
And, Measure When Movement Occurs in
the Binder
Asphalt Glued In-Between
![Page 128: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
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![Page 129: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
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Elastic
Time
![Page 130: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
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Elastic
TimeAA
B
C
Strain
Strain Occurs With Stressδ = 0o
A
Stress
![Page 131: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
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Elastic Viscous
TimeAA
B
C
Strain
Strain Occurs With Stressδ = 0o
A
Stress
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Elastic Viscous
TimeAA
B
C
Strain
Strain Occurs With Stressδ = 0o
AA
B
C
AA
Stress
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Elastic Viscous
TimeAA
B
C
Strain
Strain Occurs With Stressδ = 0o
Strain Lags Stressδ = 90o
AA
B
C
AA
Stress
![Page 134: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
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δ
![Page 135: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
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Elastic, G’
δ
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Vis
cous
, G”
Elastic, G’
δ
![Page 137: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
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Vis
cous
, G”
Elastic, G’
Complex M
odulus, G*
δ
Complex Modulus is the vector sum of
Elastic and Viscous Components
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> Early part of pavement lifeHeavy Trucks
Controlling Rutting
![Page 139: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
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> Early part of pavement lifeHeavy Trucks
Controlling RuttingAddressed by: G*/sin δ on Unaged binder > 1.00 kPa G*/sin δ on Lab Aged binder > 2.20 kPa
![Page 140: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
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Fatigue Cracking
![Page 141: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
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Caused by repeated traffic loads in wheel pathsFatigue Cracking
![Page 142: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
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Fatigue Cracking
Addressed by intermediate temperature stiffness– G*sin δ on RTFO & PAV
aged binder < 5000 kPa
> Later part of pavement service life
![Page 143: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
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RV DSR BBR
Thermal Cracking
![Page 144: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer
Load Cell
Deflection Transducer
Fluid Bath
Computer
![Page 145: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
S(t) =PL3
4 bh3 δ (t)
Creep stiffness at
t = 60 secs
![Page 147: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
S(t) =PL3
4 bh3 δ (t)
Creep stiffness at
t = 60 secs100 grams
![Page 148: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
S(t) =PL3
4 bh3 δ (t)
Creep stiffness at
t = 60 secs100 grams
Clear Span of Beam, 102 mm
![Page 149: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
S(t) =PL3
4 bh3 δ (t)
Creep stiffness at
t = 60 secs100 grams
Clear Span of Beam, 102 mm
Beam Width, 12.5 mm
Beam Thickness, 6.25 mm
![Page 150: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
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BBR Measures Stiffness at Low Temperatures using Beam Theory
S(t) =PL3
4 bh3 δ (t)
Creep stiffness at
t = 60 secs100 grams
Clear Span of Beam, 102 mm
Beam Width, 12.5 mm
Beam Thickness, 6.25 mm
Deflection at t = 60 secs
![Page 151: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer
![Page 152: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
![Page 153: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
![Page 154: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
![Page 155: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
![Page 156: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
![Page 157: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
m
![Page 158: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
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Bending Beam Rheometer Creep Stiffness Stiffness v. Time Slope
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log
Cre
ep
Stif
fnes
s, S
(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
m
![Page 159: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
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Thermal Cracking
Question: How Much Should the Asphalt Be Able to Stretch before Breaking?
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Thermal Cracking
Question: How Much Should the Asphalt Be Able to Stretch before Breaking?
Answer: at least 1%
How: Find the Temperature Where the Asphalt Can Stretch 1% or More
![Page 161: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
![Page 162: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
![Page 163: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
Δ L
Load
![Page 164: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
Δ L
Load
Strain εf
σf
![Page 165: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
Δ L
Load
Strain εf
σf
![Page 166: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
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Direct Tension Test
Δ Le
Δ L
Load
Stress = σ = P / A
Strain εf
σf
![Page 167: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
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RVDynamic
Shear Rheometer
ConstructionBut Will it Flow for Mixing ?
Bending Beam
Rheometer
Rotational Viscometer
![Page 168: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
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Rotational Viscometer (Brookfield)
Inner Cylinder
Torque Motor
Thermosel Environmental
Chamber
Digital Temperature Controller
![Page 169: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
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Spec Requirements
Make Sure It’s Not Too Thick– Keep Viscosity Below 3 Pa-sec at 275F (135C)
![Page 170: Asphalt 101: An Introduction to Hot Mix AsphaltWhy Study Asphalt? Highway Expenditures in 2008 – $140 Billion Hot Mix Asphalt Placed Annually – 500 Million Tons – $10.5 Billion](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f104d997e708231d44870ea/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
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