Aspects of Biotechnology8.L.2 Understand how biotechnology is used to affect living organisms.

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What is Biotechnology?What is Biotechnology?

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Why Study Biotechnology in Medicine?Invisible Influence: A Bacterial Guide

To Your Health VIDEO LINK

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What is GMO (Biotechnology in Agriculture)?What is GMO?

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“Heal, Feed, Sustain: How

Biotechnology Can Help Save

the World.”

Heal, Feed, Sustain: How Biotechnology Can

Help Save the World VIDEO LINK

Teacher Guide for the BIOTECH VIDEO Link

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Complete this chart in your notebook.

Biotechnology Biotechnology in Medicine (Heal)

Biotechnology in Agriculture (Feed)

Biotechnology in Renewable Energy (Fuel)

Cloning

What is it? What is it? What is it? What is it? What is it?

PROS (+) PROS (+) PROS (+) PROS (+) PROS (+)

CONS/RISKS(-)

CONS (-) CONS (-) CONS (-) CONS (-)

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What is Biotechnology?It is the use of organisms and living systems to develop or make

products that are useful to humans.

We use it to make medicines and vaccines to fight diseases. (Heal)

We use it to grow our food to feed our families. (Feed)

We use it to find alternatives to fossil-based fuels for a cleaner,

healthier planet. (Fuel)

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What Are the Areas of Biotechnology?Organismic biotechnology- uses intact organisms; Does not alter

genetic material.

Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic makeup to achieve

specific goals.

*Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered

genetic material.

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What are the stages of biotechnology?Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and

shelter; Includes domestication

Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology;

Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine

Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in

organism; Genetic engineering

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What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?

Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected

individuals to achieve desired goals

Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

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What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?Plant breeding methods:

Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among

themselves

Cross Breeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species

Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different

varieties

Selection

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What is modern/new biotechnology?Involves the use of living cells and their molecules to solve

problems and make useful products.

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Biotech in Medicine(Healing the World)

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Biotech in Medicine “Working With Cells”Bacterial production of substances like human interferon, human

insulin and human growth hormone. That is, simple bacteria like

E. coli are manipulated to produce these chemicals so that they

are easily harvested in vast quantities for use in medicine.

Bacteria have also been modified to produce all sorts of other

chemicals and enzymes.

To treat damaged or missing genes, produce medicines, vaccines

or antibiotics.

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Biotech in Medicine “Working With Cells”Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously

extracted from sheep and pigs. It was very expensive and often

elicited unwanted allergic responses.

The resulting genetically-engineered bacterium enabled the

production of vast quantities of human insulin at low cost.

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Biotech in Medicine “Working With Genes”Biotech delivered the first new treatment for multiple sclerosis and

the first new therapy for cystic fibrosis through stem cell research.

STEM CELL

Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into

specialized cell types.

Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryos formed during the

blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and Adult

tissue (adult stem cells).

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Biotech in Medicine “Working With Genes”Gene Therapy

It is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or

prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors

to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead

of using drugs or surgery.

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Biotech in Agriculture(Feeding the World)

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”The current world population is 7 Billion.

It is projected that the world population will reach at

approximately 9.6 billion by 2050.

This means that the agriculture industry needs to think of steps

to double the production of safe and nutritious food by 2050 to

feed the world.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Feeding the World

Sustainable agriculture combines different methods to make

agriculture both profitable and environmentally sound.

Innovative biotechnology solutions are creating crops that are

more resistant to insects, diseases and harsh weather increasing

US farm income by more than 1.5 billion a year.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”One of the first biotechnology foods was a tomato that could

ripen on the vine for better flavor and still remain firm for

shipping.

Biotech can make food safer by reducing naturally-occurring

toxins and allergens, as well as enhancing nutrient content and

flavor.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”A research funded by USDA, have opened up new options for

farmers responding to market needs and environmental

challenges.

Many new plant varieties being developed or grown by farmers

have been produced using genetic engineering, which involves

manipulating the plant's genes through techniques of modern

molecular biology often referred to as recombinant DNA

technology.

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Modern Biotechnology “Working With Genes”Genetic Engineering (GE)

It is the modification of an organism's genetic composition by

artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or

genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely

different species.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Why are plants genetically engineered?

Resist pests

Resist herbicides

Improved product quality

Industrial products

Pharmaceuticals

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”

Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic

information in the cells of organisms

Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified

GMO- a genetically modified organism

GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from

organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a

way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction

of a gene from a different organism.

Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to

improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant

diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Genetically Modified Foods

It has been estimated that 70% of all processed foods in the

United States contain at least one genetically modified

ingredient—usually a product of soy plants.

There are initiatives to require food manufacturers to provide

clear labeling on processed food products that contain

genetically modified ingredients.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Healthier Animals

Biotechnology-engineered vaccines are available for parasites and

infectious diseases. In the future, it may be possible to breed

animals naturally resistant to parasites and diseases.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture “Working With Genes”Scientists are investigating the mechanistic basis of probiotic

action and the therapeutic surveillance of the gut microbial

activity related to dietary supplementation of probiotics in

chicken.

This study could possibly lead to eradicating salmonella in

chicken.

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World Health Organization (WHO) FAQs about GM FoodsGM Foods Frequently Ask Questions

Link: http://www.who.int/topics/food_genetically_modified/en/

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Genetically Modified AnimalsList of Genetically Modified Animals

Link:

http://www.enkivillage.com/genetically-modified-animals.html

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Genetically Modified Corn

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Biofuels(Fueling the Future)

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New FuelsNew designer enzymes from biotechnology labs are being used to

manufacture bioethanol, non-polluting fuel made from a plant

material than can be used in place of gasoline.

Using renewable resources such as corn or agricultural waste to

produce a cleaner fuel is a win-win benefit for the environment.

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Biotechnology in ForestryIt is the traditional uses of wood products, cellulose from trees is

being used as a feedstock to the chemical and pharmaceutical

industries, currently supplementing, but in the future possibly

replacing fossil fuels.

Biomass from trees will be increasingly utilized as a renewable

energy source, as well as a carbon sink to help control global

warming.

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New MaterialsResearchers have genetically engineered cells so that they can use

plant sugars instead of petroleum-based chemicals to create

biodegradable plastics and polyester.

“Green Plastics” made from corn are being used to manufacture

packaging materials, clothing and bedding.

Green Plastics, sometimes also called Bioplastics, are plastics that are

biodegradable and are usually made mostly or entirely from renewable resources.

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BioTuf Environmental Trash bags

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Biodegradable Zip Bags

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What is Bioremediation?Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve

environmental problems

Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down

hydrocarbon materials

Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

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How can bioremediation be used?

Oil spills

Wastewater treatment

Heavy metal removal

Chemical degradation

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How can biotechnology be used to clean up our environment?

“Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means

to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem

such as contaminated soil or groundwater.

Bioremediation provides a technique for cleaning up pollution by

enhancing the same biodegradation processes that occur in nature.

Depending on the site and its contaminants, bioremediation may

be safer and less expensive than alternative solutions such as

incineration or landfilling of the contaminated materials.

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What is Phytoremediation?

It is a process of plants being used to solve pollution problems.

Plants absorb and break down pollutants. Used with heavy

metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate.

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Cloning

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What is cloning?

Clone- new organism that has been

produced asexually from a single parent

Genotype is identical to parent

Cells or tissues are cultured

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The First Cloned MammalDolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, was born on July 5th, 1996, at the

Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her birth, not revealed

to the public until February 3rd, 1997, sparked controversy

instantly, because Dolly was the world's first mammal to be

cloned from an adult cell.

The team that created her, led by Scotsman Ian Wilmut, hoped

to create an animal whose cells were genetically young again

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Contribution to Biotechnology?Ian Wilmut

He lead the team who created the first true

clone, the Finn Dorset Sheep named Dolly.

The team that created her hoped to create

an animal whose cells were genetically

young again.

However, early six years after Dolly’s birth,

concern was raised that her progressive

lung disease was caused because her cells

were already old; she also had premature

arthritis.

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Bioinformaticsthe science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

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Modern Biotechnology “Working With Genes”The Human Genome Project (HGP)

It is an international scientific research project with the goal of

determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up

human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of

the human genome from both a physical and functional

standpoint.

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Benefits of Biotechnology1. Use to improve plants using the tools such as genetic engineering and

plant tissue culture.2. Improve crop yield, production and nutrient value.3. Produce pesticide resistant plant and drought resistant plants.4. Reduce the water pollution and soil pollution by toxic chemicals.5. Agriculture biotechnology solves problem related to desertification and

soil salinization.6. Providing new medicines.7. Bio-fuels for the future.

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Risks of Biotechnology- Allergies

- Toxicity

- Nutrient imbalance

- Decrease of food diversity

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Economic Impact of Biotech in North CarolinaNorth Carolina’s biotech industry is quickly expanding.

Within the state, there are more than 600 life science companies

employing 61,000 people at an average salary exceeding $81,000 a year

– which is nearly twice the state’s overall private sector wage.

In total, life science companies and institutions in North Carolina

generate $73 billion in economic activity, which is an increase of 23

percent in two years, and account for 228,259 direct and indirect jobs.

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Biotech Ethical Arguments

Research and create an ethical argument for (pro) or against

(con) the following topics. Complete the pros and cons of

biotechnology chart and turn it in.

1. Medicine (Healing)

2. Genetically Modified Organisms/Food (Feeding)

3. Biofuels (Fueling)

4. Cloning

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Explain how corn is genetically modified

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