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SCHEME

M.Sc. (PHYSICS) PART–II (III & IV SEMESTER) 2017-2018 & 2018-2019 SESSION

Code Title of Paper Hours (Per Week)

Max Marks ExaminationTime (Hours)

SEMESTER – III Total Ext. Int. Total

Core Papers

P 2.1.1 Condensed Matter Physics–I 4 80 60 20 03

P 2.1.2 Nuclear Physics 4 80 60 20 03

P 2.1.3 Advanced Quantum Mechanics 4 80 60 20 03

Elective Papers*

P 2.1.4 One of the followings*:i) Laser Physicsii) Space Physicsiii) Electronic Communication

Systemsiv) Material Science

4 80 60 20 03

P 2.1.5 Laboratory Practice:i) Nuclear Physics & Counter

Electronics Laboratoryii) Condensed Matter Physics

and Advanced Electronics Laboratory

9 120 90 30 03

P 2.1.6 Computer Lab 3 60 45 15 03

SEMESTER – IV

Core Papers

P 2.2.1 Condensed Matter Physics–II 4 80 60 20 03

P 2.2.2 Advanced Electronics 4 80 60 20 03

Elective Papers**

P 2.2.3 &P 2.2.4

Any two of the followings**:i) Experimental Techniques

in PhysicsII) Radiation Physicsiii) Computational Methods and

Simulationsiv) High Energy Physicsv) Theoretical Nuclear Physicsvi) Plasma Physics

4 80 60 20 03

P 2.2.5 Laboratory Practice

i) Nuclear Physics & Counter Electronics Laboratory

ii) Condensed Matter Physics and Advanced Electronics Laboratory

8 120 90 30 03

P 2.2.6 Computer Lab 2 60 45 15 03

P 2.2.7 Open Elective Subject 3 60 45 15 03

NOTE: i) Only one optional paper will be offered depending on the availability of staff*.

ii) Only two optional papers will be offered depending on the availability of staff**.

iii) Open Elective Subject (P 2.2.7) shall be compulsory for all students. The students are required

to qualify this paper. The marks obtained will not add to the Grand total of the course. This

paper will be, of 3 lectures per week, from the Open Elective Subjects offered by other

departments for which the timings shall be 4.00 - 5.00 pm.

M.Sc. III – SEMESTER

Core PapersP 2.1.1 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS–I

Maximum Marks: External 60 Time Allowed: 3 Hours Internal 20 Total Teaching hours: 50 Total 80 Pass Marks: 35%

Out of 80 Marks, internal assessment (based on two mid-semester tests/ internal examinations, written assignment/project work etc. and attendance) carries 20 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 60 marks.

Instruction for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have four questions from respective section of the syllabus. Section C will have 10 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Each question of sections A and B carries 10 marks. Section C will carry 20 marks.

Instruction for the candidates: The candidates are required to attempt two questions each from sections A and B, and the entire section C. Each question of sections A and B carries 10 marks and section C carries 20 marks.

Use of scientific calculator is allowed.

SECTION A

Diffraction methods, Lattice vibrations, Free electrons: Diffraction methods, Scattered wave amplitude, Reciprocal lattice, Brillouin zones, Structure factor, Quasi Crystals, Form factor and Debye Waller factor, Lattice vibrations of mono-atomic and diatomic linear lattices, Free electron gas in 1-D and 3-D. Heat capacity of metals, Thermal effective mass, Drude model of electrical conductivity, Wiedman-Franz law, Hall effect, Quantized Hall effect.Nanotechnology: Introduction to nanoparticles, Metal nano clusters (various types), Properties of semi conducting nanoparticles, Methods of synthesis, Quantum well, Quantum wire and Quantum dots (in brief) and their fabrication. Carbon nanostructures and Energy bands in semiconductors: Carbon molecules, Carbon cluster, C60 (its crystals and superconductivity), Carbon nano tubes, their fabrication and properties, application of carbon nano tubes.

SECTION B

Optical processes: Optical reflectance, Kramers-Kronig relations, Electronic inter-band transitions, Excitons and its type, Raman Effect in crystals, Electron spectroscopy with X-rays, Energy loss of fast particles in solids.Semiconductor Physics: Nearly free electron model, Bloch functions, Kronig-penny model, Wave equation of electrons in a periodic potential, Solution of the central equation, Solutions near a zone boundary, Number of Orbitals in a band, Metals and insulators.

Semiconductors and Fermi-surfaces in Metals: Band gap, Equation of motion, properties of holes, Effective mass of electrons (m*), m* in semiconductors, Band structure of Si Ge and GaAs, Intrinsic carrier concentration, Intrinsic and extrinsic conductivity, Thermoelectric Effects, Semimetals, Different zone schemes, Constructions of Fermi surfaces, Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies, Quantization of orbits in a magnetic field, De Haas-Van Alphen effect, Extremal orbits, Fermi surfaces for Cu and Au, Magnetic breakdown.

Text Books:1. Introduction to Solid State Physics; C. Kittel (7th Ed.) , Wiley Eastern, N. Delhi, 19952. Introduction to Nano Technology: Charles P Poople, Jr. and Frank J. Owens, John Wiley & Sons

Publications, 2003

P 2.1.2 NUCLEAR PHYSICS






SECTION A

Nuclear Properties: Nuclear Radius, Mass and Abundance of Nuclides, Nuclear Binding Energy, Semi-empirical Mass Formula, Nuclear Angular Momentum and Parity, Nuclear Electromagnetic Moments, Nuclear Excited States

Nuclear Spin and Moments: Nuclear Spin, Nuclear Moments, Measuring Nuclear Moments

Forces between Nucleons: Deuteron problem, Nucleon-Nucleon scattering, Proton-Proton and Neutron-Neutron interactions, Properties of Nuclear Forces, Exchange Force Model

Nuclear Models: Shell Model, Even-Z Even-N Nuclei and Collective Structure, Many-Particle Shell Model, Single Particle States in Deformed Nuclei

SECTION B

Nuclear Reactions-I: Types of Nuclear Reactions and Conservation Laws, Energetics of Nuclear Reactions, Isospin, Reaction cross-sections.

Neutron Physics: Neutron Sources, Absorption and Moderation of Neutrons, Neutron Detectors

Nuclear Reactions-II: Experimental Techniques, Coulomb Scattering, Nuclear Scattering, Optical Model, Compound-Nucleus Reactions, Direct Reactions, Resonance Reactions, Heavy Ion Reactions, Fission and Fusion.

Accelerators: Cyclotron, Van de Graaff & Pelletron Accelerators, Synchrotrons, Colliding Beam Accelerator.

Text Books:1. Introductory Nuclear Physics: K.S. Krane, John Wiley & Sons, New York

Reference Books:1. Nuclear Physics: R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam, New Age Pub., N. Delhi2. Nuclear Physics: W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Ind. Ed.), Addison Wesley

P.2.1.3 ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS






SECTION A

Identical Particles: Indistinguishability principle, Symmetry and antisymmetry of wave functions, Exchange operators, Spin statistic theorem, Slater determinant, Scattering of identical particles. Problems: Hydrogen molecule.

Variational Method: Rayleigh Ritz variational method for ground & excited States, Problems: Ground state energy of hydrogen, helium and harmonic oscillator,

Time Independent Perturbation Theory: First order and second order perturbation theory for nondegenerate case; Problems: Anharmonic oscillator, He-atom; Degenerate perturbation theory, Problems: Stark effect, Zeeman effect.

Time Dependent Perturbation Theory: Transition probability for constant and harmonic perturbation, Selection rules, Golden rule, Induced absorption and emission, Einstein coefficients; Problems: Radiative transitions.

WKB Method in One Dimension: Classical limit, Principle of WKB, Connection formulae for penetration of a barrier; Problem: Alpha decay.

SECTION BCollision Theory: Scattering amplitudes and cross section, Green function method, Integral equation of scattering amplitude, Born approximation. Partial wave analysis: Scattering by central potential, Short range interaction, Phase shifts, Optical theorem, s and p-wave scattering, Scattering length, Effective range, Breit-Wigner formula. Problems: Scattering by three dimensional square well potential, Elastic scattering of electrons by an atom.

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Klein-Gordon equation: Probability and current densities, Continuity equation, Difficulties of K.G. equation, Plane wave solution. Dirac equation: Dirac algebra, Plane wave solutions, Hole theory, Non-relativistic limit, Spin and magnetic moment, Zitterbewegung, Hydrogen atom. Problem: Fine structure, Lamb shift, Spin-orbit coupling, Covariant form of Dirac equation, Bilinear covariants

Text Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics: P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication, N. Delhi2. Quantum Mechanics: M.P. Khanna, Har-Anand Publication, Delhi

Reference Books :1. Quantum Mechanics: L.I.Schiff, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication.2. Quantum Mechanics: V.K.Thankappan, New Age International

Elective Papers

P 2.1.4 Option (i) LASER PHYSICS






SECTION A

Introductory Concepts: Absorption, Spontaneous and stimulated emission, The laser idea, Properties of laser light.

Interaction of radiation with matter: Summary of black body radiation theory, Rates of absorption and stimulated emission, Allowed and forbidden transitions, Line broadening mechanisms, Transition corss-section, Absorption and gain coefficient, Non-radiative decay, Decay of many atom systems,

Pumping processes: Optical and electrical pumping, Passive optical resonators: Photon lifetime and cavity Q. Plane parallel resonator; Approximate treatment, Fox and Li treatment, Confocal resonator, Stability diagram.

Laser rate equation: Three level and four level lasers: Optimum output coupling, Laser spiking.

SECTION B

Transverse and longitudinal mode selection, Q switching, Mode locking.

Types of lasers: Ruby lasers, Nd: YAG laser, He-Ne laser, Co2 laser, N2 laser, Excimer laser, Dye lasers, Chemical lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Colour center and free electron lasers.

Nonlinear optics: Harmonic generation, Phase matching, Optical mixing, Parametric generation of light, Self focussing, Multiquantum photoelectric effect. Two photon process theory and experiment. Violation of the square law dependence. Doppler-free two photon spectroscopy. Multiphoton processes. Phase conjugation.

Laser spectroscopy: Stimulated Raman effect. Hyper Raman effect. Coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy. Spin-flip Raman laser, Photo acoustic Raman spectroscopy.

Text Books:1. Principles of Lasers: O. Svelto,(3rd Ed.), Plenum Press2. Lasers and its applications: A.K. Ghatak and K. Thyagrajan3. Lasers and Nonlinear Optics: B.B. Laud (2nd Ed.), Wiley Eastern4. Laser Electronics: J.T. Verdeyen (2nd Ed.), PHI

P 2.1.4 Option (ii) SPACE PHYSICS


Out of 80 Marks, internal assessment (based on two mid-semester tests/ internal examination, written assignment/project work etc. and attendance) carries 20 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 60 marks.

Instruction for the Paper Setter: The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have four questions from respective sections of the syllabus. Section C will have 10 short answer type questions, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Each question of sections A and B carry 10 marks. Section C will carry 20 marks.


Use of scientific calculators is allowed.

SECTION AHydrostatics, Heating of the upper atmosphere, Variations in the earth's atmosphere, Model atmosphere, The earth’s exosphere.

Emission mechanisms, Airglow, Aurora, Morphology, Excitation mechanism, Auroral spectra.

Ionosphere: Ion-electron pair production, Ion-kinetics, Equilibrium, Ionospheric regions (D,E,F1), Variations in these regions.

F2 region: Formation of F2-layer, Continuity equation, F2-region anomalies, Thermal properties of the F2-region.

SECTION B

Ionospheric Irregularities and disturbances: Spread-F, Travelling ionospheric disturbances, Perturbation by electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation, Ionospheric and magnetic storms.

Propagation of radio waves through ionosphere, Appleton Hartee equation. Faraday rotation.

The Sun: Interior, A model, Outer atmosphere: Photosphere, Chromosphere, Transition region, Corona

Active Regions: Development and structure, Loops, Internal motions, Sunspots: Classification, Structure and evolution of sunspots, Solar cycle, Prominences, Solar flares (descriptive only).

Text Books:1. Fundamentals of Aeronomy, R.C. Whitten & I.G. Poppoff, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1971.2. Priest, E.R., Solar Magnetohydrodynamics, D. Reidel Pub. Company, 19873. Introduction to Space Physics, Kivelson, M.G. and Russell, C.T., Cambridge University Press, 1996

P 2.1.4 Option (iii) ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS






SECTION A

Introduction to communication systems: Information, transmitter, channel noise, receiver, need for modulation, bandwidth requirements. Noise and its types.

AM: Representation of AM, frequency spectrum, power relations in AM wave, techniques for generation of AM, AM transmitter, AM receiver types, single and multi-superhetrodyne receivers, communication receivers.SSB: Evolution and description of single side band, suppression of carrier, the balanced modulator, suppression of unwanted side band, pilot carrier systems, ISB systems, VSB transmission, single and independent side band receivers. (Ref. 1)

FM: Description of FM systems, mathematical representation, frequency spectrum, phase modulation,, intersystem comparison, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, comparison of wide band and narrow band FM, stereophonic FM multiplex system, FM generation techniques, FM demodulators, FM receivers.

Radar systems: Basic principles, pulsed radar systems, moving target indication, radar beacons, CW Doppler radar, frequency modulated CW radar, phased array radars, planar array radars. (Ref. 1)

SECTION B

Pulse Communication: Information theory, pulse modulation, types of pulse modulation, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse code modulation (PCM), PWM transmission system, PCM transmission system, telegraphy and telemetry.

Broadband communication systems: Frequency division multiplex (FDM), Time division multiplex (TDM), coaxial cables, fiber optics links, microwave links, tropospheric scatter links, submarine cables, satellite communication systems, elements of long distance telephony. (Ref. 1).

Microwave Radio communications and system gain: Advantages of microwave communication, frequency modulated microwave radio system, microwave radio repeaters, protection switching arrangements, FM microwave radio stations, path characteristics, system gain. (Ref. 2)

Optical fiber communications: History of optical fibers, type of optical fibers, optical fiber communication system (block diagram), propagation of light through an optical fiber, optical fiber configurations, losses in optical fiber cables, light and optical sources, light detectors. (Ref. 1,2,)

Text Books:1. G. Kennedy and B. Devis, Electronic communication systems, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,

New Delhi.2. W. Tomasi, Electronic communication systems, Pearson Education Asia, Delhi.

P2.1.4 Option (iv) MATERIAL SCIENCE






SECTION ACrystal Imperfections: Classification of imperfections: Point imperfections, Line imperfections; Mixed dislocations. Characteristics of dislocations; Sources of dislocations, their effects and remedies; Phenomena related to behaviour of dislocations, Surface imperfections, Volumes imperfections, Whiskers.

Diffusion in solids: Diffusion controlled applications, Types of diffusion, Diffusion processes, Laws of diffusion, Solution to Fick's second law, Applications based on second law, Experimental determination of diffusivity, Factors affecting diffusivity.

Mechanical Properties: Basic properties: Strain, Stress, Young's modulus, Elastic constants, Isotropy, Anisotropy, Orthotropy, Homogeneity and heterogeneity; Stress-strain diagrams, Stress-strain diagram of structural steel, Elastic properties; Other mechanical properties: Strength, Stiffness, Elasticity, Plasticity, Resilience, Proof resilience, Toughness, Ductility, Brittleness and malleability, True stress-strain diagrams, Fatigue and Creep.

Mechanical Tests: Destructive tests, Tensile test, Compression tests, Shear and bending (on Flexure) tests, Torsion test, Hardness tests, Impact tests, Fatigue test and Creep test.

SECTION B

Phases and Phase diagramsSolid phases in alloys, Solid solution, Inter-metallic compounds and intermediate compounds, Phases, Phase diagrams, Binary phase diagram, Typical phase diagrams, Application of phase diagrams, Ternary phase diagram.

Phase Transformations and Heat TreatmentRate of cooling and crystallization, Strengthening mechanisms; Cold and hot working; Precipitation (or Age) hardening, Dispersion hardening, Solid solution hardening, Recovery and re-crystallization, Grain growth and preferred orientation.

Purpose of heat treatment, Microstructure of steel and iron, Iron-Carbon phase diagram, Transformation in steel and critical cooling curve, Heating temperature range in various heat treatment processes, Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, Normalizing, Case hardening or carburizing, Cyaniding, Nitriding, Flame hardening, Induction hardening and Jaminy End-quenched test.

Engineering Materials (Ferrous)Production of iron and steel, Casting of ingots, Refining, Continuous casting, Steels, Plain carbon steels and applications, Alloy steels, Heat treatment of stainless-steels, Tool-steels and Cast iron.

Engineering Materials (Non-ferrous)Aluminium, Properties of aluminium alloys, Age-hardening of aluminium alloys, Copper and its production, Copper alloys, Magnesium and its alloys, Titanium alloys, Bearing materials, Alloys for cutting tools, Creep resistant materials.

Text Books:1. Material Science and Engineering: K.M. Gupta (Ist Ed.), Umesh Pub., Delhi2. Material Science: Abdul Mubeen and Farhat Mubeen (2nd Ed.), Khanna Pub., Delhi

P 2.1.5 LABORATORY PRACTICE

Maximum Marks: 120 Time allowed: 3 HoursPass Marks: 45% Total teaching hours: 125

Out of 120 Marks, internal assessment (based on seminar, viva-voce of experimental reports, number of experiments performed and attendance) carries 30 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 90 marks.

The laboratories comprises of experiments based on Nuclear Physics & Counter Electronics in one group and Condensed Matter Physics and advanced Electronics in the other group. Each student will be placed in one of the two groups during the entire semester.

GROUP- I: NUCLEAR PHYSICS & COUNTER ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS

(10 out of the followings with Minimum of 7 from 1-15)

1. Study of standard deviation using G-M counter

2. Half-life of 40 K using G-M Counter

3. Measurement of mass absorption coefficient of beta rays in given materials

4. To find range and energy of β- particles

5. To find Dead time of a GM Tube

6. Study of energy calibration of NaI(Tl) scintillation detector

7. Study and analysis of spectrum of 137Cs

8. Verify inverse square law (in case of gamma rays) using scintillation spectrometer.

9. Study of Compton scattering law for energy of scattered photons

10. To study Internal Conversion Coefficient for 137Cs (or suitable gamma source)

11. To determine the source strength of a given radioactive gamma source

12. Study and analysis of the spectrum of 60Co

13. Photoelectric cross-section measurement for a given target material at known incident gamma photon energy

14. Compton cross-section measurement for known incident gamma photon energy

15. Measurement of Photo-peak (full energy peak) efficiency of Scintillation detector.

16. To verify the given Boolean identities on the ALU system.

17. To study various Encoders and Decoders, and Random Access Memory (RAM) circuit.

18. To study the various counters.

19. To study the left and right shift registers and ring counters.

20. To study the operation of multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits.

GROUP- II: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS AND ADVANCED ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS


1. Find the value of the ‘g’ factor in a DPPH sample by using ESR technique.

2. To determine the Curie temperature of a given PZT sample.

3. Determine the coercivity, retentivity and saturation value of magnetic induction of the given sample by studying the B-H loop.

4. Determine the Hall coefficient of the given sample and hence find the carrier concentration and mobility.

5. Find the band gap energy of the given semi-conductor sample by four probe method.

6. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solutions by Quinck's Tube Method.

7. Measurement of magneto-resistance of a semi-conducting sample.

8. Study of Dispersion relation for Mono-atomic and Diatomic lattices using Lattice dynamic kit.

9. Study of solar cell and characteristics

10. Measurement of wavelength, frequency, VSWR and Reflection coefficients of microwaves.

11. Determination of velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquids hence to find the compressibility.

12. Frank Hertz experiment for Quantization of Bohr’s model of atom.

13. To study Digital to Analog Converter and Analog to Digital Converter.

14. To study multivibrators (astable, monostable and bistable) using discrete components.

15. To study the multivibrators (BMV, AMV and MMV) using IC-555.

16. To study Timer Integrated circuit IC-555.

17. To study the basic operational amplifier (Model 741).

18. To study the applications of operational amplifier (Model 741).

19. To study the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)

20. To study the voltage regulator using IC 317

21. Programming with Microprocessor training kit (8085 processor)

P 2.1.6 COMPUTER LAB


Out of 60 Marks, internal assessment (based on performance of the candidate in the computer lab and attendance) carries 15 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 45 marks.

This laboratory comprises of any ten of the following physics problems to be solved using computer.

1. To print even and odd numbers between given limit

2. To generate prime numbers between given limit.

3. To construct Fibonacci series.

4. To find maximum and minimum number among a given data.

5. To find area of a triangle.

6. To find factorial of a number.

7. To find roots of a quadratic equation.

8. To construct AP and GP series.

9. To construct Sine and Cosine series.

10. Conversion of temperature scale.

11. Addition of two matrices.

12. Motion of horizontally thrown projectile.

13. Finding mean and standard deviation of a given data.

14. To find perfect numbers.

Semester–IV

Core Papers

P.2.2.1 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS–II






SECTION A

Magnetic properties: Langevin diamagnetism equation, Quantum theory of diamagnetism of mononuclear system, Paramagnetism, Quantum theory of para-magnetism, magnetism of rare earth and iron group ions, Crystal field splitting, Quenching of orbital angular momentum, Conduction electron magnetization, Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization, Ferromagnetism, Magnetization at absolute zero and its temperature dependence, Spin waves and magnons in ferromagnetics, Neutron magnetic scattering, Ferrimagnetic order and iron garnets, Anti ferromagnetic order and susceptibility, Anti ferromagnetic magnons, Ferromagnetic domains, Bloch wall, Origin of domains, Application of soft and hard magnetic materials.

Magnetic resonance and dielectric absorption of ferroelectric materials: Magnetic resonance, Equations of motion, Line width and motional narrowing, Hyperfine splitting, Complex dielectric constant, Debye equations, Optical absorption, Ferro-electric materials and their classification, Dipole theory of ferroelectricity, Objections against dipole theory, Ferroelectricity in BaTi03, Landau theory of phase transition.

SECTION B

Superconductivity: Survey of traditional and high Tc superconductors, Meissner effect, Heat capacity, Energy gap, Isotope effect, Stabilization energy density, London equations, Coherence length, Some basic ideas of BCS theory, Flux quantization in superconducting ring, Duration of persistent currents, Type II Superconductors, Estimation of HC1 and HC2 , Single particle Tunneling, DC and AC Josephson effects. Macroscopic quantum interference, SQUIDS and its applications.

Plasmons, polaritons, polarons and Lattice defects: Dielectric function of the electron gas, Plasmons, Electrostatic screening, Mott transition, polaritons and LST relation, polarons, Point defects, diffusion, Ionic conductivity, Photoconductivity, Concepts of traps, Colour centers, Shear strength in single crystals, Dislocations and its types, Burger's vector, Stress field of dislocations. Low angle and large angle grain boundaries. Dislocation multiplication by Frank-Read source and strength of alloys.

Text Books:1. Introduction to Solid State Physics; C. Kittel (7th Ed.), Wiley Eastern Ltd.,19952. Solid State Physics; A.J. Dekker (2nd Ed.), Mc Millan India Ltd.

P 2.2.2 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS

Maximum Marks: External 60 Time Allowed: 3 Hours Internal 20 Total Teaching hours: 50 Total 80 Pass Marks: 35 %





SECTION ADigital to analog and analog to digital converters: Binary equivalents of analog signals. Weighted register and binary ladder networks. Digital to analog converter, Performance criteria for digital to analog converters. Resolution and accuracy. Analog to digital converters. Performance criteria for analog to digital converters; counter; up down, Successive approximation; Dual slope analog to digital converters.

General introduction of Microprocessors, assembly and computer languages.

Microprocessor Architecture: Registers, ALU, timing and control section and their arrangement in 8085 microprocessor. Microprocessor operations and its bus organization.

Memory: ROM; Bipolar and MOS ROMs. RAM; Bipolar and Static/Dynamic MOS RAMs, Addressing of a RAM and Applications of RAM. Memory Mapping, addressing and interfacing with microprocessor.

I/O Devices and their interfacing: Input/output devices, Basic interfacing concepts; Interfacing output displays, interfacing of input devices, Memory-Mapped I/O (8085 based).Microcomputer: Example of an 8085 based single Board microcomputer.

SECTION BIntroduction to 8085 assembly language programming: The 8085 programming model, Instruction classification, Instruction and data format.Introduction to 8085 instructions: Data transfer (copy) operations. Arithmetic operations. Logic operations. Branch operations. Writing assembly language programs.

Programming techniques with additional instructions: Programming techniques; Looping; Counting; and indexing. Additional data transfer and 16 bit arithmetic instructions. Logic operations: Rotate, Compare.Stack and Subroutines: Stack, Subroutine, conditional Call and Return Instructions. Introduction to Single Chip Microcontrollers, 16, 32 and 64 bits processors.

Text Books:1. An Introduction to Digital Electronics: M.Singh, Kalyani Publishers, N.Delhi2. Ajit Paul; Microprocessors, Principles and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill.3. R. S Gaonkar; Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications Willey Eastern.

Reference Books:1. Millman and Grabel: Microelectronics, 2nd Ed., MHB.2. Millman: Microelectronics, Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems, MHB.3. R. L. Tekheim: Microprocessor Fundamentals, MHB.

Elective PapersP 2.2.3 & Option (i) EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICSP 2.2.4






SECTION A

Thin Film Deposition Technology: Thermal evaporation – general considerations and evaporation methods. Cathodic sputtering – sputtering process, glow discharge sputtering, sputtering variants and low pressure sputtering. Chemical methods – electrodeposition and chemical vapour deposition. Vacuum deposition apparatus – vacuum systems and surface deposition technology. Thickness Measurements, Analytical Techniques and Transducers Techniques: Thickness measurement – electrical methods, microbalance monitors, mechanical method, radiation absorption and radiation emission methods, optical interference methods. Analytical techniques – chemical analysis and structural analysis.

Transducers: Transducers as input elements to instrumentation systems, classification of transducers, selecting a transducer, strain gauges, displacement transducers, temperature measurements, photosensitive devices.

SECTION B

Diffraction techniques: Principal, Instrumentation, working and applications of X-ray diffraction, Neutron diffraction, Electron diffraction

Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopy: Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications

Electron microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscope: Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications; Transmission Electron Microscope: Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications

Scanning probe microscopy: Scanning Tunneling Microscope: Principal, Construction & working, Applications; Atomic Force Microscope: Principal, Construction & working, Applications

Spectroscopic Techniques (Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications): UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Luminescence spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy

Magnetometers: Vibrating sample magnetometer: Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications; SQUID magnetometer: Basic concepts, Instrumentation & working, Applications

Text Books:

1. Thin Film Phenomena: K.L. Chopra, McGraw Hill Book Company

2. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques: W.D. Cooper and A.D. Helfrick (3rd Ed.), Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

3. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology Edited by Bharat Bhushan, Published by Springer.

4. Handbook of Spectroscopy Edited by G Gaugliz an T Vo-Dinh,Published by WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.

P 2.2.3 & Option (i) EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICSP 2.2.45. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry Edited by JC Lindon, G E Tranter and J L

Holmes, Published by Academic Press.

6. Concise Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization Edited by R Cahn, Published by Elsevier.

7. Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Edited by J A Schwarz, C I Contescu and K Putyera, Published by Marcel Dekker Inc.

8. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology Edited by N Yao and Z L Wang, Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers.

P 2.2.3 & Option (ii) RADIATION PHYSICSP 2.2.4






SECTION AThermal neutrons : Energy distribution of thermal neutrons, Effective cross section of thermal neutron , Slowing down of reactor neutrons, Angular and energy distribution, Transport mean free path and scattering cross-section, Average logarithmic energy decrement, Slowing down power and moderating ratio, Slowing down density, Slowing down time, Resonance escape probability.

Nuclear chain reaction: Neutron cycle and multiplication factor Neutron leakage and critical size, Nuclear reactors and their classification.

Neutron diffusion: Thermal Neutron diffusion, Neutron diffusion equation, Thermal diffusion length, Exponential pile, Diffusion length of a fuel-moderator mixture, Fast neutron diffusion and Fermi age equation, Correction for neutron capture.

SECTION B

Nuclear spectrometry and applications: Analysis of nuclear spectrometric data, Measurements of nuclear energy levels, spins, parities, moments, internal conversion coefficients, Angular correlation, Perturbed angular correlation, Measurement of g-factors and hyperfine fields.

Analytical Techniques: Principles, instrumentation and spectrum analysis of XRF, PIXE and neutron activation analysis techniques. Experimental techniques and applications of Mossbauer effect,, Rutherford backscattering. Industrial applications of elemental analysis, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Therapeutic nuclear medicine.

Text Books:1. Liverhant, S.E. : Elementary Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics2. Singru, R.M. : Introduction to experimental nuclear physics, Wiley Eastern Pub., N. Delhi3. Krane, K.S,. : Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York4. H.R.Verma: Atomic and Nuclear Analytical Methods, Springer Beclin Heidelbug, New York5. Glasstone and Edlund: The Elements of Nuclear Reactor Theory6. Murray, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering

P 2.2.3 & Option (iii) COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND SIMULATIONP 2.2.4






SECTION A

FORTRAN: Review of fundamental FORTRAN commands and programming structures (sequential, repetitive and selective), data types, subscripted variables, format directed input and output statements, handling of data files, Subprograms: Function and Subroutines, Fundamental iterative scheme, Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method. Error analysis,

System of linear equations: Gauss elimination method, Jacobi method, Gauss Seidel method, Least squares curve fitting, Numerical differentiation and integration: Differentiation using forward, backward and central difference operators, Quadratures: rectangular, trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule

SECTION B

Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Eulers method, Taylor series method, Runge Kutta methods, Predictor corrector methods, Solution of coupled differential equations, and second order differential equations, Monte Carlo technique: Pseudo random numbers, their generation and properties, Monte Carlo method.

Algorithmic development for simulation of the following physics problems:-1. Motion in one dimension in viscous medium2. Motion of satellite3. Simple harmonic oscillator4. Damped oscillator5. Electric field and potential due to assemble of charges6. Application of Kirchoffs laws for simple electric circuits7. Monte Carlo method to find value of pi8. Monte Carlo technique for simulation of nuclear radioactivity

Text Books:1. V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma and S.C.Gupta, FORTRAN for Computational Physics, Ane Books Ltd.2. V. Rajaraman, Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, PHI Publications3. R.C. Verma, Computer Simulation in Physics (using FORTRAN), Anamaya Pub.4. J.H. Mathews, Numerical Methods, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi

P 2.2.3 & Option (iv) HIGH ENERGY PHYSICSP 2.2.4






SECTION A

Particle kinematics: Classification of elementary particles and fundamental interactions, Properties of elementary particles. Lie algebra, Young diagrams for SU(3) representations, GellMann-Nishijima scheme, Baryon and meson multiplets, Charged and neutral pions; Strange particles: Masses and lifetimes, production and decays of strange mesons and baryons. Prediction of omega, Hyperon extension, Quark model: Hadron spectra and quark content, Search for quarks (Hofstadter et al. experiment, qualitative treatment), Need of colour quantum numbers.

Problems and Examples: Decomposition of 3 x 3 and 3 x 3 x 3, Flavour symmetries: SU(3) unitary groups, SU(4) charm scheme. Hadron mass formulae. Quark wave function of Meson and nucleon, Vector

meson decays.

Symmetry properties: General features of conservation laws in quantum theory, Parity conservation, Operators and transformation, Isospin, G-parity, Conservation of Isospin, Generalized Pauli principle; Conservation laws: Baryon and lepton and flavour no.conservation.

Problems: Positronium decay, Application of Isospin conservation to NN interaction and strong-decays.

SECTION B

Resonances: Observation and properties of Resonances; Tau-theta problem , Observation of Tau-lepton and new flavours., Parity violation in weak interaction, K0-K bar mixing, C and CP violation, CPT theorem (statement only),

Problems: Two body decay phase space, decay length and Dalitz plot, Breit-Wigner formula.

Gauge theories of fundamental interactions, Higgs Mechanism and its application in gauge theories Elements of QED, Global and local gauge invariance, Feynman diagrams, Successes of QED; Current-current interaction and V-A theory, Cabibbo modification. Introduction to GSW model and limitations of QED. Strong interaction theory of quarks and gluons (QCD), Recent developments in high energy physics (supersymmetry, extra dimensions, neutrino oscillations) and Link with cosmology (QUALITATIVE TREATMENT ONLY). Problems: Classification of weak decays and selection rules.

Text Books:1. Introduction to Elementary Particles: D.J. Griffiths2. Elementary Particle Physics: I.S. Hughes, Cambridge University Press

P 2.2.3 & Option (v) THEORETICAL NUCLEAR PHYSICSP 2.2.4

Maximum Marks: External 60 Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Internal 20 Total Teaching hours: 50 Total 80 Pass Marks: 35%





SECTION A

Angular momentum theory: Angular momentum operators and their matrix representations. Vector addition of two angular momenta. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and their properties. Rotation operators, Rotation D-matrices and their properties.

Problems: Matrix representation of angular momentum operators for j =1 case, Evaluation of C-G coefficient For j1=1/2 and j2 = ½ case. Evaluation of Rotation matrices for simple cases.

Spherical tensors. Wigner-Eckart theorem and its applications, Wigner 3-j symbols. Addition of three angular momenta. Definition of Racah coefficients and their properties.

Problems: Matrix representation of angular momentum operators

Nuclear force and two nucleon systems: Symmetries of nucleon-nucleon force. Isospin of two nuclear systems. Solution of Deuteron problem, Deuteron magnetic dipole moment. Evaluation of Deuteron electric quadrupole moment. Tensor force and Deuteron D-state.

Problems: Evaluation of nuclear magnetic moments in the Schmidt limit. Symmetry properties of two nucleon spin and isospin wave functions.

SECTION B

Nuclear models : Deformable liquid drop and nuclear fission. Single particle shell model, spin and parity of ground state of nuclei. Extended single particle shell model, seniority scheme and reduced isospin, configuration mixing, Simple description of two particle shell model spectroscopy.

Problems: Calculation of nuclear ground state spin and parity of odd-A nuclei using shell model (with examples), Spin-orbit coupling in shell model. Description of two particle shell model spectroscopy (with examples);

Vibrational model. Rotational model, nuclear rotational wave functions and energy spectra from deformed even-even and odd-A nuclei. Nilsson model. Nilsson diagrams. Statistical model, evaporation spectra and nuclear temperature. Interacting Bosan Model.

Problems: Calculation of nuclear spin and parity for deformed nuclei using Nilsson diagrams.

P 2.2.3 & Option (v) THEORETICAL NUCLEAR PHYSICSP 2.2.4

Scattering Theory: Elastic scattering of spin zero projectile from a spin zero target, total cross section for elastic scattering and optical theorem. Integral equation for the scattering wave function and Born approximation. Low energy scattering parameters. Scattering from a complex potential.

Problems: Discussion of low energy scattering parameters.

Text Books:1. Introductory Nuclear Physics by S. S. M. Wong, Prentice Hall of India Pub., New Delhi2. Nuclear Physics by R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam, New Age Publication, New. Delhi3. Nuclear and Particle Physics by W. E. Burcham and M. Jobes, Addison Wesley Pub. (Ind. Ed.)

Reference Books:1. Nuclear reactions by D. F. Jackson2. Nuclear Structure by M. K. Pal, Affiliated East-West Press3. Physics of the Nucleus by M.A. Preston

P 2.2.3 & Option (vi) PLASMA PHYSICSP 2.2.4 Maximum Marks: External 60 Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Internal 20 Total Teaching hours: 50 Total 80 Pass Marks: 35%





SECTION A

Motion of charged particles: Motion of charged particles in a constant uniform magnetic field, Constant and uniform electric and magnetic fields, Inhomogeneous magnetic field. Constant non-electromagnetic forces, Time varying magnetic field, constant magnetic and time varying electric field, Adiabatic invariants, Magnetic mirrors.

Boltzman equation: Fluid model of a plasma, Two fluid and one fluid equations, Collisionless less Boltzman equation, Moment equations and conservation laws, Transport phenomena in plasma: Fokker Planck equations.

SECTION B

Magnetohydrodynamics: Generalized Ohm’s law, MHD equations, MHD equilibrium, Force free fields. MHD Stability: Normal mode technique, Sausage and kink instability in a linear pinch, Energy principle, Interchange instabilities, Cusp configuration, Two stream, Ion-acoustic drift, Firehose instabilities.

Waves in Plasma: Plasma oscillations, Electron plasma waves, Ion waves, Electrostatic electron and ion oscillations in a magnetoplasma, Electromagnetic waves propagation through a plasma and magnetoplasma, Alfven waves and magnetosonic waves.

Text Books:1. Plasma Dynamics: Boyd, T.J.M. and Sanderson, J.J., Nelson, 19692. Introduction to plasma Physics, Chen, F.F., Plenum Press, N.Y. 19773. Elements of Plasma Physics: Goswami, S.N., New Central Book Agency, 19954. Introduction to Plasma Theory, Nicholson, D.R., John Wiley & Sons, 1983.

P 2.2.5 LABORATORY PRACTICE Maximum Marks: 120 Time allowed: 3 HoursPass Marks: 45% Total teaching hours: 125

Out of 120 Marks, internal assessment (based on seminar, viva-voce of experimental reports, number of experiments performed and attendance) carries 30 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 90 marks.

The laboratories comprises of experiments based on Nuclear Physics & Counter Electronics in one group and Condensed Matter Physics and advanced Electronics in the other group. Each student will be placed in one the groups (different from that in the third semester) during the entire semester.

GROUP- I: NUCLEAR PHYSICS & COUNTER ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS


1. Study of standard deviation using G-M counter

2. Half-life of 40 K using G-M Counter

3. Measurement of mass absorption coefficient of beta rays in given materials

4. To find range and energy of β- particles

5. To find Dead time of a GM Tube

6. Study of energy calibration of NaI(Tl) scintillation detector

7. Study and analysis of spectrum of 137Cs

8. Verify inverse square law (in case of gamma rays) using scintillation spectrometer.

9. Study of Compton scattering law for energy of scattered photons

10. To study Internal Conversion Coefficient for 137Cs (or suitable gamma source)

11. To determine the source strength of a given radioactive gamma source

12. Study and analysis of the spectrum of 60Co

13. Photoelectric cross-section measurement for a given target material at known incident gamma photon energy

14. Compton cross-section measurement for known incident gamma photon energy

15. Measurement of Photo-peak (full energy peak) efficiency of Scintillation detector.

16. To verify the given Boolean identities on the ALU system.

17. To study various Encoders and Decoders, and Random Access Memory (RAM) circuit.

18. To study the various counters.

19. To study the left and right shift registers and ring counters.

20. To study the operation of multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits.

GROUP- II: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS AND ADVANCED ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS


1. Find the value of the ‘g’ factor in a DPPH sample by using ESR technique.

2. To determine the Curie temperature of a given PZT sample.

3. Determine the coercivity, retentivity and saturation value of magnetic induction of the given sample by studying the B-H loop.

4. Determine the Hall coefficient of the given sample and hence find the carrier concentration and mobility.

5. Find the band gap energy of the given semi-conductor sample by four probe method.

6. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solutions by Quinck's Tube Method.

7. Measurement of magneto-resistance of a semi-conducting sample.

8. Study of Dispersion relation for Mono-atomic and Diatomic lattices using Lattice dynamic kit.

9. Study of solar cell and characteristics

10. Measurement of wavelength, frequency, VSWR and Reflection coefficients of microwaves.

11. Determination of velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquids hence to find the compressibility.

12. Frank Hertz experiment for Quantization of Bohr’s model of atom.

13. To study Digital to Analog Converter and Analog to Digital Converter.

14. To study multivibrators (astable, monostable and bistable) using discrete components.

15. To study the multivibrators (BMV, AMV and MMV) using IC-555.

16. To study Timer Integrated circuit IC-555.

17. To study the basic operational amplifier (Model 741).

18. To study the applications of operational amplifier (Model 741).

19. To study the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).

20. To study the voltage regulator using IC 317

21. Programming with Microprocessor training kit (8085 processor)

P 2.2.6 COMPUTER LAB


Out of 60 Marks, internal assessment (based on performance of the candidate in the computer lab and attendance) carries 15 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 45 marks.

This laboratory comprises of any ten of the following physics problems to be solved using computer.

1. To generate Frequency Distribution Table.

2. Solution of a differential equation by RK2 method.

3. To find area under a curve by Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule

4. Gauss elimination method.

5. Multiplication of Two Matrices.

6. Motion of Projectile thrown at an Angle.

7. Numerical Solution of Equation of Motion.

8. Simulation of planetary motion.

9. Root of an equation by Newton- Raphson method.

10. Sorting numbers by selection sort.

11. Solution of a differential equation by RK4 method.

12. Fitting straight line through given data points.

13. Roots of an equation by secant method.

14. Newton interpolation.

AP 2.2.7 Open Elective Subject


Out of 60 Marks, internal assessment based on seminar, attendance and reports carries 15 marks, and the final examination at the end of the semester carries 45 marks.

Note: Open Elective Subject (AP 2.2.7) shall be compulsory for all students. The students are required to

qualify this paper. The marks obtained will not add to the Grand total of the course. This paper will

be, of 3 lectures per week, from the Open Elective Subjects offered by other departments for which

the timings shall be 4.00 - 5.00 pm.

ASP 2 - Punjabi University, Patiala | Higher Education ...pupdepartments.ac.in/syllabi/Academic...

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