Asian Urbanization, Transport Asian Urbanization, Transport Development and Environmental Development and Environmental

Sustainability: Sustainability: Is sustainable transport still possible for Is sustainable transport still possible for

Asian cities?Asian cities?

Presentation byPresentation by Bindu N. Lohani, Dr. Eng.Bindu N. Lohani, Dr. Eng.

Director General and Chief Compliance OfficerDirector General and Chief Compliance Officer

Regional and Sustainable Development Department Regional and Sustainable Development Department Asian Development BankAsian Development Bank

International Conference on International Conference on Environment andEnvironment and

TransportTransport

3 August 2005 3 August 2005 Nagoya, JapanNagoya, Japan

Population and Population and Urbanization Growth in Urbanization Growth in

AsiaAsia

Source: World Urbanization Prospects, 2004. United Nations

0.5751.367 1.48

2.6642.4

3.6 3.84.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

1975 2000 2003 2030

Population (billions)

Total

Urban

The Emergence and GrowthThe Emergence and Growthof Megacitiesof Megacities

1

5

19

23

0

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1975

2000 2015

New York 12.3

Tokyo 19.8New York 15.9Shanghai 11.4Mexico City 11.2Sao Paulo 10.0

Population (million)

Source: United Nations, 2004

Tokyo Mexico City Bombay Sao Paulo New York Lagos Los Angeles Calcutta Shanghai Buenos Aires Dhaka Karachi Delhi Jakarta Osaka Metro Manila Beijing Rio de JaneiroCairo

19.818.118.117.816.613.413.112.912.912.612.311.811.711.011.010.910.810.610.6

Tokyo Bombay Lagos Dhaka Sao Paulo Karachi Mexico City New York Jakarta Calcutta Delhi Metro Manila Shanghai Los Angeles Buenos Aires Cairo Istanbul Beijing Rio de Janeiro Osaka Tianjin Hyderabad Bangkok

26.426.123.221.120.419.219.217.417.417.316.814.814.614.114.113.812.512.311.911.010.710.510.1

Urbanization and Urbanization and ProductivityProductivity

Sources: World Development Indicators, 2004. World Bank. World Urbanization Prospects, 2004. United Nations.

Republic of Korea80.3% (Rate of Urbanization)12,232 (GDP Per Capita)

Philippines

PRC

Malaysia

FijiThailand

Sri Lanka

BhutanPakistan

Indonesia

Mongolia

PNG

Nepal

Cambodia

Vietnam

India

Lao PDR

Bangladesh

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Level of Urbanization (% of Population in Urban Areas)

GDP Per Capita ($)Republic of Korea80.3% (Rate of Urbanization)12,232 (GDP Per Capita)

Philippines

PRC

Malaysia

FijiThailand

Sri Lanka

BhutanPakistan

Indonesia

Mongolia

PNG

Nepal

Cambodia

Vietnam

India

Lao PDR

Bangladesh

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Level of Urbanization (% of Population in Urban Areas)

GDP Per Capita ($)Republic of Korea80.3% (Rate of Urbanization)12,232 (GDP Per Capita)

Philippines

PRC

Malaysia

FijiThailand

Sri Lanka

BhutanPakistan

Indonesia

Mongolia

PNG

Nepal

Cambodia

Vietnam

India

Lao PDR

Bangladesh

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Level of Urbanization (% of Population in Urban Areas)

GDP Per Capita ($)

Air Pollution Trends Air Pollution Trends Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM, Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM,

PM10, & SOPM10, & SO22 for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003) for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003)

Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

con

cen

tra

tion

s in

µg

/m3

SPM

PM10

SO2

SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide EmissionsEmissions

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1990 1998 1999 2005 2010 2015 2020

miil

ion

to

ns

C e

qu

ival

ent

    Other Asia

    South Korea

    India

    China

    Australasia

    Japan

Source: International Energy Agency, 2002

Emerging City ActionsEmerging City Actions• Singapore – congestion pricing and Singapore – congestion pricing and

vehicle ownership controlvehicle ownership control

• Seoul – demolished elevated Seoul – demolished elevated highway to restore waterway, bike highway to restore waterway, bike lanes, footpaths, and green spaceslanes, footpaths, and green spaces

• 30 cities in Asia have introduced or 30 cities in Asia have introduced or are planning Bus-Rapid Transit are planning Bus-Rapid Transit SystemsSystems

Sustainable Urban Sustainable Urban Transportation (SUT) Transportation (SUT)

Planning Planning

““Asian countries and cities Asian countries and cities urgently need a policy urgently need a policy framework which prioritizes the framework which prioritizes the movement of goods and movement of goods and persons instead of vehicles” persons instead of vehicles”

Sustainable Urban Sustainable Urban TransportTransport

• Build new institutional capacities and Build new institutional capacities and regulatory frameworks regulatory frameworks

• Land-use planning concept integrating Land-use planning concept integrating affordable, environment-friendly public affordable, environment-friendly public transport and respects non-motorized transporttransport and respects non-motorized transport

• Sustained political willSustained political will

• Expanded investments in mass-transit, roads, Expanded investments in mass-transit, roads, etc.etc.

• Promote vehicle emission technologyPromote vehicle emission technology

• Increased private sector involvementIncreased private sector involvement

Contribution of the Contribution of the Development CommunityDevelopment Community

• Increased Increased investment for investment for urban urban transportation and transportation and urban environment urban environment managementmanagement

• Policy advise on Policy advise on sustainable urban sustainable urban transport to central transport to central and local and local governmentsgovernments

ADB’s Response: ADB’s Response: Financing for Sustainable Urban Financing for Sustainable Urban

TransportTransport

• ADB pilot program enabling sub-national ADB pilot program enabling sub-national governments (cities) to obtain direct loans governments (cities) to obtain direct loans

• Promotion of Public-Private PartnershipsPromotion of Public-Private Partnerships

• Facilitating funding for sustainable transport Facilitating funding for sustainable transport projects through Global Environment projects through Global Environment Facility (GEF)Facility (GEF)

• Support to regional multi-stakeholder Support to regional multi-stakeholder initiatives – Global Road Safety Partnership initiatives – Global Road Safety Partnership and Clean Air Initiative for Asian Citiesand Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

5 Key Sustainable Urban 5 Key Sustainable Urban Transport Measures for Asian Transport Measures for Asian

CitiesCities

• Understand, analyze, and raise awareness on Understand, analyze, and raise awareness on the relationships and economic costs of air the relationships and economic costs of air pollution, traffic congestion, and road pollution, traffic congestion, and road accidentsaccidents

• Develop pro-public transport policiesDevelop pro-public transport policies

• Acknowledge the importance of non-Acknowledge the importance of non-motorized transport including pedestrian motorized transport including pedestrian access access

• Develop road maps for the introduction of Develop road maps for the introduction of cleaner vehicles and fuels cleaner vehicles and fuels

• Develop and implement sustainable land-use Develop and implement sustainable land-use plan which prioritize the movement of goods plan which prioritize the movement of goods and vehiclesand vehicles

Thank you.Thank you.