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![Page 1: Asian Soybean Rust University of Illinois State Soybean Rust Taskforce Suzanne Bissonnette, IPM Educator.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062511/5514a577550346ea6e8b5bbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Asian Soybean Asian Soybean RustRust
University of IllinoisState Soybean Rust Taskforce
Suzanne Bissonnette, IPM Educator
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Soybean Rust PustulesUnderside Leaf
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Weather-Based Assessment of Soybean Rust Threat to North America, Final Report to APHIS, 15 July 2004, Scott Isard, et al.
Predicted Spore Deposition by a
Hypothetical Hurricane
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As presented in: US Soybean Rust Detection and Aerobiological Modeling, November, 2004,http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/sbr/sbr.html
Map
December 3, 2004
Hurricane “Ivan” the Terrible
Modeled Spore Deposition
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Soybean Production Distribution and Rust detections
December 6, 2004
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Action Plan for Soybean Rust
• Illinois state rust taskforce plan – http://www.agr.state.il.us/regulation/soybeanrustprogram.pdf
• Collaboration of state, federal, university, private, grower and applicator organizations
• Initial detection, diagnosis, and confirmation– Field DDDI plant clinic national
mycologist notification management
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Soybean Rust Identification
Two species differentiated based on microscopic morphological differences in teliospore characteristics
Phakopsora meibomiae (mild)
Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Asian Soybean Rust, severe)
Ono, Buriticá and Hennen - 1992
Cross-section uredia
Cross section telia
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Spread of Soybean Rust
Natural –windborne urediniospores produced in large quantities under moderate temperatures and high humidity. Life cycle ~7-10 days, infection to spore production.
Artificial – movement of infected live plants, leaf material, pods, and stems.
Soybean Rust is not seed borne.Soybean Rust will not over
winter on dead plants.
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Hosts of Soybean Rust (>90)
Legumes (Papilionoideae) Cultivated Crops:• Soybean Glycine max • Lima & butter bean
Phaseolus lunatus• Green & kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgaris • Cowpea Vigna unguiculata • Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan • Yam bean, jicama
Pachyrhizus erosus
Ornamental plants:• Hyacinth bean,
lupine, • royal poincianaWild hosts: • Kudzu, sweet clover Kudzu infected with soybean rust
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Kudzu : Pueraria montana var lobata (Willd.)
Maesen & S. Almeida
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Kudzu population
Distribution and
Rust detections
December 6, 2004
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Asian Soybean Rust on Kudzu
over wintering host, early inoculum source?
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Yield Loss From Soybean Rust Is a
Result Of:• Premature defoliation• Increase in number of unfilled
pods/plant• Decrease in # of seeds/plant• Decrease in seed weight• Decrease in germinability of seed• Yield losses begin at approx. 3%
severity
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Management of Soybean Rust, Illinois
Research program• Short-term solutions
– Fungicide evaluations
• Long-term solutions– Host resistance
• Specific resistance• Partial resistance
– Yield stability (tolerance)– Introduction of resistance from other
sources
• Combination of fungicides and resistance
Glen L. Hartman1, Monte Miles1, and Reid Frederick2, 1USDA-Agricultural Research Service,Department of Crop Sciences, National Soybean Research Center University of Illinois, Urbana, IL,2FDWSR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
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Breeding Programs Historical Screening of
Germplasm• Initial studies
– 1961 ≈ 2,800 accessions screened in Taiwan (U.S collection)
– 1970 ≈ 4,000 accessions screened in India (U.S. Collection)
– 1975 ≈ 1,675 accessions (MG V-X) screened in Taiwan (AVRDC)
• From these studies, sources of resistance were found and the inheritance of resistance was characterized
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GeneOriginal Source
Resistant Susceptible
Year ID (ineffective)
Rpp1 PI200492 Komata
In 73-1*
Tw 72-1
Immune
Tw 80-1 1960-62(1966)
Rpp2 PI230970 In 73-1*
Tw 72-1 Pp 77-1*
Tw 80-1 1972-74 (1978)
Rpp3 PI462312 Ankur
In 73-1*
Tw 72-1Tw 80-1
1973-1975(1977)
Rpp4 PI459025 Bing Nan
Tw 80-2*
Tw 72-1*
In 73-1*
Major Genes for Resistance
& Year They Were Defeated
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Evaluation of U.S. And Exotic Germplasm for Resistance to Soybean Rust & Disease Management Strategies
• Determine the resistance/susceptibility of soybean varieties currently grown in the U.S. to soybean rust
• Identify resistance in the germplasm – Evaluate 16,000 accessions in the USDA
National Soybean Collection (Fort Detrick)– Evaluate reported sources of resistance
(Fort Detrick & international locations)– Evaluate yield stability (tolerance)
Frederick, Bonde, Yang & Hartman, UBS Supported)
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Fort Detrick Maryland Containment Research
Facilities (secured greenhouse etc.)• Only location incontinental US where Soybean rust researchhas been allowed to
date
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Identified Partial Resistance(epidemic is slowed due to fewer pustules
or spores)
EntryPustules
per plant
Pustules per leaf
Pustules at node 7
AGS 129 1,776 41 104
AGS 181 3,849 130 87
GC 82345-20-2
5,934 168 176
GC 82349-6-1
2,108 49 150
KS 8 2,715 76 107
SRE C-56A 803 23 25
SRE C-56E 709 19 29
SRE D-14C 2,159 58 17SRE D-14D 2,100 54 51
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Rust Phenotypespustule types for evaluation in greenhouse
or field
• Tan pustule– A fully susceptible reaction
• Reddish brown pustule (RB)– Indicates some type of resistance
Tan Reddish Brown (RB)
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Distribution of 174 soybean accessions when placed into six classes after evaluation of soybean rust severity at
four locations in 2002-2003
16
60
31 33
1711
19
42 45
500
25 24 25
36
54
0 05
37
98
33
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Immune Resistant Moderatelyresistant
Moderatelysusceptible
Susceptible Highlysusceptible
Soybean rust rating class
Num
ber
of
indiv
iduals
ChinaParaguayBrazilMaryland
Significant Variation by Location
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Preliminary Summary of Field Evaluations
• Not one soybean accession was found to be resistant at all locations
• Known single genes had less disease severity in some sites, but also TAN and RB lesions at other sites
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B. US Commercial Variety Entries
• 940 cultivars were screened in a single plant screen
• 212 were screened an a second single plant screen, with two inoculation dates, 14 and 28 days after planting
• None were resistant
C Stone
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Brand New EditionsBe ready with effective scouting
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Disease Scouting for Soybean Rust**
• Typical disease patterns– Random spots in field with diffuse
borders **– Field edges– Whole field**– Patterned
•Headlands, historical, mechanical– Low / high spots
** Expect these patterns for rust
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Assessment of Disease• Incidence:
– The number of plants (or units) affected by disease with in a population• ie 47 of 100 plants diseased= 47% incidence• ie 34 of 100 leaflets diseased= 34%
incidence
• Severity:– The measure of actual damage done by
disease•Some keys measure severity of the whole
plant•Some keys measure severity on infected
leaves
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Assessment of Rust Severity
• Researchers generally assess rust disease as disease severity of key leaves.
• Rust pustules only occupy a maximum of 37% of the area on a leaf. This is equivalent to 100% infection of that leaf.
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A= actual amount of tissue occupied by pustules (Cobb scale)
B= equivalent damage to leaf (Modified Cobb)
* If A=18.5% area occupied by pustules, this is equivalent to B=50% damage to the leaf
Rust Severity Assessment Key
*
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Disease Scouting for Soybean Rust Incidence• U of I currently recommends
determining incidence rather than severity for scouting protocol.
• Examine 20 plants in 5 random locations in a field.– Note: one plant with any amount of
rust in 100 plants = 1% incidence
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Soybean Rust Scouting Field Pattern
• Scout in a zig-zag pattern in the field making observations of 20 plants in 5 locations
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Illinois Scouting –“Look Low As You Go”
• When scouting examine the lower quarter of soybean plants– Examine the undersides of leaves for
pustules.
• If you suspect rust– collect 20 leaflets exhibiting symptoms.– Place flat, dry leaflets between paper
towels.– Double bag suspect leaflets in zip lock
bags.– Clearly label sample.
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IL Extension Distance Diagnostics
(DDDI Available in all Units in Illinois)
Sample Process• digital images
submitted for you by Unit
• Diagnosis email reply to Unit
• Samples may then require submission to U of I Plant Clinic.
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IL Extension Distance Diagnostics
(DDDI Available in all Units in Illinois)
• No fee for DDDI samples.
• Plant Clinic fee ($12.50) paid by ISPOB if sample is pre-screened with DDDI
• Expect to pay overnight shipping prior to detection in state.
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Foliar Symptoms Soybean Rust
not distinguishing must look closer
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Symptoms & Signs of Soybean Rust
• Look for pustules and chlorosis on undersides of lower leaves before flowering.
• Severity increases with time and rainfall – lesions can develop on all leaves followed by defoliation
Look at underside of leaves
Observe pustules with hand lens
Observe chlorosis
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Soybean Rust PustulesUnderside leaves*, Stems, Petioles,
Cotyledons
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Other Soybean Diseases that Can Be Confused with Soybean Rust
• Septoria Brown Spot
J. Pataky U of I
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Other Soybean Diseases that Can Be Confused with Soybean Rust
• Bacterial Pustule
• Bacterial Blight
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Other Soybean Diseases that Can Be Confused with Soybean Rust
• Downy Mildew
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Un-treated Strip Between 2 Fields in
South America
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What You Need to Know About
Rust Fungicide Types• Protectant
– +/- absorbed– +/- translocated– Prevent
infection or sporulation
– Use before infection
– Strobilurins, chlorothalonils
• Curative– Absorbed– Translocate– Kill fungal
tissue– Use after
infection– Triazoles
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Fungicides Registered for Treatment of Soybean Rust or
With EPA Section 18
Fungicide ** Trade Name Family Action
Chlorothalonil
Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720 & 90DF
Chloronitriles(Benzonitriles)
Protectant
Azoxystrobin Quadris Strobilurin Protectant
Pyraclostrobin
Headline Strobilurin Protectant
Myclobutanil Laredo EC & EW Triazole Curative
Propiconizole
Tilt, Propimax, Bumper
Triazole Curative
Tebuconazole
Folicur Triazole Curative
**Section 3 compounds in green, others Section 18 (1/19/05)
NOTE: only a total of 2 applications of Sec 18 products are allowed in 1 season
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Additional Fungicides That Have or May Get EPA Section
18’sFungicide** Trade
NameFamily Action
Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid
Pristine, pending?
Strobilurin + Carboximide
Protectant
Tetraconazole Domark, pending
Triazole Curative
Propiconizole + Trifloxystrobin
Stratego, approved
Triazole + Strobilurin
Curative + Protectant
Azoxystrobin + Propiconizole
Quilt pending(6.2-12 oz) 0.5% COC
Triazole + Strobilurin
Curative + Protectant
NOTE: only a total of 2 applications of Sec 18 products are allowed in 1 season
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Fungicides Strategy for Soybean Rust Management in S. America,
S. Africa• General Brazil (J. Yorinori): • Application at first detection • Second spray 15-20 days later for protective
fungicides • 20-25 days later for protective/curative
fungicides.• Timing of the first spray depends on when the first
infection is detected, weather conditions, and mode of action of the fungicide
• General Zimbabwe (C. Levy, M. Miles, G. Hartman):
• Apply first spray soon after flowering• Apply second application 14-20 days later• Third application only in a severe epidemic
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Fungicide Spray Recommendations
(lessons from other countries)• Protectant
(strobilurins,chloronitriles): Apply prior to infection. Strobilurins loose effectiveness after 3-5% severity. Strobilurins no more than once /season
• Curative (triazoles): Apply when rust is present. After 10% severity triazoles may not provide full yield protection.
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What Should We Do in Illinois?
• Scenario A: • Disease Expected
– Rust expected, not yet present•Apply Protectant Fungicide
(Benzonitriles, Strobilurins)
– Disease still expected now need 2nd spray•Apply Curative (Triazole)
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What Should We Do in Illinois?
Scenario B• Disease expected & develops
after 1st application– Disease expected not yet present
•Strobilurin, Benzonitriles
– Disease expected or now present need 2nd spray•Triazole
– Disease still present need 3rd application•Benzonitriles (PHI), Triazole
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Prepare Yourself for Soybean Rust Before It
Arrives• Equip sprayers with proper nozzles• Pre-plan fungicide spray program
– Who? How much acreage/day?• Plan to scout “Low as you go”
weekly• Take representative sample• Get it properly identified• Manage resistance to fungicides,
follow label
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Acknowledgements:
Presentation by S. Bissonnette, D.
Bowman, D. Malvick, M. Montgomery
Acknowledge slides & jpg’s from G. Hartman, M. Miles, USDA-ARS, Oregon State Univ., R. Frederick, M. Palm, University of Illinois
Extension