Empires, Migrations, & Trade Mesopotamian Empires, 1800-600 BCE.
Asian Empires
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Transcript of Asian Empires
Asian Empires
Ch 12
Empires of China
Section 1
Tang Dynasty
• Who: Li Yuan; Li Shimin; Chinese & Tang family• What: a dynasty that was formed in China after a
revolt that brought back China’s glory by reunifying it• Where: China• When: 618-907• Why: this dynasty restored China’s earlier glory;
carried the empire to new heights, conquered some of central Asia = expanded China; rebuilt bureaucracy & enlarged the civil service system; eventually lost territ. & there was corruption & famine = downfall
Tang Taizong• Who: founder of the Tang dynasty; ruler of China (Li
Shimin) • What: a brilliant general, government reformer, Historian• Where: China• When: 618-• Why: he became China’s most admired emperor; revolted
from his father to est. new dynasty; Tang rulers carried the empire & built China to new heights; conquered territories= expanded china = China had more power; founded Tang dynasty = imp dynasty in China
Tributary States
• Who: Chinese emperors & people• What: independent state that has to acknowledge the
supremacy of another state & pay tribute to its’ ruler• Where: Asia• When: 220-618• Why: Tibet, Korea, & Vietnam were self-ruling &
governing however they had to acknowledge Chinese supremacy in the region of Asia; they had to send regular tribute ($$) to the Tang Empire; kept China in power & # 1
Land Reform• Who: Chinese Tang Emperors• What: broke up large agricultural holdings & redistributed
land to the peasants; a policy that the Tang dynasty had • Where: China• When: 618• Why: this policy strengthened the central government by
weakening the power of large land owners= increased government revenues; Tang emperors more powerful; peasants now could own land & would be able to pay taxes
Tang (workbook)
• Tang Taizong founded the dynasty by overthrowing his father & starting new
• Land Reform= increased gov’t revenues, made central power more powerful
• Rebuilt the bureaucracy• Developed a flexible new law code• Enlarged the civil service system• Set up schools to prepare males for civil service
exams = could get govt jobs • Conquered centralAsia = more land = more power
Tang Dynasty (workbook)
• Tang Taizong founds the dynasty• Reinstated a powerful bureaucracy & centralized
government• Created a new law code = helped to strengthen the govt• Instituted the land reform system=took power away from
nobles & gave to emperor• Set up schools to educate the men for Civil Service exams
= become Civil service workers= merit based for the 1st time
• Conquered Central Asia = expanded land = more pwer• Decline due to corruption, famine, & losing territ
Song Dynasty• Who: Zhao Kuangyin, scholarly general, Song Chinese• What: a dynasty that ruled China for 319 years after the Tang
but controlled less territ• Where: China• When: 960-1200s• Why: they faced constant threat of invaders from the North;
during the Song period- great time of achievement= Chinese econ expanded b.c. improved farming methods & open border policy; the Grand Canal reached its peak during this time; foreign trade flourished= govt issued paper money (didn’t exist anywhere else!) ; well ordered society- gentry & peasants
Gentry
• Who: scholars & officials• What: a wealthy landowning class of people• Where: China• When: 960-1200s• Why: they could afford to spend years studying
the Confucian classics in order to pass the civil service exams & get govt positions; when not in govt positions they served in provinces as allies to the emperors
Dowry
• Who: Chinese brides• What: the payment that a woman brings into a
marriage to give to husband & she can never remarry• Where: China• When: 500-1650• Why: famlies valued boys more than girls; when girls
married she brought this dowry as a gift to the husband’s family- she now became part of his family & left to live with them- this dowry was to give her hubby’s fam $$ for taking her in
Pagoda
• Who: Chinese • What: a multi-tiered structure with eaves that curve
up at the bottom that evolved from India’s Stupa• WherE: China• When: 500-1650• Why: many important Chinese nobles used this as
their house; Buddhist themes dominated Chinese architecture & created a large Indian/Hindu influence throughout China
Section 2
Genghis Khan• Who: Mongol chieftan• What: united warring tribes as one under his control and
then conquered Asia; brilliant Mongol leader, “Universal Ruler”; greatest conqueror in history
• Where: Mongolia, invades Asia & Europe• When: 1162-1227• Why: under his leadership he united the Mongols & they
conquered a vast empire from Pacific Ocean all the way to E. Europe; had highly trained armies; imposed strict military discipline & demanded loyalty; ruled his lands with toleration & justice; tried to conquer China but didn’t live to complete- his grandson started the Yuan dynasty in China
Kublai Khan• Who: Genghis Khan’s grandson; founder of Yuan dynasty• What: finished invading China for the Mongols & started
the Yuan dynasty (the foreign run dynasty) in China• Where: from Mongolia, took over Northern China• When: 1279• Why: he ruled all of China & Korea & Tibet; he tried to
prevent the Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilization; he decreed that only Mongols could serve in the Chinese military & hold govt positions- keeping Mongols on the top of society
Yuan Dynasty
• Who: Khublai Khan & the Mongols• What: a foreign run, Mongol dynasty in China• Where: China• When: 1227-1368• Why: this dynasty was foreign-run by the Mongols in
China= they wanted to stay Mongol, not become Chinese= strict social structure- Mongols are at the top (govt, milit jobs), other foreigners- middle & Chinese at the bottom = Chinese don’t like them; Khublai rebuilt & extended the Grand Canal to reach his capital; Blended Mongol & Chinese cultures, customs, & traditions
Marco Polo• Who: Italian merchant• What: a traveler & merchant from Venice, Italy who
traveled to China during the Yuan dynasty• Where: from Italy, went to China• When: 1254-1324• Why: he visited China during the Yuan dynasty; he got
there in 1271; he traveled across Persia & Asia- spent 17 years in China learning about it; when he returned to Italy he wrote about his travels= educated Europe about Asia= Europeans wanted to get there for the goods= Exploration
Ming Dynasty• Who: Zhu Yuanzhang, Zheng He• What: new dynasty of China that sought to reassert Chinese greatness after years
of foreign rule• Where: China• When: 1368-1435• Why: This dynasty sought to reassert chinese greatness after years of foreign
rule; • moved capital to Nanjing; • restored Civil Service system= govt jobs; got rid of corruption;• economically improved = better farming methods & new crops from the
Americas (corn, sweet potatoes);• better methods of printing (moveable type) = mass produced many books =
more educated ppl; • blue & white porcelain; sent Chinese on explorations – Zheng He (the famous
explorer)= trading throughout Asia increased & Chinese brought back exotic animals ; voyages showed strength of rulers;
• lost interest in exploration; eventually weakened b.c. of attacks & fell
Zheng He• Who: Chinese explorer, Admiral & diplomat• What: he commanded 7 exploration expeditions for the
Chinese Ming dynasty• Where: China• When: 1405-1433• Why: he wanted to explore to promote trade & collect
tribute from lesser powers across the western seas; he explored the seas of SE Asia, India, Red Sea, & E. Africa= Chinese settled in these regions; exotic animals returned to China & these voyages showed local rulers the power & strength of the Chinese empire.
Section 5
Matrilineal
• Who: SE Asian women• What: inheritance through one’s mother; you trace your
family lineage through your mother’s family line• Where: Southeast Asia• When: 500-1650• Why: this method of tracing one’s family line was
accepted & practiced in SE Asia; because of this, women had some freedom in choosing or divorcing their marriage partners; women also kept their traditional rights; women had greater equality in SE Asia
Stupa
• Who: Indians• WHAT: magnificent dome shaped shrines that
were used to worship Buddhism• Where: India• When: 500-1650• WHY: this piece of architecture was used as a
shrine for Buddhists, specifically in India; these were similar in grandness to the European Gothic Cathedral which was being built at the same time
Paddies
• Who: Vietnamese • What: fertile rice fields • Where: Vietnam, SE Asia• When: 500-1650• Why: the river in Vietnam irrigated these fields
& made them fertile= they grew rice which provided food for the growing population