Ancient Civilizations Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School.
Asian Cultures Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School.
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Transcript of Asian Cultures Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School.
Asian Cultures
Chris Anderson
Randolph-Henry High School
India
• Civilization was developing around the Indus River at the same time as the Egyptians were reaching their height
• This early Indus River civilization reached its height between 2500-1500 BC
• This early civilization will serve as the ancestors for India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
India
• GeographyGeography
• The subcontinent of South Asia is separated from the rest of Asia by natural barriers—mountains and water
• In the north exist 2 mountain ranges– Hindu Kush– Himalaya
• To the east and west is water
India
India
• The mountains and seas acted as natural barriers—keeping South Asia free from invasion
• The subcontinent, itself, is geographically diverse– Deccan Plateau– Vindhya—rolling hills– Ghats—small mountain ranges on the coasts
India
India
• 3 major rivers exist on the subcontinent– Indus – Ganges– Brahmaputra
• All 3 rivers provide water and fertile soil for the people to farm
India
India
• South Asia’s climate is affected by seasonal winds called monsoonsmonsoons
• The subcontinent experiences 2 monsoons every year
• 1.) Winter Monsoon 1.) Winter Monsoon (Northeast Monsoon)(Northeast Monsoon)– Blows from Nov./Dec. until
March– Brings dry air from the
mountains
• Summer Monsoon Summer Monsoon (Southwest Monsoon)(Southwest Monsoon)– blows from May/June to
Sept. – Brings rain from the
southwest
India
India
• The people of South Asia depended on the monsoons to bring rain for their crops
• If the monsoons came too late or brought too much rain, crops would be destroyed and people would die
India
• Early Civilization:Early Civilization:
• The earliest known civilization in South Asia was the Harappan CivilizationHarappan Civilization– Main cities—Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro– Both cities were very modern– Streets ran in a grid pattern– Houses built of brick– Indoor bathrooms
India
India
• Most of the people were farmers
• Used pictographs as writing—historians have not deciphered these symbols
• 2000 BC—the civilization went into decline
• 1500 BC—the civilization had disappeared
• There are 2 theories for their disappearance– 1.) Floods and climate
changes may have affected the food supply
– 2.) The civilization may have been invaded and killed off
IndiaIndia
1500 BC—another group migrated into South 1500 BC—another group migrated into South Asia—Asia—AryansAryans Nomadic herdersNomadic herders Mainly herded cattleMainly herded cattle
The Aryans quickly took the Indus River Valley The Aryans quickly took the Indus River Valley and Ganges areasand Ganges areas Aryan tribal chief—Aryan tribal chief—rajahrajah Main economic resource—cattleMain economic resource—cattle
Cattle “rustling” became an issue that led to war between Cattle “rustling” became an issue that led to war between the different tribesthe different tribes
IndiaIndia
The Aryans began to settle in the Indus The Aryans began to settle in the Indus River valley and started to farmRiver valley and started to farm Some grew cropsSome grew crops Others continued to herd cattle on the rich Others continued to herd cattle on the rich
plains—provided meat, milk, and hides plains—provided meat, milk, and hides
IndiaIndia
The Aryans eventually considered their The Aryans eventually considered their herds so important that they herds so important that they placed a placed a ban on eating meatban on eating meat
The people became strict vegetariansThe people became strict vegetarians This “no meat” policy is a major principle This “no meat” policy is a major principle
in Hinduism todayin Hinduism today
IndiaIndia
Aryan Society and CultureAryan Society and Culture Men dominated Aryan societyMen dominated Aryan society The Aryans spoke The Aryans spoke SanskritSanskrit, , but had no but had no
written language written language The warriors and herders used hymns to tell The warriors and herders used hymns to tell
their historytheir history After settling, the Aryans developed a After settling, the Aryans developed a
written language based on Sanskritwritten language based on Sanskrit
IndiaIndia
Once they had writing, the Aryan Priests Once they had writing, the Aryan Priests collected the old poems, legends, and hymns collected the old poems, legends, and hymns into a volume of 4 holy books—into a volume of 4 holy books—the the VedasVedas
The The VedasVedas became the basis for Aryan religion became the basis for Aryan religion The oldest of the 4 books is the The oldest of the 4 books is the Rig VedaRig Veda——
considered the oldest religious text still in useconsidered the oldest religious text still in use
IndiaIndia
Aryan society was divided into 4 main Aryan society was divided into 4 main social classes called the social classes called the varnasvarnas:: Warriors (Warriors (KshatriyasKshatriyas))
Most honored classMost honored class
Priests (Priests (BrahmanBrahman)) Studied the Studied the VedasVedas
Merchants, artisans, farmers (Merchants, artisans, farmers (VaisyasVaisyas)) Unskilled workers and servants(Unskilled workers and servants(SudrasSudras))
IndiaIndia
The Aryans made the class system even The Aryans made the class system even more rigid in 500 BCmore rigid in 500 BC
The The varnasvarnas were further divided into were further divided into groups called groups called jatijati JatiJati were based on people’s occupations were based on people’s occupations
ShoemakersShoemakers Potters Potters FarmersFarmers Metal workersMetal workers
IndiaIndia
JatiJati had their own rules for diet, marriage, had their own rules for diet, marriage, and social customsand social customs
Different Different jatijati groups could not socialize groups could not socialize with each otherwith each other
Once born into a Once born into a jatijati, one would remain , one would remain in that group for lifein that group for life
The system of The system of varnasvarnas and and jatijati evolved evolved into the into the caste systemcaste system
IndiaIndia
The Aryans wrote 2 The Aryans wrote 2 important epicsimportant epics
1.) 1.) MahabharataMahabharata Epic poem—100,000 Epic poem—100,000
versesverses Collection of writings Collection of writings
from different authorsfrom different authors Discusses Aryan Discusses Aryan
religion and religion and philosophyphilosophy
2.) 2.) RamayanaRamayana 24,000 verses24,000 verses Tells of an ideal kingTells of an ideal king
—Rama—and his —Rama—and his faithful wife—Sitafaithful wife—Sita
It is a story about It is a story about good and evilgood and evil
Good prevails over Good prevails over evilevil
IndiaIndia
Aryan ReligionAryan Religion Aryans were polytheistsAryans were polytheists
AgniAgni—god of fire—god of fire IndraIndra—god of thunder and war—god of thunder and war Usha—Usha—goddess of dawngoddess of dawn
The Aryans’ religion evolved into The Aryans’ religion evolved into HinduismHinduism Hinduism is based on the many beliefs found in the Hinduism is based on the many beliefs found in the
VedasVedas and the Indian Epics and the Indian Epics
IndiaIndia Many Aryans became tired of the ritual in Many Aryans became tired of the ritual in
the the VedasVedas and began developing new and began developing new religious ideasreligious ideas
These new ideas were written in the These new ideas were written in the UpanishadsUpanishads UpanishadsUpanishads tell of a universal spirit in all tell of a universal spirit in all
living thingsliving things Hindus believed all animals had souls—they Hindus believed all animals had souls—they
banned the killing of any animalbanned the killing of any animal Hindus believe all souls are part of one Hindus believe all souls are part of one
eternal spirit—eternal spirit—BrahmanBrahman NergunaNerguna
IndiaIndia The The UpanishadsUpanishads
encouraged the Hindus encouraged the Hindus to fast and participate in to fast and participate in yoga (prayer)yoga (prayer)
Hindus believe in Hindus believe in reincarnationreincarnation—the soul —the soul is reborn after deathis reborn after death The soul may have many The soul may have many
lifetimes before its final lifetimes before its final joining with joining with Brahman Brahman NergunaNerguna
The cycle of reincarnation The cycle of reincarnation is determined by one’s is determined by one’s karmakarma—how one lived —how one lived his/her life determines his/her life determines what the soul will be what the soul will be reborn intoreborn into
If one lived a just life, the If one lived a just life, the soul may be reborn into soul may be reborn into a higher castea higher caste
If one did not live a just If one did not live a just life, the soul may be life, the soul may be reborn into a snake or reborn into a snake or insectinsect
IndiaIndia
Hindus also practice Hindus also practice ahimsaahimsa—non-violence toward all —non-violence toward all living creaturesliving creatures All living creatures are to be All living creatures are to be
protectedprotected Ultimate aim of all Hindus—Ultimate aim of all Hindus—
mokshamoksha—the release from all —the release from all pain and sufferingpain and suffering One reaching One reaching mokshamoksha has has
ended the cycle of ended the cycle of reincarnation and has reincarnation and has become one with become one with Brahman Brahman NergunaNerguna
To achieve To achieve mokshamoksha, one must , one must participate in:”participate in:” PrayerPrayer Religious ritualReligious ritual Strict self denialStrict self denial Reject all worldly Reject all worldly
possessionspossessions
IndiaIndia
Development of BuddhismDevelopment of Buddhism 500 BC—religious life in India saw a change Hindus were becoming unhappy with the rigid
rituals of Hinduism The people wanted a more spiritual faith Many left their villages to search for answers
in the countryside
IndiaIndia
The founded of the Buddhist faith was a The founded of the Buddhist faith was a KshatriyasKshatriyas Prince— Prince—Siddharta GautamaSiddharta Gautama
IndiaIndia
566 BC—Gautama had a life changing 566 BC—Gautama had a life changing experience—he saw, for the first time, pain, experience—he saw, for the first time, pain, suffering, and deathsuffering, and death
He vowed to find why people suffered and a He vowed to find why people suffered and a way to end people’s sufferingway to end people’s suffering
He left his princely lifestyle, his wife, and He left his princely lifestyle, his wife, and newborn child to wander the countryside newborn child to wander the countryside looking for answerslooking for answers
IndiaIndia
Gautama’s journey to search for answers is Gautama’s journey to search for answers is called the called the Great RenunciationGreat Renunciation
He spent 7 years on the Great RenunciationHe spent 7 years on the Great Renunciation During the 7 years, he lived as a hermit and During the 7 years, he lived as a hermit and
beggarbeggar Legend says that the answers came to Legend says that the answers came to
Gautama while he was meditating under a treeGautama while he was meditating under a tree He began preaching his ideas and gained lots He began preaching his ideas and gained lots
of followers—his followers called him of followers—his followers called him BuddhaBuddha—the “enlightened one—the “enlightened one
IndiaIndia
Buddha’s ideas were set Buddha’s ideas were set down in the down in the Four Noble Four Noble Truths Truths and the and the Eight Fold Eight Fold PathPath
IndiaIndia
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths 1.) All people suffer and 1.) All people suffer and
know sorryknow sorry 2.) People suffer because 2.) People suffer because
their desires bind them to their desires bind them to the cycle of reincarnationthe cycle of reincarnation
3.) To end suffering, one 3.) To end suffering, one must end desiremust end desire
4.) To end desire, follow 4.) To end desire, follow the Eight Fold Paththe Eight Fold Path
Eight Fold PathEight Fold Path 1.) Know the Truth1.) Know the Truth 2.) Resist Evil2.) Resist Evil 3.) Say nothing to hurt 3.) Say nothing to hurt
othersothers 4.) Respect Life4.) Respect Life 5.) Work for the good of 5.) Work for the good of
othersothers 6.) Free minds from evil6.) Free minds from evil 7.) Control your thoughts7.) Control your thoughts 8.) Practice meditation8.) Practice meditation
IndiaIndia
If one followed the Eight Fold Path and If one followed the Eight Fold Path and avoided extremes, one would reach avoided extremes, one would reach NirvanaNirvana——freedom from the cycle of reincarnationfreedom from the cycle of reincarnation
Once reaching Nirvana, a person has become Once reaching Nirvana, a person has become one with the universeone with the universe
Buddhism does not believe in the Hindu caste Buddhism does not believe in the Hindu caste system—anyone can reach enlightenment system—anyone can reach enlightenment regardless of classregardless of class
IndiaIndia
Buddha preached his ideas for 45 years, until Buddha preached his ideas for 45 years, until his deathhis death
He gained lots of followers who continued to He gained lots of followers who continued to preach after Buddha’s deathpreach after Buddha’s death
Buddhist monks took the religion out of India Buddhist monks took the religion out of India into different parts of Asiainto different parts of Asia
ChinaChina MalaysiaMalaysia
KoreaKorea SiamSiam
JapanJapan IndonesiaIndonesia
IndiaIndia
Buddhism’s spread into Asia has made the Buddhism’s spread into Asia has made the religion one of the most dominant in Asia religion one of the most dominant in Asia todaytoday
As the religion spread, the followers began to As the religion spread, the followers began to differ over Buddha’s role, causing 2 forms of differ over Buddha’s role, causing 2 forms of Buddhism to developBuddhism to develop
IndiaIndia
1.) 1.) TheravadaTheravada Found in South AsiaFound in South Asia Follow the original Follow the original
teachingsteachings See Buddha as a teacherSee Buddha as a teacher
2.) 2.) MahayanaMahayana Worships Buddha as a Worships Buddha as a
savior and godsavior and god
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
After 500 BC, strong kingdoms will dominate After 500 BC, strong kingdoms will dominate South Asia and establish some very powerful South Asia and establish some very powerful empiresempires Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire Gupta EmpireGupta Empire
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
1.) 1.) Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire 321 BC—Chandragupta Maurya overthrew a 321 BC—Chandragupta Maurya overthrew a
powerful kingdom in India and created the powerful kingdom in India and created the Mauryan Empire—located in Northern and Mauryan Empire—located in Northern and Centra IndiaCentra India
His empire lasted until 184 BCHis empire lasted until 184 BC
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson—Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson—AsokaAsoka——helped the Mauryan empire to grow and helped the Mauryan empire to grow and helped spread Buddhism throughout Asiahelped spread Buddhism throughout Asia
268 BC—he became emperor268 BC—he became emperor He quickly expanded the empire by He quickly expanded the empire by
conquering neighboring kingdomsconquering neighboring kingdoms He controlled 2/3 of IndiaHe controlled 2/3 of India
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Asoka experienced a transformation similar to Asoka experienced a transformation similar to Buddha’sBuddha’s
Legend says Asoka had never been to the Legend says Asoka had never been to the battlefield after his army had taken an areabattlefield after his army had taken an area One day, he decided to visit after a battle and was One day, he decided to visit after a battle and was
horrified by what he sayhorrified by what he say He vowed never to rule by force againHe vowed never to rule by force again He converted to Buddhism and became a man of He converted to Buddhism and became a man of
peacepeace
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Asoka created laws based on Buddha’s Asoka created laws based on Buddha’s teachingsteachings
His laws were known as the His laws were known as the Rock EdictsRock Edicts He built free hospitals for the peopleHe built free hospitals for the people He built veterinary clinics for animalsHe built veterinary clinics for animals He constructed roads in the empireHe constructed roads in the empire He sent out many missionaries to spread the He sent out many missionaries to spread the
ideas of Buddhismideas of Buddhism
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
232 BC—Asoka died and the empire slid into 232 BC—Asoka died and the empire slid into declinedecline
The new leaders heavily taxed the peopleThe new leaders heavily taxed the people 184 BC—Mauryan Emperor was murdered184 BC—Mauryan Emperor was murdered Northern India split into separate kingdomsNorthern India split into separate kingdoms
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
2.) 2.) Gupta EmpireGupta Empire 500 years after the end of the Mauryan Empire 500 years after the end of the Mauryan Empire
fell, another powerful empire emerged in Indiafell, another powerful empire emerged in India—Gupta Empire—Gupta Empire
AD 310—Chandragupta I started the Gupta AD 310—Chandragupta I started the Gupta EmpireEmpire
His empire ruled Northern Indian for 200 His empire ruled Northern Indian for 200 yearsyears
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Gupta Empire was HinduGupta Empire was Hindu Gupta leaders encouraged the people to learn Gupta leaders encouraged the people to learn
from the from the UpanishadsUpanishads The Gupta Dynasty has been called India’s The Gupta Dynasty has been called India’s
Golden AgeGolden Age The arts and sciences flourishedThe arts and sciences flourished
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Chandragupta II (375-415)Chandragupta II (375-415) Gupta Empire reached its height under Gupta Empire reached its height under
Chandragupta IIChandragupta II He reduced taxesHe reduced taxes Gave the people more freedomGave the people more freedom Education and learning became importantEducation and learning became important Developed a new number—the Zero (0)Developed a new number—the Zero (0) Created new number symbols—1-9 (Arabic Created new number symbols—1-9 (Arabic
Numerals)Numerals)
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
Gupta scientists understood the Earth was Gupta scientists understood the Earth was roundround
They had a vague knowledge of gravityThey had a vague knowledge of gravity Doctors could set broken bonesDoctors could set broken bones Doctors performed simple operations with Doctors performed simple operations with
newly developed medical toolsnewly developed medical tools
Indian EmpiresIndian Empires
AD 415—Chandragupta II died and empire AD 415—Chandragupta II died and empire began falling apartbegan falling apart
The government became weak and corruptThe government became weak and corrupt Outsiders began invading the empireOutsiders began invading the empire Ad 600s—the empire had disappearedAd 600s—the empire had disappeared Northern India was divided into small Northern India was divided into small
kingdomskingdoms
ChinaChina
China’s early civilization developed China’s early civilization developed along riversalong rivers
Chinese civilization has lasted to this Chinese civilization has lasted to this day—the Chinese civilization is the day—the Chinese civilization is the oldest remaining civilization in the oldest remaining civilization in the worldworld
ChinaChina
China’s GeographyChina’s Geography China, like India, has many natural China, like India, has many natural
barriers that have protected the area barriers that have protected the area for centuriesfor centuries
1/3 of China’s land area consists of 1/3 of China’s land area consists of mountains—in the Southwest lie the mountains—in the Southwest lie the HimalayasHimalayas
North of the Himalayas is the Plateau North of the Himalayas is the Plateau of Tibetof Tibet
ChinaChina
In western China exist more In western China exist more mountains—Kunlun Shan and the mountains—Kunlun Shan and the Tian ShanTian Shan
ChinaChina
There are 3 major rivers in ChinaThere are 3 major rivers in China 1.) Huang River (Yellow River)1.) Huang River (Yellow River)
– Flows for 2900 milesFlows for 2900 miles– River is rich in silt—silt makes the water River is rich in silt—silt makes the water
yellowish in coloryellowish in color 2.) Chang Jiang (Yangtze)2.) Chang Jiang (Yangtze) 3.) Xi Jiang (West River)3.) Xi Jiang (West River)
ChinaChina
ChinaChina
Shang DynastyShang Dynasty 1700 BC—Tang created the 11700 BC—Tang created the 1stst known known
Chinese Dynasty—Shang DynastyChinese Dynasty—Shang Dynasty His dynasty lasted until 1000 BCHis dynasty lasted until 1000 BC The 1The 1stst Shang kings only controlled the Shang kings only controlled the
city of Anyang—on the Yellow Rivercity of Anyang—on the Yellow River Later rulers began expanding the Later rulers began expanding the
kingdom until they had captured the kingdom until they had captured the Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley
ChinaChina
The Chinese believed in the idea of The Chinese believed in the idea of Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven—the gods —the gods chose the kingschose the kings
The gods chose when it was time for The gods chose when it was time for a change in kings or dynastiesa change in kings or dynasties
ChinaChina
The Shang Dynasty ended in 1000 The Shang Dynasty ended in 1000 BC when the Shang emperor was BC when the Shang emperor was assassinatedassassinated
The dynasty had grown weak from The dynasty had grown weak from weak leadershipweak leadership
The people saw it was time for a The people saw it was time for a changechange
ChinaChina
Chinese AchievementsChinese Achievements The Chinese developed a character The Chinese developed a character
writingwriting The written language was difficult to The written language was difficult to
learn—only scribes could read and learn—only scribes could read and writewrite
ChinaChina
The Shang Chinese also made The Shang Chinese also made advancements in the artsadvancements in the arts– Created wonderful bronze castingsCreated wonderful bronze castings– Used jade and ivory to create wonderful Used jade and ivory to create wonderful
works or artworks or art– Created exquisite silk clothCreated exquisite silk cloth– Fine porcelainFine porcelain
ChinaChina
ChinaChina
1100 BC—AD 200, China will be ruled 1100 BC—AD 200, China will be ruled by 3 very powerful dynastiesby 3 very powerful dynasties– Zhou0—ruled China for 800 yearsZhou0—ruled China for 800 years– QinQin– HanHan
ChinaChina
1.) 1.) Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty 1028 BC—the Zhou Dynasty took 1028 BC—the Zhou Dynasty took
power away from the Shang Dynastypower away from the Shang Dynasty Created a very large empireCreated a very large empire Zhou introduced new ideas to China Zhou introduced new ideas to China
and the worldand the world– Horses were brought into China and Horses were brought into China and
used for travel and workused for travel and work– Added the crossbow to the militaryAdded the crossbow to the military– Started using iron plowsStarted using iron plows
ChinaChina
ChinaChina
200s BC—Zhou leaders had become 200s BC—Zhou leaders had become very weakvery weak
Many of the Chinese city-states were Many of the Chinese city-states were at war with each otherat war with each other
The nobles were warring over landThe nobles were warring over land This civil war allowed for one city-This civil war allowed for one city-
state to rise and take power over state to rise and take power over China--China--QinQin
ChinaChina
2.) 2.) Qin DynastyQin Dynasty 221 BC—the city-state of Qin rose up 221 BC—the city-state of Qin rose up
and took power away from the Zhou and took power away from the Zhou leadersleaders
The Qin Dynasty united China for the The Qin Dynasty united China for the 11stst time time
The Qin created a very strong central The Qin created a very strong central governmentgovernment
ChinaChina
The 1The 1stst Qin emperor— Qin emperor—Qin Qin ShihuangdiShihuangdi
Shihuangdi wanted a China totally Shihuangdi wanted a China totally under his controlunder his control
He divided China into 36 military He divided China into 36 military districts—he was trying to keep districts—he was trying to keep power away from the local lordspower away from the local lords
ChinaChina
Shihuangdi tried to standardize ChinaShihuangdi tried to standardize China– Created a standard set of weights and Created a standard set of weights and
measuresmeasures– Standardized coinsStandardized coins– Created a uniform writing systemCreated a uniform writing system– Established a law code for ChinaEstablished a law code for China– Constructed canals and roads in ChinaConstructed canals and roads in China
ChinaChina
Shihuangdi’s greatest achievement Shihuangdi’s greatest achievement was the was the Great Wall of ChinaGreat Wall of China– The wall was built to protect China from The wall was built to protect China from
a northern invasiona northern invasion– Many of China’s early leaders built small Many of China’s early leaders built small
walls for protectionwalls for protection– Shihuangdi connected the different walls Shihuangdi connected the different walls
to created the Great Wallto created the Great Wall– The Wall is 1400 miles longThe Wall is 1400 miles long
ChinaChina
ChinaChina
To have absolute power in China, To have absolute power in China, Shihuangdi had to take power away Shihuangdi had to take power away from the lordsfrom the lords– He took away the lords’ landHe took away the lords’ land– Lords who still owned land were heavily Lords who still owned land were heavily
taxedtaxed– Shihuangdi began burning books to cut Shihuangdi began burning books to cut
the people off from their pastthe people off from their past
ChinaChina
The Chinese people did not like The Chinese people did not like ShihuangdiShihuangdi
The nobles were angry at the loss of The nobles were angry at the loss of their powertheir power
The peasants were angry at being The peasants were angry at being forced into hard labor—working on forced into hard labor—working on the Great Wallthe Great Wall
210 BC—Shihuangdi died and his 210 BC—Shihuangdi died and his empire soon followedempire soon followed
ChinaChina 3.) 3.) Han DynastyHan Dynasty 207 BC—Liu Bang drove the Qin Dynasty out 207 BC—Liu Bang drove the Qin Dynasty out
of powerof power– He was from a poor peasant family—not royaltyHe was from a poor peasant family—not royalty
202 BC—Bang had eliminated all of his 202 BC—Bang had eliminated all of his enemies and made himself emperor—created enemies and made himself emperor—created the Han Dynasty which ruled China from 202 the Han Dynasty which ruled China from 202 BC—AD 220BC—AD 220– Han rulers were tolerant—unlike Qin ShihuangdiHan rulers were tolerant—unlike Qin Shihuangdi– Han leaders made China prosperous and powerfulHan leaders made China prosperous and powerful
ChinaChina
The height of the Han Empire came The height of the Han Empire came under the 6under the 6thth emperor of the dynasty emperor of the dynasty——Wudi (141-87 BC)Wudi (141-87 BC)
He expanded China by taking over He expanded China by taking over non-Chinese landsnon-Chinese lands– ManchuriaManchuria– KoreaKorea– Parts of IndiaParts of India
ChinaChina
139 BC—Wudi sent out an expedition 139 BC—Wudi sent out an expedition to find new areas to conquerto find new areas to conquer– The leader of the expedition was The leader of the expedition was Zhang Zhang
QianQian– Qian returned 13 years later with a Qian returned 13 years later with a
wonderful talewonderful tale He and his troops were nearly destroyed by He and his troops were nearly destroyed by
a group of barbariansa group of barbarians Qian had served in the barbarains’ prisons Qian had served in the barbarains’ prisons
for 10 yearsfor 10 years
ChinaChina
Qian’s “barbarians” were the RomansQian’s “barbarians” were the Romans For the 1For the 1stst time, China realized they time, China realized they
were not the only advanced were not the only advanced civilization in the worldcivilization in the world
China and Rome began trading, China and Rome began trading, creating the creating the Silk RoadSilk Road—trade route —trade route between the east and westbetween the east and west
ChinaChina
Han China was very stable and Han China was very stable and prosperous for 400 yearsprosperous for 400 years
This 400 year period is called the This 400 year period is called the Pax Pax SinicaSinica—Chinese Peace—Chinese Peace
During the During the Pax SinicaPax Sinica, Wudi , Wudi developed a new way to get qualified developed a new way to get qualified government workers—he created the government workers—he created the civil service systemcivil service system
ChinaChina
In the civil service system, applicants In the civil service system, applicants for government jobs take a testfor government jobs take a test
Those who score higher on the tests Those who score higher on the tests get the better jobsget the better jobs
With the civil service system, Wudi With the civil service system, Wudi was insuring he had the best people was insuring he had the best people working in governmentworking in government
The civil service system also made The civil service system also made education important in Chinaeducation important in China
ChinaChina
A new class of Chinese arose—A new class of Chinese arose—mandarinsmandarins
The mandarins were the educated The mandarins were the educated Chinese civil servants who ran the Chinese civil servants who ran the government of Chinagovernment of China
The mandarins controlled China’s The mandarins controlled China’s government until the early AD 1900’sgovernment until the early AD 1900’s
ChinaChina
When Wudi died in 87 BC, the Han When Wudi died in 87 BC, the Han Dynasty slowly began to fallDynasty slowly began to fall
The land owning lords began gaining The land owning lords began gaining powerpower
AD 220—the Han dynasty came to an AD 220—the Han dynasty came to an endend
The landowners began a civil war The landowners began a civil war that tore China apartthat tore China apart
ChinaChina
China is also the home of 2 China is also the home of 2 philosophies that have helped shape philosophies that have helped shape the culture of many Asian nationsthe culture of many Asian nations– ConfucianismConfucianism– Taoism (Daoism)Taoism (Daoism)
ChinaChina
ConfucianismConfucianism KongziKongzi laid the foundations for laid the foundations for
ConfucianismConfucianism People in western China called Konzi People in western China called Konzi
by his more famous name—by his more famous name—ConfuciusConfucius
ChinaChina
551 BC—Confucius was born into a 551 BC—Confucius was born into a poor familypoor family
@ age 16, he left home, wandering @ age 16, he left home, wandering China looking to be a political advisorChina looking to be a political advisor
He wanted to end the political, He wanted to end the political, personal, and social disorder that he personal, and social disorder that he had seen in his wanderingshad seen in his wanderings
He failed to find a job, so @ age 22 He failed to find a job, so @ age 22 he began teachinghe began teaching
ChinaChina
ChinaChina
Confucius’ main concerns were order Confucius’ main concerns were order and the promotion of orderand the promotion of order
He said everyone had a proper role in He said everyone had a proper role in society and all political and social society and all political and social disorder would end if everyone would disorder would end if everyone would accept their role in lifeaccept their role in life
He said people should live their lives He said people should live their lives according to ethicsaccording to ethics
ChinaChina
Confucius wanted people to respect Confucius wanted people to respect their family, the past, and traditionstheir family, the past, and traditions
He said there were 5 relationships He said there were 5 relationships that everyone must know and followthat everyone must know and follow– Ruler and subjectRuler and subject– Parent and childParent and child– Husband and wifeHusband and wife– Old and youngOld and young– Friend and friendFriend and friend
ChinaChina
Taoism (Daoism)Taoism (Daoism) Developed by LaoziDeveloped by Laozi Taoism seems to be the direct opposite Taoism seems to be the direct opposite
of Confucianismof Confucianism Laozi did not accept formal social Laozi did not accept formal social
structures and people’s roles in societystructures and people’s roles in society Laozi did not like living in publicLaozi did not like living in public He wrote his ideas in the He wrote his ideas in the Dao De JingDao De Jing
ChinaChina
Laozi said Taoist shouldLaozi said Taoist should– Reject wealthReject wealth– Reject powerReject power– Reject ambitionReject ambition– Reject social structuresReject social structures– Reject formal codes of behaviorReject formal codes of behavior– Get in touch with natureGet in touch with nature
ChinaChina
Taoism also believes in the Taoism also believes in the Yin and Yin and YangYang—2 opposite forces of nature —2 opposite forces of nature that must be in harmonythat must be in harmony– YinYin
Cool, dark, female, passiveCool, dark, female, passive
– YangYang Warm, light, male, aggressiveWarm, light, male, aggressive
ChinaChina
Although Confucianism and Taoism Although Confucianism and Taoism seem opposite, a person could be seem opposite, a person could be bothboth– Use Confucianism for government and Use Confucianism for government and
one’s place in the social orderone’s place in the social order– Use Taoism to achieve harmony with Use Taoism to achieve harmony with
naturenature