Asia Dialogue on Community Forest and Property Rights in ... · Vietnam CF Unit CF groups . ......
Transcript of Asia Dialogue on Community Forest and Property Rights in ... · Vietnam CF Unit CF groups . ......
Asia Dialogue on Community Forest and Property Rights
in the Context of Climate Change 11 – 12 August 2010 Kathmandu, Nepal
An Overview of Community Forestry in Asia Yam Malla
Executive Director
RECOFTC - The Center for People and Forests Bangkok, Thailand
Key Message
The concept and practice of CF is real Social movement, calling for a paradigm shift New dimension to forest management & govern. One of the most appropriate strategies for SFM State gain most thru CF but it is the local
communities which hold the key
Local and indigenous people involvement Customary systems - hundreds of million ha of forests Private farmlands – millions of farmers State sponsored CF – millions of ha of forests
The Case for Community Forestry
Historical Periods of Community Forestry
1950sForestNationalization
Jakarta 1978
Rio 1992
UNMillenniumSummit2000
Bali2007
ClimateChangeStructuralAdjust.
to‘MDGs’‘ForestsforPeople’
‘State’asanAgentofChange
FallofFeudalSystemsandColonialism
Community Forestry Themes Over Time
Transformation, technology transfer,
Redistribution with growth, basic needs energy crisis
Structural adjustment, free market
Environment and sustainability, poverty reduction
Sustainable livelihoods; good governance; decentralization and devolution
Forest industries, resettlement and export of timber
Fuel wood, impacts of deforestation,’ forests and people’
Projects, subsistence needs, forest farming systems
Socio-economic dimensions, 2nd generation projects
Environment, livelihoods, governance, climate change, rights
Regulatory Framework for CF in Asia Country CF Policy, Law & Field Implementation Guideline
Cambodia CF policy (2002), CF law (2003), CF imp. guide (2005)
China Collective for. reform (1980s); further reform (2003)
India JFM policy (1989), JFM act (1991), tribal forest bill (2006)
Indonesia License to villages (1997), SF (2003), CF (2007)
Lao PDR VF in 20 year for. strat. (2005), NTFP law customary rights
Nepal CF rules (1978), forest master plan (1989), new forest act (1993), CF implementation. guide (1995)
Philippines FSC for communities (1986), CBFM (1990s), Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (1997)
Thailand CF program (1980s), national constitution - people’s rights to forests (1997), CF Bill (2006)
Vietnam SF & CF projects (1990s), CF law (2003), CF imp. guide (2005)
Changes in Institutional Landscapes [national, sub-national & local levels]
Country Government CF Organizations
CF Grassroots Organization
Cambodia CF Unit CF groups
China Collective Forest Unit Collective forest users
India JFM Cell Forest Protection committee
Indonesia SF Division SF and CF groups
Nepal Community & Private Forestry Div.
Forest user groups
Philippines CBFM Division CBFM groups
Thailand Bureau of CF CF groups
Vietnam CF Unit CF groups
State Forests Handed Over to Local Communities
Country Forests handed over CF groups
Cambodia 143789 ha 176 groups
China 8 provinces forest allocation -
H-holds - 69.1% of the total
India 17,331,955 million ha under JFM
84,632 forest protection groups
Indonesia 158,000 ha leased out to local groups
NA
Nepal 1.2 million ha (25% of total) 14,500 FUGs 1.6 million h-holds (35% of total)
Philippines 5.97 million ha 5,503 groups (690,687 h-holds)
Thailand 196,990 ha (1.16% of total). 5,300 groups (0.7% of total)
Vietnam 2,348,000 ha 1,203 User Groups
CF Supporting Institutions at Regional and Global Levels
Impact of Community Forestry Impact on forest landscapes
Forest health & wildlife habitat Enhanced biodiversity, tree density & plant species Return of wild animals & birds to CF Reduced forest fires & illegal logging in CF
1968 2005
Impact of Community Forestry
Income and other benefits from CF Increased and regular flow of forest products Increased cash flow
In Nepal, an assessment of 1288 FUGs in 12 districts across Nepal and extrapolated to all FUGs shows:
US$10 million/annum (42% of the govt. forest budget). US$24 million/annum – with forest products used for
subsistence are taken into account
Community Forestry and Poorer Households Example from Nepal (Pokharel et al., 2009)
ITEMS 2000 2006 2008
Grant (NRs ‘000) None 17 149
Soft loan (NRs ‘000) None 174 506
Timber (cubic feet) None 3233 6096
Land (households) None 181 369
Area of land (ha) None 185 401
Scholarship (number) None 14 154
Enterprise (shareholder) None 601 NA
Employment (person / year) None 174 209
Community Forestry and Village Development Example from Nepal (Chapagain and Banjade, 2009)
CF income supported a range of village dev. activities
Roads, school building, drinking water, irrigation schemes, etc.
Community Forestry and Broader Dev. Objectives
Rural dev. goal and process Rural social change Local people as agents of
change Reach out to excluded
people
Decentralization & devolution Authority on resource to
forest users
Community Forestry and Broader Dev. Objectives
Public participation Millions of grassroots
people Participatory tools and
techniques
Improved forest governance Checks and balances
Community Forests and Property Rights
Forest (not land) handed over to local communities for use as “common property”
Time allowed vary from 15 years (Cambodia) to indefinite period (Nepal)
State remains the legal owner of both the forest and land
Community Forests and Climate Change CC strategies must
harness local people’s skills and knowledge
CF a key element of REDD
Build on 25 years of CF
New incentives, focus on ‘grassroots s/holders
Do no harm
Thank You