ASHRAE Journal May 2015
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Inside | The Path to a Net Zero-Ready School
Science for Sustainability
Automation Dashboards | UFAD Controls | Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Fire Mitigation
MAY 2015
J O U R N A LTHE MAGAZINE OF HVAC&R TECHN OLOGY AND APPLICATIONS ASHRAE.ORG
®
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 3
FEATURES
STANDING COLUMNS
CONTENTS VOL. 57, NO. 5, MAY 2015
ASHRAE® Journal (ISSN 0001-2491) MISSI ON STATEMENT | ASHRAE Journal reviews current HVAC&R technology of broad interest through publication ofapplication-oriented articles. ASHR AE Journal’s editorial content ranges from back-to-basics features to reviews of emerging technologies,covering the entire spectrum of professional interest from design and construction practices to commissioning and the service life ofHVAC&R environmental systems. PUBLISHED MONTHLY | Copyright 2015 by ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. Periodicals postagepaid at Atlanta, Georgia, and additional mailing offices. LETTERS/MANUSCRIPTS | Letters to the editor and manuscripts for publication shouldbe sent to: Fred Turner, Editor, ASHRAE Journal, [email protected]. SUBSCRIPTIONS | $8 per single copy (includes postage and handling onmail orders). Subscriptions for members $6 per year, included with annual dues, not deductible. Nonmember $79 (includes postage inUSA); $79 (includes postage for Canadian); $14 9 international (includes air mail). Expiration dates vary f or both member and nonmembersubscriptions. Payment (U.S. funds) required with all orders. CHANGE OF ADDRESS | Requests must be received at subscription office eight weeksbefore effective date. Send both old and new addres ses for the change. ASHRAE members may submit address changes at www.ashrae.org/address. POSTMASTER | Send form 3579 to: ASHRAE Journal, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. Canadian A greement Number 40037127.
ONLINE at ASHRAE.org | Feature articles are available online. Members can access articles at no cost. Nonmembers may purchase articlesat www.ashrae.org/bookstore. MICROFILM | This publication is microfilmed by National Archive Publishing Company. For informationon cost and issues available, contact NAPC at 800-420-NAPC or www.napubco.com. PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER | ASHRAE has compiled thispublication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product, service,process, procedure, design or the like which may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data, editorial material oradvertisement in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty or guarantee by ASHRAE of any product, service, process,procedure, design or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors and ASHRAE does notnecessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication andits supplement is assumed by the user.
DEPARTMENTS
54
38
72
2015 ASHRAE TECHNOLOGY AWARDS
46 ENGI NEER’S NOTEBOOK
Control of Underfloor Air-Distribution Systems
By Daniel H. Nall, P.E.
54 BUILDING SCIENCES
Vitruvius Does Veneers By Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.
80 DATA CENTERS
The Digital Revolution,Part 3
By Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David Quirk, P.E.
90 REFRIGERATION
Watt’s the Big Occasion? By Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng.
16 Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Fire Mitigation
By Stephen K. Melink, P.E.
28 Criteria for Building AutomationDashboards
By Frank Shadpour, P.E.; Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E.
62 Hydronics 101 By Jeff Boldt, P.E.; Julia Keen, Ph.D., P.E.
38 A Beacon for Urban Waters By Matthew Longsine, P.E.
72 Net Zero-Ready School By Brian Haugk, P.E.; Brian Cannon, P.E.
4 Commentary
6 Industry News
14 Meetings and Shows 92 InfoCenter
96 Special Products
98 Products
102 Classified Advertising
104 Advertisers Index
ABOUT THE COVER
At the Tacoma Center for Urban
Waters in Washington, cedar anddouglas fir snags along the water-
front provide staging, feeding
and nesting habitat for birds and
small animals. The LEED Platinum
laboratory won a first place 2015
ASHRAE Technology Award. The
article begins on Page 38.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 54
ASHRAE Journal reviews current HVAC&R technology of broad interest through publication of applica-tions-oriented articles. Content ranges from back-to-basics features to reviews of emerging technologies.
COMMENTARY
PUBLISHER
W. Stephen Comstock
EDITORIAL
Editor
Jay Scott [email protected]
Managing EditorSarah [email protected]
Associate EditorRebecca [email protected]
Associate EditorChristopher [email protected]
Associate Editor Jeri Alger [email protected]
Assistant Editor
Tani [email protected]
PUBLISHING SERVICES
Publishing Services ManagerDavid Soltis
Production Jayne Jackson Tracy Becker
ADVERTISING
Associate Publisher, ASHRAE Media Advertising Greg [email protected]
Advertising Production Coordinator Vanessa Johnson
CIRCULATION
Circulation SpecialistDavid [email protected]
ASHRAE OFFICERS
President Thomas H. Phoenix, P.E.
President-Elect T. David Underwood, P.Eng.
Treasurer Timothy G. Wentz, P.E.
Vice PresidentsDarryl K. Boyce, P.Eng.Charles E. Gulledge IIIBjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D.
James K. Vallort
Secretary & Executive Vice President Jeff H. Littleton
POLICY GROUP
2014 – 15 ChairPublications CommitteeMichael R. Brambley, Ph.D.
Washington Office [email protected]
1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329-2305Phone: 404-636-8400Fax: 404-321-5478 | www.ashrae.org
New Editor, But You’re in Charge You may have noticed a new name on
the masthead of this issue. Allow meto introduce myself. I’m Jay Scott, the
new editor of ASHRAE Journal, three
e-newsletters and High Performing
Buildings magazine.
I’m replacing Fred Turner, who
retired in January after nearly 20 years
of service with ASHRAE. As the new
editor, I join the ASHRAE team as a
publishing veteran with over 30 years
of experience, both in the print and
online worlds.Do I have expertise as an engineer?
No. That’s the beauty of ASHRAE; I don’t
have to. You, the ASHRAE community,
lead the organization at every level. The
volunteers who contribute to our publi-
cations and the reviewers who confirm
every technical detail are the subject
matter experts. You, the readers, pro-
vide your own expertise with your
thoughtful comments and suggestions.
THE EDITORIAL TEAM is here to
facilitate content that will educate,
inform and advance the goals we all
strive for: serving the built environ-
ment, creating value and recognizing
the accomplishments of others. We’re
here to make sure you have a transpar-
ent editorial process that you drive
while advancing technical information
and debate. As the new editor, I hope to hear from
you when you have a suggestion, or a
complaint. I especially encourage let-
ters to the editor because they prompt
informed discussion of engineering
issues. You can reach me at jayscott@
ashrae.org. I look forward to hearing
from you and meeting people at the
Annual Conference in Atlanta.
IN THIS ISSUE, our cover story
focuses on the challenges in building
the Tacoma Center for Urban Waters
laboratory in Tacoma, Wash. The three-
story laboratory, built to maintain
the cleanliness of the bodies of water
throughout Puget Sound, was com-
pleted through a collaborative design
and construction process.
Laboratories traditionally use largeamounts of energy. The center, how-
ever, was designed with efficiency and
sustainability in mind from the start.
OTHER HIGHLIGHTS this month:
• A look at Valley View Middle School
in Snohomish, Wash., a new three-sto-
ry, 168,000 ft2 (15 600 m2) facility that
replaced a much smaller building. The
new school uses less energy than theprevious school that was half the size.
• Engineer’s Notebook explores
effective control strategies to solve com-
mon complaints with UFAD systems.
• An article in the Fundamentals at
Work series explains the basics related
to configuration, layout, and major
system components of hot water and
chilled water systems as an introduc-
tion to hydronics for those new to the
design industry. • And the Building Sciences column
revisits the question: What should the
air space or air gap be behind a clad-
ding and what should the venting
geometry be behind a cladding?
Enjoy the issue.
Jay Scott, Editor
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh rae . o rg MA Y 20156
INDUSTRY NEWS
BANGALORE, India—The
mood on the show floor at
ACREX, the Indian trade
fair for air conditioning and
refrigeration, held here in
February, did nothing to
dispel reports that India’seconomy is quickly end-
ing its three-year slump.
Industrial expansion, new
building construction, the
need to limit energy con-
sumption, and emphasis
on air quality are the driv-
ers. All were in evidence at
ACREX.
The International
Monetary Fund in its latest World Economic Outlook
report predicts India’s
annual economic growth
rate will be between 6.3%
and 6.5% over the next two
years, surpassing China’s.
With the global economic
growth projected at around
3.5%, it is little wonder
manufacturers are target-
ing India.
India’s Strength Pushes ACREX to Sixth Spot
Analysts say building
space in India will jump
from 86 billion ft2 in 2005
to a mind-boggling 450 bil-
lion ft2 by 2030. Nearly 70%
of the buildings in India
that will exist by 2030 have yet to be built. To keep pace,
India’s energy production
must grow 6.5% per year,
an unsustainable number.
For that reason India ranks
in the top three countries
for green buildings with
over 2.5 billion ft2 of green
building footprint accord-
ing to the Indian Green
Building Council.Engineers say it just
makes good business sense
to build green in India
where the incremental
cost is only 3% to 5% for a
commercial green build-
ing and 1% for a residence.
With India’s energy costs
and availability of low-cost
green building products,
the additional cost gets paid
back within three to four
years.
“The market potential for
green building products
and technologies is $100
billion,” said Nirmal Ram,a consulting engineer in
Bangalore. “In India, many
new products are being
introduced to meet the
demand for green. Our
country is now one of the
leading exporters of green
building materials and
technologies.” Ram is a past
president of ISHRAE, the
association of engineers
that organizes ACREX.
By the time ACREX ended,
more than 28,000
visitors attended
the three-day fair
February 26 to 28,
viewing the 400
exhibitors from 25
countries. Among
them were industry
leaders like Carrier-UTC,
Hitachi, Blue Star, Daikin,LG, Bosch, Siemens, Voltas,
Climaveneta, Mitsubishi,
ebm-papst and Trane India.
Visitors came from Canada,
China, Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hong
Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Netherlands, South Korea,
Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey,
Ukraine, UAE, United
Kingdom and the U.S. Among the exhibition
highlights was the dedicated
Refrigeration & Cold Chain
Pavilion, which reflects the
industry’s “sunrise” status
in the country. With a com-
pound annual growth rate of
around 26%, the Indian cold
chain industry is expected
to reach nearly $10 billion
by 2017.
CLIMAVENETA displayed
its line of centrifugal chill-
ers with inverter driven
compressors featuring mag-
netic levitation technology.
The range includes watercooled and air cooled units.
The company also displayed
its high precision air condi-
tioning units, high density
solutions for data centers,
and VFD screw compressor
chillers.
Anil Dev, chief tech-
nical officer with
CLIMAVENETA, said he has
noticed a growing aware-
ness in India for energy-
efficient and sustainable
products. “Indian
consumers are
becoming extremely
aware of green
building,” Dev said.
According to Dev,
CLIMAVENETA’s air-
cooled screw chiller
is its number one product
in India. “We have been very successful in the IT
sector. One of the reasons
is that we have been able to
achieve the highest uptime
for our products. Uptime
commitments are very
important in the IT sector.”
LG Electronics showed
its full line of products,
including the Multi-V IV.
Mounted with a high effi-ciency inverter compressor,
the Multi-V IV yields a 4.79
COP, among the highest
energy efficiency ratings
for air conditioners sold in
India. It raises energy effi-
ciency by about 20% from
existing models. The “Ocean
Black Fin” heat exchanger
in the unit is dual-layered
and double-sided with a
Dev
Basanth Kumar stands next to Armstrong’s Fluid Management system comprising ofDesign Envelope pumps with sensor-less technology. It is designed as a plug-and-play
HVAC pumping solution for commercial, institutional and industrial buildings.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 58
INDUSTRY NEWS
It’s Mosquitos Away Technology at LG’s ACREX stand. Some 28,000 visitors attended theACREX fair held in Bangalore.
black coating to shield it
from salt, sand and other
elements brought in by
strong sea winds along
India’s coast. Water drops
are prevented from forming
because of external envi-
ronmental changes, a real
performance advantage in
the humid conditions that
prevail along India’s coast.
The coating also protects
the unit against the effects
of industrial pollution.
“We have a big sea line,
and visitors want to know
more about our products
that can resist such things,”
said Sohrab Zafferulla, area
head of LG’s System Air-
Conditioning Division.
“We’re excited about our
new HVAC solutions, which will provide unprecedented
benefits to our existing
partners and prospects
seeking high-efficiency
commercial solutions.
LG is on track to lead the
Indian HVAC market with
our locally relevant busi-
ness strategy, highly energy
efficient products as well
as its tradition of quality
engineering and reliable
customer service through-
out the entire country,”
said Mahendra Agarwal,
Vice President-System Air-
Conditioners, LG India.
Another product attract-
ing attention at the LG
stand was the Inverter
V air conditioner with
Mosquito Away technol-
ogy. The unit emits ultra-
sonic waves, preventing
mosquitos from detecting
humans and protecting
occupants from mosquito-
borne diseases. The tech-
nology works whenever
the unit is on, not just
when the AC is running.
The new Variable Tonnage
Technology used in LG’s
Inverter V air condition-ers adjusts the cooling by
automatically controlling
the compressor speed.
Cooling capacity is auto-
matically increased to give
faster cooling until the
desired temperature is
reached and reduces the
tonnage after to provide
savings, sometimes by as
much as 66%.
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M A Y 2 0 1 5 a s h ra e .o r g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 9
INDUSTRY NEWS
Maheshwari
Armstrong displayed its
“configure to order” solu-
tions for fluid flow and heat
transfer applications. The
company’s Design Envelope
IVS pumps reduce pump-ing costs through variable
speed, demand-based
operation—consuming only
the energy required based
on current system demand.
The pumps use a combina-
tion of optimized impeller
size and speed control for
energy efficient operation
within a given performance
envelope. The performance
envelopes are mapped for
the best pump efficiency
at 50% of the design flow
rate, where variable flow
systems operate most often.
This ensures a building’s
hydronic pumping system
consumes as little energy
possible and meets the
installation needs required
in ASHRAE/IES Standard
90.1 of a 70% energy savings
at 50% peak load. Armstrong also displayed
its chilled water line of
Integrated Plant Packages.
The IPP-CHW solution is
an integrated factory built
system, optimized for quick
installation. The IPP-CHW
incorporates split coupled
pumps, oil-free frictionless
compressors, and an ultra-
efficient chilled water plant
control system.
Besides the need to limit
energy growth, India faces
another challenge. How to
improve air quality? And
solutions for that were on
display at ACREX.
Of the world’s top 20 cit-
ies with the world’s worst
air, 13 are in India, accord-
ing to an analysis by the
World Health Organization
(WHO). Despite air qualityin Chinese cities receiv-
ing more media attention,
many of India’s cities are
actually worse when annual
averages of fine air-
borne particulates
are considered.
Particulate pollution
is especially danger-
ous because par-
ticulates are perma-
nently lodged within
the lining of the lungs.
Surveying 1,600 cities in 91
countries, the WHO found
that New Delhi’s air was the
worst in the world. Three
other Indian cities—Patna,
Gwalior, and Raipur—round
out the top four, with
Karachi, Pakistan, the fifth
worst. None of China’s cities
came in the top 20. Beijing
was 77th.Business for indoor air
particle counters is grow-
ing, according to Keerthi
Satya, regional sales
manager of TSI
Instruments—India.
While TSI offers
particle counters
for cleanroom
applications for
semiconductor and
pharmaceutical
industries, it also offers
dust monitoring instru-
ments. “What is the kind
of air we are breathing
indoors, whether it be our
offices or our residences?”
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 51 0
INDUSTRY NEWS
Walt Vernon and Dick Moeller presented ASHRAE’s Designing High PerformingHealthcare Facilities course. The healthcare industry in India is said to be growing at anannual rate of 15% due to a booming population with unmet medical needs and medicaltourism. Other ASHRAE courses covered developments in controls technology, datacenter energy efficiency, and laboratory design.
said Satya. TSI dust monitors can be used for commercial
and institutional applications, including hospitals. “It
is good practice for the health-care segment to monitor
indoor air quality because of patients with compromised
immune systems.”Caryaire exhibited its air purification solution for the
residential and the school room markets, winning a
product innovation award. According to the company,
new building codes being considered in India for new
residential buildings include fresh air requirements
along with air purification. “We’re now talking about not
only energy conservation but also maintaining minimum
indoor air quality standards. Awareness is growing daily,”
said Sachin Maheshwari, director at Caryaire. “We have
stopped calling our new product an air purifier. We are
calling it a life-conditioner or health-conditioner. It’s all
about saving your life.”
The company’s residential units displayed at ACREX have
been reconfigured for existing and new housing from the
commercial and industrial products. Chemical filtration
is offered to remove the VOCs and NO X from carbon and
sulfur in the air. “We are quite positive the next five years
are going to be a golden phase for India,” said Maheshwari.
“2004 through 2009 was a big boom phase for India. We see
the next jump year taking place next year through 2019 or
2020.”
The next ACREX will take place Feb. 25 to 27, 2016, in
Mumbai.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 51 2
INDUSTRY NEWS
run entirely on a mix of
solar, wind, and hydro
power, along with waste
wood chips and sawdust,
rather than fossil fuels. The
“EcoDataCenter” is also
designed to convert the heat
generated by its servers into
energy for homes in Falun,
a city of around 37,000 in
central Sweden. The facility
will be linked to the town’s
district heating system to
deliver hot water to warm
homes during winter. In
the summer, it will supply
district cooling, running
air-conditioning systems
that would otherwise use
electricity.
DOE, NIBS
Developing Training Guidelines WASHINGTON, D.C.—The
U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) has partnered with
the National Institute of
Building Sciences (NIBS)
to develop new guidance
designed to enhance and
streamline commercial
building workforce train-
ing and certification
programs. The voluntary
Better Buildings Workforce
Guidelines provide a
national framework for
certification agencies across
the country to roll out con-
sistent programs.
S W E C O A R C H I T E C T S A B / N O R D I S K
K O M B I N A T I O N A R K I T E K T E R A BBacteria Shine
Light on AirQuality Monitoring BEER SHEVA, Israel—
Researchers have developed
a simple and inexpensivedevice that uses
bioluminescent bac-
teria to monitor air
quality and alert to
potentially unsafe
conditions. If bac-
teria encounter haz-
ardous substances
in the environment,
they launch a system
to repair damaged DNA
and maintain other func-
tions, says Robert S. Marks
of Israel’s Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev. By
adding the genes that make
luciferase—a glow-inducing
protein—to the same part of
the bacteria’s genome as the
microbial repair response,
scientists have created bac-
teria that glow in response
to chemicals that are toxic
to cells. Marks hopes that byincorporating bacteria
with different chemi-
cal sensitivities, he may
eventually be able to iden-
tify which specific toxins
are in the air with
the device as well.
The research is pub-
lished in the journal
Analytical Chemistry.
Data Center toHeat Swedish TownFALUN, Sweden—A team
of Swedish entrepreneurs
is partnering with a local
energy company to build
a data center that will
Air quality device
Carbon negative data center in Sweden.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 51 4
MEETINGS AND SHOWS FULL CALENDAR: WWW.ASHRAE.ORG/CALENDAR
MAY AHRI Spring Meeting, May 5 – 7, Crystal City, Va.Contact Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigera-tion Institute at 703-524-8800, [email protected],or www.ahrinet.org.
EE Global 2015, May 12 – 13, Washington, D.C.Contact Becca Rohrer at Alliance to Save Ener-
gy at 202-530-2206, [email protected], or www.eeglobalforum.org.
AIA Convention 2015, May 14 – 16, Atlanta. Con-tact the American Institute of Architects at 800-242-3837, [email protected], or www.aia.org/convention.
AIHce 2015, May 30 – June 4, Salt Lake City. ContactLindsay Padilla at the American Industrial Hygiene
Association at 703-846-0754, [email protected], or www.aihce2015.org.
JUNE ASHRAE Annual Conference, June 27 – July 1, Atlanta. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723 [email protected].
JULYSolar 2015, July 28– 30, State College, Pa. Contact 303-443-3130, [email protected], or http://solar2015.ases.org.
AUGUSTNAFA Annual Convention, Aug. 27 – 29. Key West,Fla. Contact the National Air Filtration Associa-tion at 757-313-7400, [email protected], or www.nafahq.org.
SEPTEMBERI2SL Annual Conference, Sept. 21 – 23, San Diego.Contact the International Institute for SustainableLaboratories, at 703-841-5484 [email protected], or
www.i2sl.org/conference.
SMACNA Annual Convention, Sept. 27 – 30, Colo-rado Springs, Colo. Contact the Sheet Metal and AirConditioning Contractors’ Association at 703-803-2980, [email protected], or www.smacna.org.
RETA Conference, Sept. 29 – Oct. 2, Milwaukee.Contact the Refrigeration Engineers and Techni-cians Association at 831-455-8783, [email protected],or www.reta.com.
World Energy Engineering Congress, Sept.30 – Oct. 2, Orlando, Fla. Contact the Association ofEnergy Engineers at 770-447-5083, [email protected], or www.energycongress.com.
2015 ASHRAE Energy Modeling Conference: Toolsfor Designing High Performance Buildings, Sept.30 – Oct. 2, Atlanta. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723,[email protected], or www.ashrae.org/emc2015.
OCTOBERIFMA’s World Workplace, Oct. 7 – 9, Denver. Con-tact the International Facility Management Asso-ciation at 713-623-4362, [email protected], or www.ifma.org.
AMCA Annual Meeting, Oct. 15 – 18, Ojai, Calif.Contact the Air Movement and Control AssociationInternational at 847-394-0150 or www.amca.org.
AHR Expo-Mexico, Oct. 20 – 22, Guadalajara, Mex-ico. Contact the International Exposition Compa-ny at 203-221-9232, [email protected], or
www.ahrexpomexico.com.
CTBUH 2015, Oct. 26 – 30, New York. Contact theCouncil on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat at 312-567-3487, [email protected], or www.ctbuh2015.com.
NOVEMBER AHRI Annual Meeting, Nov. 15 – 17, Bonita Springs,Fla. Contact Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrig-eration Institute at 703-524-8800, [email protected], or www.ahrinet.org.
Greenbuild International Conference & Expo,Nov. 18 – 20, Washington, D.C. Contact organizers at866-815-9824, [email protected],or www.greenbuildexpo.com.
2016
JANUARYBuilding Innovation 2016, Jan. 11 – 15, Washington,D.C. Contact the National Institute of Building Sci-ences (NIBS) at 202-289-7800, [email protected], or
www.nibs.org/conference2016.
ASHRAE Winter Conference, Jan. 23 – 27, Orlando,Fla. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723 or meetings@
ashrae.org.
International Air-Conditioning, Heating, Re-frigerating Exhibition (AHR Expo), Jan. 25 – 27,Orlando, Fla. Cosponsored by ASHRAE and AHRI.Contact the International Exposition Company at203-221-9232.
JUNE ASHRAE Annual Conference, June 25 – 29,St. Louis. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723 [email protected].
JULY2016 Purdue Compressor/Refrigeration and AirConditioning and High Performance Buildings
Conferences and Short Courses, July 11 – 14, WestLafayette, Ind. Contact Kim Stockment at 765-494-6078, [email protected], or http://tinyurl.com/Purdue2016.
OCTOBER ASPE Convention and Exposition,Oct. 27 – Nov. 4,Phoenix. Contact the American Society of Plumb-ing Engineers at 847-296-0002, [email protected], or
www.aspe.org.
OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA
MAY2015 International Conference on Energy and En-
vironment in Ships, May 22 – 24, Athens, Greece.
Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723, [email protected], or www.ashrae.org/Ships2015.
JULYISHVAC-COBEE 2015, July 12 – 15, Tianjin, China.Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact organizers [email protected] or http://www.cobee.org.
AUGUSTIIR International Congress of Refrigeration, Aug.16 – 22, Yokohama, Japan. Endorsed by ASHRAE.Contact 81 3 3219 3541, [email protected], or
www.icr2015.org.
The Future of HVAC 2015 Conference, Aug. 18 – 19,Melbourne, Australia. Endorsed by ASHRAE.
Contact the Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Airconditioning and Heating (AIRAH) at 613 86233000 or http://tinyurl.com/HVACFuture.
SEPTEMBERMostra Convegno Expocomfort Asia, Sept. 2 – 4, Singapore. Contact Reed Expositions Singaporeat 65 6780 4671, fax 65 6588 3832, [email protected] or www.mcexpocomfort-asia.com.
XIV Conbrava, Sept. 22 – 25, Sao Paulo, Brazil. En-dorsed by ASHRAE. Contact organizers at (11) 33617266 ext. 207, [email protected], or http://abrava.com.br.
OCTOBER8th International Cold Climate HVAC Confer-ence, Oct. 20 – 23, Dalian, China. Endorsed by
ASHRAE. Contact organizers at 86 411 84709612,[email protected], or www.coldclimate2015.org.
11th International Conference on Industrial
Ventilation, Oct. 26 – 28, Shanghai. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact 86 21 65984243, [email protected], or www.ventilation2015.org.
NOVEMBER13th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Envi-ronment, Nov. 19 – 20, Hong Kong. Endorsed by
ASHRAE. Contact organizers at [email protected] or www.ashrae-hkc.org/APC2015.html.
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort Saudi, Nov.30 — Dec. 2, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Con tact ReedExhibitions at 39 02 4351701, fax 39 02 3314348,[email protected] or www.mcexpocomfort-saudi.com.
ASHRAE JOURNAL
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYFOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
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Papers must discuss how the research con-
tributes to technology. Papers should be
about 6,000 words. Abstracts and papers
should be submitted on Manuscript Cen-
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Contact Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D.,
Editor, at [email protected].
ASHRAE CONFERENCE PAPERS
For the 2016 Annual Conference in St.
Louis, technical papers are due Septem-
ber 14, 2015. For more information, con-
tact 678-539-1137 or [email protected].
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E s t i m a t e d A n n u a l C o s t s *
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 51 6
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Stephen K. Melink, P.E., is president of Melink Corp. in Milford, Ohio.
BY STEPHEN K. MELINK, P.E., MEMBER ASH RAE
Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Fire Mitigation
Foo -service esta is ments are notorious y prone to itc en fires t at
emana e from ig -energy coo ing app iances an often sprea o t e ooan uct sys em an somet mes eyon . T is s w y nsurance compa-
n es c assify suc esta is ments n ig er-ris ca egory t an mos ot er
commercia ui ings. An , t is s w y proper y esigne itc en venti a-
t on an fire suppress on sys em for coo ing equ pment s require y co e.1
According to the U.S. Fire Administration, cooking
was the leading cause of commercial building fires in
years 2007–11, averaging over 25,000 such fires per
year. The second leading cause averaged less than10,000 fires per year. In addition, the dollar loss for
cooking-related fires averaged almost $50 million per
year during this five-year period. And, although deaths
and injuries are not shown for specific causes, there
were 3,005 deaths and 17,500 injuries due to all fires in
just 2011.2
Therefore, it is relevant to ask how engineers can
mitigate these costs and risks going forward. Do we
continue to design the way we always have and accept
the above statistics as outside of our control? Or do we
seek opportunities to improve fire safety in areas within
our control?So often the emphasis gets placed on specifying the right
commercial kitchen hoods and fire suppression system.3
Yes, if a fire ever occurs, having a listed hood and fire sup-
pression system is important. We want the fire properly
contained at the source and immediately extinguished.
However, the previous statistics suggest more is necessary.
The purpose of this article is to suggest that additional
emphasis should be placed on fire mitigation strategies.
PHOTO 2 Stretched, cracked and almost broken belt. This is common for restaurantexhaust fans. Despite calls for proper maintenance by codes, this is oftenignored.
PHOTO 1 Grease exhaust fans with backdraft dampers locked in open position.Maintenance personnel got tired of dealing with dampers found stuck inthe closed position.
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 1 7
FEATURE
in weld seams. There is also a tendency for engineers to
rely on codes as their sole basis of design and not fully
recognize improvement opportunities.
As many engineers already know, since commercial
kitchen ventilation (CKV) systems are a type of HVACsystem, it would behoove our profession to educate
architects on the need to move CKV out of the food-
service section of the plans and specifications, and into
the mechanical section. The hoods are located in the
kitchen, but so are other HVAC components such as
grilles, registers, and diffusers. More importantly, the
food-service consultant usually has little or no knowl-
edge of the “V” in CKV or HVAC, and should not be spec-
ifying hoods, controls, and other features to which they
may not understand the consequences of their choices.
The engineer is uniquely positioned to ensure the
entire system is designed for optimal fire safety—as well
as energy efficiency—for the life of the building. And
though listed hoods for food-service applications are
widely available, there is more to designing than justspecifying listed equipment.
Nevertheless, the focus of this article is the portion
of the CKV system above the ceiling and how it can be
designed to improve fire safety. As such, following are
six design practices to consider in order of priority for
your future projects.
1. Design short, straight, and vertical grease ducts
whenever possible—and design horizontal ducts only
if necessary . Grease, like oil, is a highly flammable sub-
stance. If you’ve ever seen a grease fire along with its
FIGURE 1 Higher- and lower-risk designs of grease ducts.
Large High S.P. Exhaust FanBelt-Driven (Weak Link)
Between Roof & Ceiling: the Less “Stuff”the Better Because Out of Sight, Out ofMind Often Prevails in the O&M World.
Roof Line
Clean-Out
Clean-Out90° Turn
Damper
90° Turn
90° Turn
90° Turn
DamperClean-Out
90° Turn Clean-Out
Damper
90° Turn
Clean-Out
Typical Grease Duct Design with Single Exhaust Fan. Long duct runs, multiple 90-degree turns and dampers addsignificant resistance to airflow—increasing fan energy during most all operating conditions. Also, more expensive to install,
maintain and clean. Liability is also a concern with more surfaces and obstructions for grease to collect. Thus, clean-outs.Finally, one fan failure (belt/motor) can bring down the entire kitchen.
Higher Risk Design
Lower Risk Design
Roof Line
Smaller Low S.P. Exhaust FansDirect Drive (Less Maintenance)
Short & Straight Ducts(No Obstructions)
Improved Grease Duct Design with Dedicated Exhaust Fans. Short duct runs, without 90-degree turns and dampers,reduce resistance to airflow—minimizing fan energy. Also, very simple to install, maintain and clean. Liability is minimizedby creating a direct path for heat/smoke/grease to easily move up and out of the building. Finally, multiple fans provide saferedundancy in case of any problems.
Fire suppression, by definition, is
about extinguishing a fire after it
has already started. Fire mitigation,
on the other hand, is about reduc-
ing risks so that a fire is less likely to
occur in the first place or less likely
to spread and cause subsequent
damage/injuries.
Looking at the entire heat/grease
system from the cooking equipment
to the exhaust fan, the area with
the least published research and
most design variability from appli-
cation to application is the grease
duct. While listed grease ducts are
also available, they are usually onlyspecified where reduced clearances
to combustibles dictate their use.4
Otherwise, the more common prac-
tice is to custom design the grease
ducts in accordance with codes.5 But
this is typically done out of habit or
to reduce construction costs—and
not necessarily as a conscious effort
to improve fire safety.
Where there is custom design,
there is custom installation. And
where there is custom installation,
there is a higher probability of field
errors by the mechanical contrac-
tor. This often includes using the
wrong sheet metal and leaving holes
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 51 8
thick black smoke, you understand the serious natureof your work. Therefore, don’t mess around. Design
the grease ducts so that they provide the shortest path
for the heat and smoke to travel outside the building as
possible.
Long ducts provide more surface area for this grease to
collect and eventually serve as a potential fuel source for
a fire. And horizontal ducts provide a surface for heavy
grease particles to fall out of the airstream and collect at
a higher rate than vertical surfaces.5 In fact, grease often
“pools” in horizontal grease ducts, and this is a major
reason why clean-outs need to be installed. Yes, these
ducts are required to be sloped to facilitate draining, but
such drainage does not always occur due to inadvertent
low spots in the duct, the high viscosity of grease, and/or
entrainment caused by the operating exhaust fan. And
yes, conventional practice is to blame the hood and duct
cleaner if this happens, but smart design should dictate
that you eliminate the potential for grease collection
in the first place. Moreover, a horizontal duct usually
involves at least two 90-degree turns, and this additional
resistance requires more fan energy to move the designairflow. When you can design for both fire safety and
energy efficiency, all the better.
Though clean-outs are required for gaining access6
they introduce another potential weak link in the sys-
tem. Not only can grease leak at these clean-outs due to
an improper seal—and drip onto the hood and ceiling,
the covers are sometimes forgotten and left to allow
the exhaust air to short-cycle and cause impaired hood
performance. Moreover, if there is not a mezzanine with
proper access and lighting, leaving it up to duct cleaners
to find a way to navigate a ceiling full of electric con-duit, water lines, and cabling in the dark is a recipe for
problems.
Certainly, many existing buildings that are retrofitted
with commercial kitchens do not have the same design
flexibility as new construction. And even some new
construction has constraints on where the hoods, ducts,
and fans can be located. But to the degree designers have
influence on a project, we should speak to the architect
and owner with fire safety in mind, first and foremost.
Who knows, perhaps the discussion will open up new
possibilities. Perhaps the kitchen can extend to the side
of the main building on the first floor with the ducts and
fans immediately above it. Or perhaps the kitchen can
be moved to the top floor with better views and where
the ducts and fans can be positioned immediately above
it. Building owners do not want to incur undue risks and
liabilities, and so we need to speak up.
2. Eliminate obstructions such as dampers, filters,
coils, and 90-degree turns in grease ducts whenever
possible. Remember, the purpose of a kitchen ventila-
tion system is to remove potentially dangerous heatand smoke from the building as efficiently as possible.
And so designing obstructions in the duct only make
this more difficult.7 Yes, dampers, filters, coils, and
90-degree turns are a fact of life for most HVAC sys-
tems—but grease ducts are a different animal. Most
HVAC systems are not prone to collecting a highly com-
bustible substance and moving high-temperature air
through them. And, most HVAC systems are not as prone
to catching fire. So design the grease ducts as aerody-
namically as practical.
PHOTO 3 Direct-Drive Exhaust Fan. No belt can fail and cause heat/smoke issues.Also no belt drive losses and belt maintenance required.
PHOTO 4 Exhaust Fan with Grease on Roof. Indicates how extensively grease cancontaminate duct and fan system. Therefore best to keep them short,straight and vertical.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
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Think of your gas grille on the patio of your home.
Would you ever consider moving it into your kitchen
and installing a hood with modulating dampers, a bag
filter, heat exchanger, and four 90-degree turns before
it exits your second-floor roof? If not, why would you
do this for a hotel, hospital, or college with hundreds of
times more property value and occupant lives at stake?
And while you may be maintenance savvy as an engineer
what about the restaurant owner or his low-cost helper?
Energy efficiency is increasingly important in today’s
world, but it should never come at the expense of fire
safety.
Another reason not to design long grease ducts with
multiple turns is the hood fire suppression system will
be less effective if the inside of the duct catches fire. A
single nozzle aimed into the grease duct will cover lesssurface area if the duct is not short and straight.
3. Specify listed grease ducts. Factory-built systems
are designed with a double-wall construction and are
therefore stronger and more durable than single-wall
grease ducts. In addition, they are less apt to be installed
with holes/gaps in the seams and allow grease leaks to
occur because the assembly and welding mostly takes
place in a controlled environment. Experience shows
that trying to weld a liquid-tight vessel above the ceiling
where it is dark and easy to miss holes/gaps is largely
dependent on the quality of the welder. And since the
low-bid mechanical contractor usually gets the job, the
owner usually gets what he paid for. Finally, factory-
built systems are manufactured with stainless steel,
which has a higher temperature rating than black iron
sheet metal. This is important if/when a fire ever does
occur because if the grease duct fails, the fire will be able
to spread that much more quickly. Stainless steel buys
more time.
But if a listed grease duct cannot be specified and used
for whatever reason, then serious consideration shouldbe given to how the field-fabricated and welded grease
duct will be protected above and beyond the mini-
mal threshold of code compliance. For example, even
if the required clearance to combustibles is met, the
grease duct should ideally be wrapped with insulation
or enclosed so that a fire inside the duct cannot easily
spread outside the immediate surrounding area. Again,
fire mitigation is about preventing a fire from spreading
and becoming an out-of-control fire.
4. Design redundancy in the kitchen ventilation
system by including more than one exhaust fan
where there are multiple hoods. As already stated, the
purpose of a kitchen ventilation system is to remove
heat and smoke—and so when this vitally important
function stops because a single belt or motor fails, this
is as much a reflection of poor design as poor prod-
uct quality and/or maintenance. Some functions are
so mission-critical that unless the associated system
components are 99.99% reliable in design, construc-
tion, operation, and maintenance, redundancy is a
best-practice. That is why IT companies have serverslocated across the country. They cannot afford to lose
customer data if one natural disaster or terrorist attack
occurs. That is why airlines have at least two engines
on planes flying across the ocean. There are too many
lives at stake if a plane has just one engine and it fails
in mid-flight.
Yet, kitchen exhaust fans are almost as mission-crit-
ical in applications like hotels, hospitals, schools, and
high-rises occupied by hundreds of people. What do
you do if a hotel banquet kitchen is preparing food for
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TECHNICAL FEATURE
staff would not necessarily be thinking about the pos-
sible risks.
And if a fire does start and overtake the hood and
duct due to a fan failure and the resulting heat build-
up, then who is to blame? It would be easy to dismiss
our culpability as mechanical designers and blame
it on the motor manufacturer, maintenance staff,
hundreds of people on a Saturday night and there is
only one exhaust fan serving the kitchen—and then
the motor burns out? From a safety standpoint, you
should turn off the cooking equipment and apologize
to your customers because a new motor will not be
able to be installed very quickly. But in reality, the
pressure to continue cooking could prevail as the
kitchen cooks, or the fire suppres-
sion system. (Based on the statis-
tics mentioned earlier, we should
not assume fire suppression sys-
tems will necessarily put out all
fires). But in this litigious society
in which we live, lawyers will not
necessarily see it that way.
If a second duct and fan had beendesigned into the overall kitchen
ventilation system, it is possible
any smoke-related damage and
injuries/deaths could have been
avoided. This would not have pre-
vented the initial fire inside the
hood with a motor failure, but it
could have provided sufficient ven-
tilation through the other hoods to
keep smoke from reaching other
parts of the building and getting
into the eyes and lungs of kitchen
staff as they might try to put out
the fire or escape and call the fire
department.
5. Eliminate the weak link when
possible by specifying listed
direct-drive exhaust fans. The
fan belt is the infamous weak link
of most every kitchen ventilation
system out there. It’s a relativelycheap part that is prone to stretch-
ing, cracking, and eventually
breaking—and causing untold lost
business revenue, employee wages,
customer loyalty, and building
damage and human injury/lives for
the reasons mentioned earlier. And
it often breaks at the most inoppor-
tune time when demand for food
and thus ventilation is at its highest
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and the availability for repair service is at its lowest.
Again, think Saturday night.
Conventional on/off motor starters add to the problem
because they provide nearly instantaneous acceleration
at start-up, which means these weak links are severely
stressed—and stretched—every day when the hoods are
turned on in the morning. And so before the belt actu-
ally breaks, it will gradually become loose within the
pulley grooves and slip, resulting in slower and slower
fan speeds over time.
The solution is to specify direct-drive exhaust fans
and variable-frequency drives (VFDs) when possible
to eliminate this problem. Conventional practice is
to point the finger at maintenance for not regularly
replacing these belts, but why not think proactively
and design more reliable systems? Fan manufacturershave made major strides in recognizing this need and
opportunity by expanding their fan lines to include
direct-drive (up to approximately 3,000 cfm [1416
L/s], currently) over the last five to 10 years, and so it
is up to the mechanical designer to take advantage of
this when possible. Don’t let a $10 part fail and cause
a potential fire because “that’s the way it’s always
been done.”
And don’t let the VFD become the next weakest link by
allowing a low-quality drive to be used. Specify a top-tier
brand with a national and preferably global reputation
for quality.
6. Specify a listed demand control kitchen ventila-
tion (DCKV) system. This allows the customer to gain
more utility from the VFDs than just setting a fixed
speed on direct-drive fans. It also allows the customer
to gain more utility from minimally intelligent auto-
start systems now required by code. In fact, most codes
now require an electrical or thermal interlock between
the cooking equipment and hood fans to address the
possibility that cooks may forget to turn the system onin the morning or off at night.6,8 With little or no extra
cost, the CKV system can be designed with DCKV capa-
bility and thereby modulate the exhaust and make-up
fan speeds based on temperature and/or smoke to save
energy.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a s h ra e .o r g M A Y 2 0 1 52 6
Fire-prevention features of a well-engineered DCKV
system include an audible alarm if the exhaust air tem-
perature rises within 100°F (38°C) of the activation tem-
perature of the fire suppression system. Similar to new
cars with sensors that tell you when you are getting too
close to another object, new hoods should be specified to
“beep” and tell you if the exhaust air temperatures are
getting dangerously high. Another possibility is an auto-
matic gas/electric shut-off capability if the exhaust air
temperature continues to rise within, say, 50°F (10°C) of
the activation temperature. Why wait until the fire sup-
pression system is activated to shut-off the fuel source?
In this day and age, intelligent hoods should monitor,
communicate, and control to prevent a potential disas-
ter from occurring. Specify accordingly.
SummaryIn conclusion, no food-service establishment is fire-
proof, but we can help design them to be more fire safe.
More specifically, design grease ducts so that they are
short, straight, and vertical whenever possible. Design
them without obstructions so that the heat and smoke
can exit the building in the most efficient manner pos-
sible. And, specify UL-listed grease ducts to provide
an extra barrier between the potential fire source and
combustibles. Furthermore, design the CKV system
with more than one exhaust fan so that there is a level of
redundancy in ventilation in case one fan goes down. To
minimize this possibility, eliminate the belt by specify-
ing direct drive fans where applicable. Lastly, specify
a DCKV system so that the fans not only automatically
start upon the detection of heat—but so that temperature
alarms can signal if/when the exhaust temperature rises
above normal and/or safe levels.
These design practices are especially important in
buildings occupied by hundreds of people. And it is even
more important for systems that may receive little pre- ventive maintenance. Anything designed above the ceil-
ing is not only out of sight—but very often out of mind
until it fails.
Yes, there are some things outside of our control as the
mechanical designer when it comes to fire mitigation.
But there are also things within our control. The purpose
of this article was to highlight the latter and advocate
for a bias towards safety. The engineer should never
abdicate his professional responsibilities to the owner,
architect, manufacturer, contractor, or food-service con-
sultant because “that’s the way it’s always been done.”
Sleeping well at night might depend on it someday.
Notes1. NFPA. National Fire Protection Association Standard 96-2014,
Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking
Operations. Also the Uniform Mechanical Code, UMC 2012 borrows
most NFPA 96 requirements related to fire suppression for com-
mercial cooking. Moreover, the International Mechanical Code,
IMC 2012 Chapter 5 covers this area.
2. U.S. Fire Administration. 2011. “Restaurant Building Fires.”
Topical Fire Report Series. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
3. Griffin, B., M. Morgan. 2014. “60 years of commercial kitchenfire suppression.” ASHRAE Journal, June.
4. UL. UL Standard 1978, Grease Ducts. Covers factory-built grease
ducts and grease duct assemblies that are intended to be installed
at reduced clearances.
5. Gerstler, W.D. 2002. “New Rules for Kitchen Exhaust.” ASHRAE
Journal, November.
6. IAPMO. 2012. Uniform Mechanical Code and ICC. 2012. Interna-
tional Mechanical Code.
7. Duda, S.W. 2014. “Fire & Smoke Damper Application Require-
ments.” ASHRAE Journal, July. This states under Other Rules: Do not
put any dampers in Type 1 grease exhaust systems.
8. California Energy Commission. Title 24, Building Energy Ef-
ficiency Standards and ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
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Frank Shadpour, P.E., and Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E., are principals at SC Engineers in San Diego, Calif. Shadpour is a member of TC 1.4, control theory and application.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
BY FRANK SHADP OUR, P.E., HFDP, FELLOW ASHRAE; JOSEP H KILCOYNE, P.E., MEMBE R ASHRAE
for Building Automation Dashboards
an you mag ne riving a car without a ashboar ? The thought seems nconce v-
able to ay, ye n 1914, the For Mo el ser es was intro uce o the worl without a
ashboar . n the early ays of the automobile in ustry, sys em reliability an func-
tionality were the pr mary concern. Spee , fuel economy, an alarms were secon -
ary pr or t es, if consi ere a all. s t me progresse , so i the nee s of the average
river. Cars manufacture to ay often come stan ar with ashboar s that provi e
real-time mon tor ng of fuel economy, an serve as the ma n interface for auxiliary
serv ces such as GPS irections, phone calls, an car au io.
Building operations share similar principles with the
operation of a motor vehicle: both run on “fuel,” both
require continuous maintenance for proper operation
and longevity, and both can be optimized to operate
at greater efficiencies. However, while the automobile
dashboard has become a universal industry standard,
the majority of buildings still operate without the con- venience and effectiveness of this valuable feature. It is
time for the building industry to catch up. This article
proposes a rational basis for evaluating the performance
criteria of building automation dashboards.
What is a Dashboard? The term “dashboard” originally applied to a barrier
of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn
carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or
other debris “dashed up” by the horses’ hooves. The
term has gained popularity in the computing indus-
try since the Hewlett-Packard Company released
Dashboard for Windows in 1992. While the specific
definition of the term varies by market, a commonly
accepted definition includes “a visual display of themost important information needed to achieve one
or more objectives; consolidated and arranged on a
single screen so the information can be monitored at a
glance.”1
For most observers, the term energy dashboard
brings to mind images of sleek lobby displays for LEED-
certified buildings that tout “green facts” or total facility
emission reductions in terms of “trees planted” or “cars
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FEATURE
taken off of the road.” While these items are certainly
eye-catching and intuitive to the casual observer, they
only scratch the surface of the potential of building
dashboards. Today’s dashboard users have the ability to
acquire real-time customized data from sources never
available before and to make informed decisions to con-
tinuously optimize building operations.
Need for Classification
All dashboards are not created equal. The term “dash-
board” today continues to be flaunted when market-
ing any screen-based display with flashy graphics and
energy related charts. But what do you get when you
decide to purchase a dashboard?
Prospective dashboard users should know:
• Is the dashboard strictly related to facility energyuse or does it also provide insight into building automa-
tion systems?
• Can the dashboard be individually customized for
my facility’s HVAC technician, as well as the building
manager, and CEO?
There are currently no universal dashboard classifica-
tion standards that establish performance criteria for
rational evaluation of the requirements for energy or
building automation dashboards. A uniform reference
for comparing services and functionality is necessary
and would be an invaluable tool when choosing between
dashboard software packages. Unfortunately, this tool
does not exist today.
Three essential elements to consider when selecting
dashboard software include:
• Intuitive Graphics. Are the graphics clear and in-
tuitive so that they are easily understood without resort-
ing to supplemental instructions?
• Analytical Tools. Do the dashboard analytical tools
have the capability to integrate multiple live and historic
data sources to provide real-time decision-makinginformation?
• Ease of Customization. Can the dashboard be eas-
ily customized to adapt to the program requirements
of maintenance, operations, and financial building
personnel?
This article presents a rational method for categorizing
building automation dashboards to indicate required
features at each level so that owners, operators, design-
ers, and contractors can discuss their needs in the same
terms. The proposed classification is established with
levels similar to the ASHRAE categorization of the build-
ing energy audit process.2
The proposed method of classification includes four
dashboard levels. Each level contains the functionality
and toolsets provided in all lower levels.
Level 0: Static Data Dashboards
We start at Level 0 with dashboards that use static
data sets only. These dashboards are typically cre-
ated by engineers to illustrate the relationship among
several potential conditions during the facility plan-
ning process. Level 0 dashboards can be thought of as“interactive reports.” Instead of presenting a printed
report with fixed assumptions for projected rates and
tariffs, the Level 0 dashboards allow the user to see
how changes in rates or efficiencies will affect their
key performance indicators. The intent of the Level 0
dashboard is to provide an intuitive graphical inter-
face that allows the user to quickly manipulate large
data sets and calculate a key variable such as payback
period, projected budget, or comparative life-cycle
costs.
The Industry Speaks
An original survey performed by the authors of more
than 100 HVAC professionals including facility manag-
ers, engineers, and control technicians was conductedto gauge industry interest in dashboards for this
article. Participants were asked to list the dashboard
features that interest them the most. The following
list indicates the most popular features in prioritized
order:
• Real-time energy costs;
• Fault detection and diagnostics;
• Integrated facility control;
• Weather data;
• Integrated lighting control;
• Renewable energy system monitoring;
• Trend analysis;
• Remote access;
• Manual override notification; and
• Fire alarm system monitoring.
The same survey revealed that 73% of participants
indicated that the ability to customize a dashboard was
“very important” to them, and 58% indicated that they
would prefer a custom third party dashboard interface
to their existing HVAC control graphics.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 53 0
The proposed categories begin with Level
0 rather than Level 1 because the Level 0 is
not accessing or displaying any real-time
live data even though it may have the look
and features of a live data dashboard. Data
sources commonly used in Level 0 include
building energy simulation results, historic
interval meter data, and other large static
data sets from which valuable insight can
be derived. Level 0 dashboards are most
frequently used for master planning pur-
poses when comparative “what-if” analyses
of building life cycle and projected con-
struction costs allow an owner to make bet-
ter informed capital planning decisions.
Figure 1 is a sample of a Level 0 dashboardthat shows an interactive campus master
energy plan.3 Comprehensive cost and
energy savings calculations are drawn upon
to provide a dynamic analysis of energy
efficiency and renewable energy opportu-
nities. Projected inflation rates and financ-
ing rates can be adjusted to show how they
impact the bottom line.
Level 1: Live Display Dashboards The most commonly perceived version of
an energy dashboard is provided at Level 1
where live data sources are displayed. The
Level 1 dashboard will typically display real-
time energy data, building characteristics,
LEED performance, and “green tips.” These
FIGURE 1 Level 0 dashboards allow manipulation of static data sets. The relationship among mul-tiple variables and options can be demonstrated in an intuitive display.
FIGURE 2 Level 1 dashboards typically display facility energy performance data streamed fromenergy meters and the building automation system.
dashboards can exist as physical display kiosks located
within the building or as virtual displays to be accessed
over the internet. The goal of the Level 1 dashboard is to
create occupant awareness through the display of actual
building performance, demonstration of real-time sus-tainable design features, tips on how to be efficient, and
other educational features.
Level 1 dashboard display data is typically derived
from sources such as energy meters, building automa-
tion systems, trend data, and LEED scorecards. The
Level 1 dashboard can display the energy use inten-
sities of multiple buildings at an enterprise level or
compare a single building’s current monthly energy
use to the previous year. The level of detail for the data
provided in a Level 1 dashboard can range from whole
building energy use down to sub-metered systems or
equipment. Figure 2 shows a sample live data energy-
efficiency dashboard.
Level 1 dashboards are intended for monitoring and
display purposes only. Additional analysis is often notavailable or limited to a few “out of the box” tools such as
utility rate or bill analysis engines.
Level 2: Integrated Control and Analytics DashboardsLevel 2 dashboards introduce three additional capa-
bilities: analytics, web services, and integrated controls.
Analytics
Perhaps the biggest buzzword in the building automa-
tion industry today is analytics. Promises of advanced
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Integrated Controls
The widespread use of open communications control
protocols such as BACnet in today’s smart building sys-
tems has opened the marketplace to integration com-
panies who offer a single source solution to integrated
supervisory control of field level equipment controllers
from different manufacturers.
With this advent of third-party software platforms that
can replace a DDC hardware manufacturer’s front end
graphics, building operators now have a choice to leave
their standard graphics behind and produce customized
building automation dashboards.
By adding the capability to send commands to digital
control systems, Level 2 integrated building automa-
tion dashboards can become the primary graphical user
interface for building monitoring and operation. Level 2building automation dashboards offer the added advan-
tage of being able to overlay energy usage, trend plots,
and other key performance indicators on top of standard
HVAC equipment graphics enabling users to diagnose
equipment operation at a glance. Additionally, building
automation dashboards which integrate other smart
building systems such as lighting control, fire alarm,
and CCTV offer the capability to display multiple build-
ing systems on the same graphic floor plan as shown in
Figure 3. With Level 2 dashboards, supervisory control
sequences which span several building systems become
possible. By assigning certain HVAC systems and lighting
circuits to each building occupant’s key card, access by a
single occupant during off hours can trigger the build-
ing automation dashboard to only enable those systems
required to light and condition the spaces occupied by
that tenant.
Level 3: Ongoing Commissioning DashboardsLevel 3 dashboards bring a third level of analysis to the
dashboard. It provides an instrument that continuouslymines the “big data” generated by smart building sys-
tems to optimize each system. The recent rapid increases
in building automation server power and storage capaci-
ties have led to a trend to store more and more historic
data. It is not uncommon today for facilities to trend
every point in their BAS at 15 minute intervals for an
entire year. Sorting through this data to look for patterns
simply isn’t possible with conventional means.
This trend has led to the emergence of a market for
automated fault detection and diagnostics, or FDD. FDD
analytics seem to be part of the marketing materials for
every building intelligence software proposal.
But what are analytics? The term analytics applies
to software that provides usable information result-
ing from systematic analysis of data and statistics.
Essentially, analytics are number crunching software
packages working behind-the-scenes to generate the
dashboard key performance indicators. While Level 1
dashboards may contain a few simple analytic func-
tions, the Level 2 dashboard enables the program-
mer and user to produce customized analytical tools
to focus on specific elements relevant to individual
users.
For instance, if an HVAC technician is interested in
seeing if a central chilled water plant is operating more
efficiently after implementing a new chiller stagingsequence, the analytical function could be set up as
follows:
• Use trend data from the building automation sys-
tem to average chiller plant power usage per ton hour
delivered.
• Leverage historical weather databases to normalize
the data per cooling degree day.
Once the analytic is produced, it is available to con-
tinue tracking the central plant performance or to be
applied to other central plants in additional buildings.
Web Services3
Web services establish standardized methods for inte-
grating analytical applications over an internet protocol
network. They allow exchange of data and communi-
cation between electronic devices. The web services
are software systems designed to support machine-to-
machine interaction over various networks.
Often, web services use eXtensible Markup Language,
or XML. XML provides a practical method to package
data so that it can be transferred between various inter-net applications. It is basically a data file protocol to sim-
plify the process to package, tag, store, and find data.
Building automation systems may use simple object
access protocol (SOAP) to access XML and HTML files
from various web services to obtain the data necessary
to support the analytic programs. As the price of energy
rises, web services, XML and SOAP will likely play a sig-
nificant role in reducing energy consumption cost by
providing the information required to make operating
decisions in a timely manner.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 53 4
consists of overlaying software platforms
which analyze historic databases with a
goal to identify faults and determine their
root causes. FDD can also document actions
taken to correct those faults and monitor the
resulting energy and cost savings. Enabled
with FDD software, a Level 3 dashboard can
automatically alert a user of system failures
and deviations, identify the root cause of an
issue, calculate deviations between actual
and optimal performance, and prioritize
remedies by importance and potential oper-
ating cost savings.
In an FDD application, a set of rules is cre-
ated by which all network data points are
run through to continuously check for defi-cient system operation or deviation from a
particular sequence of operation. Most FDD
platforms available today come with a set of
FIGURE 3 Level 2 dashboards can offer a single customized graphical user interface to monitor and
control multiple facility disciplines. Overlaying energy performance data and trend analytics onoperational interfaces gives operators the data required to run their facilities more efficiently.
standard rules to identify common HVAC system deficien-
cies such as:
• Simultaneous heating and cooling;
• Short cycling of equipment;
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to immediately improve performance. Figure 4 shows a
sample FDD dashboard graphic.
The fault detection and diagnostics market is still in
its infancy. Most of the available platforms come from
third party applications offered in a software-as-a-ser-
vice (SaaS) model in which the software is licensed on a
subscription basis and centrally hosted.
Many forward thinking owners are preparing for the
emergence of the mainstream market of FDD “apps”
by standardizing the protocols for labeling and storing
data. By organizing their historian databases in an open
relational database-management-system (DBMS) such
as standard query language (SQL) and providing a con-
sistent point naming or tagging standard across their
networks, they can significantly reduce the effort andcost to map their point databases to any combination
of ongoing commissioning and FDD applications they
chose. The ultimate goal is a system configuration where
multiple applications from several manufacturers are
accessing a facility’s DBMS server simultaneously and
providing vendor-specific reports to accomplish indi-
vidual facility objectives.
Conclusion As the market for energy and building automation
dashboards continues to expand, there is an increas-
ing need to provide a rational basis to classify standard
and advanced dashboard features. Rational building
automation dashboard classifications are necessary to
allow an “apples to apples” comparison when choosing
between platforms.
This article presents four levels of dashboards ranging
from interactive analysis of static data to ongoing con-
tinuous analysis of live streams of building automation
“big data” sets. Armed with a better notion of the overall
range of available dashboard toolsets and the required
amount of effort to accomplish each Level, facility own-
ers and operators can select an application which best
suits their needs.
For the industry to see the full inherent value andpossibilities in energy and building automation dash-
boards, we must first provide the language and struc-
ture to characterize them. This effort is long overdue.
References1. Few, S. 2007. “Dashboard confusion revisited.” Visual Business
Intelligence Newsletter March.
2. ASHRAE. 2011. Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits,
Second Edition.
3. Shadpour, F. 2012. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control:
Practical Applications and Design, Third Edition.
FIGURE 4 Level 3 dashboards can provide automated fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) software tocontinuously identify and display conditions resulting in sub-optimal energy performance or thermalcomfort conditions.
• Degraded heating or cooling
functions;
• Suboptimal economizer opera-
tion;
• Non-functioning sensors;
• Setpoints overridden; and
• Equipment not operating with
schedules.
Custom rules can be developed
with a Level 3 dashboard to address
specific project requirements and
conform to unique sequences of
operations. An FDD program can
be programmed to not only identify
specific faults but document their
duration, evaluate their cause, anddetermine the economic operating
costs associated with each fault. The
goal of these efforts is what indus-
try insiders call “actionable intel-
ligence” to provide notifications of
conditions, which can be addressed
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BUILDIN G AT A GLANCE
Matthew Longsine, P.E., is senior associate, Building Mechanical Systems at WSP, Seattle.
The 51,000 ft2 lab facility func-
tions as a shared research facil-
ity for the City of Tacoma, the
University of Washington and
Puget Sound Partnership.
The facility was proposed to
maintain the cleanliness of the
waterway & help restore, protect
and maintain other water bodies
throughout the Puget Sound.
FIRST PLACE
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, OTHER INSTITUTIONAL, NEW
2015 ASHRAE TECHNOLOGY AWARD CASE STUDIES
BY MATTHEW LONGSINE, P.E., ASSOCIATE MEMBER ASHRAE
Tacoma Center
For Urban Waters
Location: Tacoma, Wash.
Owner: National Development Council,HEDC Public-Private Partnerships forthe City of Tacoma
Principal Use: Research
Includes: City of Tacoma office space
Employees/Occupants:104
Gross Square Footage: 51,000
Conditioned Space Square Footage: 40,000
Substantial Completion/Occupancy: March 2010
Occupancy: Approximately 85%
The acoma Center for Urban aters s a three-story
a u ng t at env s one y t e ty o acoma,
Wash., to be a beacon on the water; an icon that can be
seen from the owntown core; an an example of us ng
u ng an s te susta na e strateg es t at se t e
irection for future projects in the city. The 51,000 ft
(4738 m ) buil ing functions as a share research facil-
ty or the ty o acoma, n vers ty o Washington, an
Puget Soun Partnership.
ur ng the mi -1990s, the City of acoma, Wash., n
partnership with the Environmental rotect on gency
(EPA) un ertook a major cleanup effort of the Theo
oss aterway, locate just east of the city’s bustling
owntown.
B E N
B E N S C H N E I D E R
A Beacon For Urban Waters
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 3 9
ABOVE Typical lab space. Note the light fix-
tures placed over the work station, the greenpiping chase to service the lab benches, and
the north facing access to daylight and views.
LEFT Mechanical penthouse showing chilled
water pumps with water-to-water heat pump.
OLOGY AWARD CASE STUDIES
It took nearly 12 years to undo decades of pollution
and sewage dumped directly into the waterway. At
the completion of this undertaking, a new facility was
proposed to maintain the cleanliness of the waterway
and help restore, protect and maintain other waterbodies throughout the Puget Sound.
This mix of scientists, engineers and policymak-
ers helps implement best practices in serving the
environment. The lab focuses on receiving and ana-
lyzing water samples from the waterways of Tacoma
and surrounding areas, and 9,000 ft2 (836 m2) of
the building is dedicated to laboratory testing and
research.
This project was completed using an integrated, col-
laborative effort throughout design and construction
with ambitious sustainable goals, and is now certified as
a LEED v2.2 Platinum laboratory. The following design
features were all critical to the successful implementa-
tion of this project:
• Ground loop geoexchange heating and cooling;
• Heat recovery;
• Energy efficient lighting;
• Daylighting;
• Natural ventilation;
• Radiant floors;
• Low-e glass and exterior operable shading; • VAV low-flow fume hoods;
• Low-flow plumbing fixtures & rainwater
harvesting;
• Green roof; and
• Energy efficient HVAC components.
Mechanical Systems The building’s central plant consists of a 200 ton (703
kW) ground source water-to-water heat pump that com-
bines with a geoexchange loop with 84 bore holes at an
average of 280 ft (85 m) deep each. The water-to-water
heat pump can simultaneously produce hot and chilled
water that is pumped throughout the building. As a cost
saving measure, the ground loop was sized for 100%
of the heating load and only 75% of the cooling load. Therefore, a 70 ton (246 kW) fluid cooler was provided
for peak cooling operation. After observing the build-
ing’s operation, the fluid cooler only operates two or
three times a year.
Given the mixed occupancy of lab and office space,
the building has been divided into two separate
spaces that are conditioned by two separate system
types. For the lab, a 60 ton (211 kW) variable air vol-
ume (VAV) air-handling unit (AHU) delivers 18,500
cfm (8731 L/s) of air to the space while two 21,000 cfm
(9911 L/s) VAV lab exhaust fans have been provided
that connect to the fume hoods, snorkels, bio-safety
cabinets and general exhaust. A runaround loop was
provided so the warm air from the exhaust system is
transferred via water and serves as a preheat coil for
the air handling unit.
For the office space, a 40 ton (140 kW) 100% outside air
AHU delivers 9,300 cfm (4389 L/s) to the space. This unit
also has been provided with a heat recovery enthalpy
wheel, so that all return air, including the toilet exhaust,
passes through the enthalpy wheel, which serves as pre-heat for the supply air (or precooling in summer).
The majority of the office floor plate is open, with few
enclosed offices or conference rooms. This, combined
with a narrow floor plate of 25 ft (7.6 m) wide, serves as
an ideal environment for a passive ventilation and cool-
ing solution.
Operable windows are provided in combination with
room indicator lights that let the occupants know when
the most ideal outdoor air conditions are to open the
windows. For times when the windows are shut, the
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 54 0
floor can be activated through a
radiant floor system that has been
sized for both the heating and cool-
ing loads of the office. With the nat-
ural ventilation/radiant system, the
air-handling unit size was reduced
by nearly 80%, which opened up
ceilings and spaces.
Energy Efficiency Traditionally, laboratories use
large amounts of energy for their
operations. Tacoma Center for
Urban Waters was designed with
efficiency and sustainability in mind
from the initial phases of the projectand was targeted during design to
use 32.8% less energy than ASHRAE/
IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 and
36.6% less cost savings.
We conducted energy and ther-
mal simulations in the early design
stages to determine the most effective
strategies. According to the AIA 2030
Commitment Reporting Tool Design
Year 2010, the average lab building
energy use intensity (EUI) is 370.
From our modeling simulations, we
are able to determine a baseline EUI
of 122 with a design EUI of 82.
After one year’s occupancy, we
discovered that the Tacoma Center
for Urban Waters Project performs
slightly higher than which it was
designed, and has an actual EUI of 85.
The project’s exemplary EUI reduc-
tion of 77% meets the 2030 Challenge.
Indoor Air Quality & Thermal ComfortIn accordance with ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2004, each lab has
been provided with an air monitor-
ing system that measures the vary-
ing quantities of supply and exhaust
in the room and adjusts to ensure
that these spaces are always nega-
tively pressurized from the rest of
the building, so chemical odors can-
not migrate into surrounding spaces
affecting the occupants.
Three of the labs require an envi-
ronment where the room must
be positively pressurized. In these
instances, an override button is pro-
vided at the lab’s exit to reverse the
pressurization in the event of a spill.
In addition to the labs, janitor’s clos-
ets and copy rooms are negatively
pressurized as well.
Air-handling units serving these
spaces provide 100% outside air with
no recirculation of air back to the
building. High occupancy densitynon-lab spaces, consisting of confer-
ence and meeting rooms and rooms
with occupancies greater than 25
people per 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) are
equipped with CO2 sensors to help
track indoor environmental quality.
The building is located in an
industrial area of Tacoma, Wash.,
that is not conducive to a natural
ventilation solution. Given the site’s
close proximity to water combined
with the prevailing winds, early site
studies were conducted to ensure
odors or contaminants from nearby
properties would not affect the air
quality inside the building.
The contractor also implemented
measures to maintain high indoor air
quality during construction including
temporary filters on equipment that
were replaced prior to occupancy anda building flush out, earning EQc3 in
the LEED NC v2.2 rating system.
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 is
based on the Predicted Mean Vote
(PMV) comfort model, which incor-
porates heat transfer models to
relate the personal activity levels,
clothing and environmental con-
ditions, enabling us to calculate a
value on a thermal sensation scale.
TABLE 2 Energy use intensity (EUI) summary.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION(KBTU/FT 2·YR)
Baseline Design 122
Modeled Design 82
Actual Use 85
TABLE 1 Total building annual utility consumption.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
2013ELECTRICITY
(KWH)NATURAL GAS
(THERMS)
January 121,000 195
February 114,000 216
March 96,000 165
April 97,000 225
May 103,000 190
June 105,000 206
July 113,000 176
August 117,000 168
September 104,000 192
October 95,000 184
November 94,000 192
December 116,000 205
TOTAL ANNUAL 1,275,000 2,314
The scale ranges from –3 (cold)
to +3 (hot). A PMV of –0.5 to +0.5
meets Standard 55-2004. Standard
55-2004 does not specify minimum
humidity levels. The output from
the ASHRAE comfort model indi-
cates that the indoor design condi-
tions meet the Standard 55-2004
with a rating of –0.31 in the summer
and a –0.10 in the winter.
Innovation The most innovative part of the
project is the use of the geoexchange
system. At depths below 12 ft (3.6 m),
the earth is typically at a relatively
constant temperature compared with
the surrounding air (approximately
55°F [12.7°C] in the Puget Sound
region). When feasible, this makes
it an ideal medium to either reject
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 4 1
heat from the building in the cooling cycle or draw energy
from the earth for heating the building. As mentioned
previously, 84 wells were provided as part of this system
with an average depth of 280 ft (85 m). The original design
called for 76 wells with depths of 300 ft (91 m).
Early on in the drilling of the wells, it was found that given
the site’s proximity to the waterway, approximately 50 ft (15
m) on the west and 150 ft (46 m) on the south, the wells on
the north side of the site began to cave in on themselves at
approximately 240 to 260 ft (73 to 79 m) as the soil became
unstable. This was not an issue for the test well, which was
drilled during the design phase of the project. It was later
found the test well was drilled on the north side of the proj-
ect’s site, where the soil was more stable and the originally
planned 300 ft (91 m) well depth could easily be achieved.
To overcome the shortfall in capacity that would haveresulted from a reduced average borehole depth, eight
more wells were drilled on site to enable the well field to
away from the windows access to natural light that they
wouldn’t have in a standard office design.
A second synergy found between the lab planner and
engineer was on the function of the fume hoods located
in the labs. Historically, a typical design face velocity
used for fume hood design is 100 fpm (0.508 m/s). This
practice had been rarely challenged until recent years,
but studies have shown that a hood can be just as effec-
tive in containing their environment at face velocities as
low as 60 fpm (0.305 m/s), depending on what and how
meet the building’s heat-
ing and cooling loads.
Integrated design was a
common theme through-
out the design process.
The mechanical engineer
worked closely with the
architect and the rest of
the design team to find
synergies between build-
ing envelope and the
mechanical systems to
reduce system loads.
One of those synergies
was to provide a dynamic
exterior shading system.
A sun tracking device
located on the roof of the
building monitors thesun’s position and brightness levels throughout the day.
Depending on the brightness level, a signal is sent to
exterior blinds located on the south façade of the build-
ing that can raise, lower, open and close. If the building
occupants want more or less light, regardless of the out-
door conditions, an override switch is provided giving
the user control of their environment. In addition to
the external shading, light shelves have been provided
above the blinds to help introduce reflected sunlight
deep into the building’s space, giving occupants situated
FIGURE 1 Overview of the sustainable features that have been provided at theCenter for Urban Waters.
Center for Urban WatersSustainable Strategies
1
1 Green Roof
2 Summer Sun
3 Win te r Sun
4 Water Storage Tanks
5 Irrigation from StorageTanks
6 Rain Garden
7 Natural Ventilation
8 Ground SourceHeat and Cool
9 Radiant Floor
10 Excess Clean WaterFrom Labs
11 Flush Toilets fromStorage Tanks
2
3
11
7
9 7 6
4
8
5
10
FIGURE 2 Highlights of the building’s water use and reuse.
Baseline Potable Water Consumption425,600 Non-Conserving Fixtures53,000 Irrigation260,000 Runoff System
738,600 Gal./Yr.
Rainwater Collection100,000 Gal./Yr. Water Storage Tanks
(41,000 Gal./Ea.)
Runoff Reject130,000 Gal./Yr.
Toilets & Urinals
Waste Water447,700 Gal./Yr.
Domestic Water Main
Storm Main
Waste Main
Reverse OsmosisWater Treatment
System
RunoffWater to
Labs
Potable Water400,700 Gal./Yr.
Irrigation53,000 Gal./Yr.
Storm Water Runoff398,500 Gal./Yr.
Precipitation498,500 Gal./Yr.
Water Conservation & Reclaim738,600 Baseline Gal./Yr.–223,900 Conservi ng Fixtures–61,000 Toilet Flushing from Storage Tanks–53,000 Irrigati on from Storage Tanks
400,700 Gal./Yr. (46% Savings)Storm Waste Water
Runoff Reject DomesticIrrigati on Toilet Supply
C r e d i t : P e r k i n s + W i l l
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 54 2
the fume hood is being used and provided the overall
room air distribution is properly specified. After delib-
eration with owner stakeholders, as a compromise, 75
fpm (0.381 m/s) was ultimately chosen for the design
face velocity on all fume hoods.
An exceptional calculation to ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
90.1-2004 was performed, which yielded an additional
3 to 4% energy savings for the building through the
reduction in face velocity at the hoods. This savings also
earned an additional LEED point under Credit EA 1.
Another innovative component of the project is the use
of rainwater harvesting and reuse for non-potable water
applications. Two 36,000 gallon (136 275 L) water storage
tanks sit outside the building and collect rain water and
deionized lab water to be used for toilet flushing and
irrigation. Combined with low flow plumbing fixtures,
this project sees a 46% reduction in water use relative
to the LEED baseline. To help building occupants and
visitor’s better understand the impact of these tanks, an
LED display located on the outside of each tank shows
how much water is stored throughout the year.
Operation and MaintenanceFor the first year of operation, the building did not per-
form as well as expected. Given the then limited experience
with centralized ground loop heat pump systems in theNorthwest, fine-tuning the equipment to operate at its full
potential took longer than expected by all parties involved.
The building engineer was engaged throughout the
process and understood how the mechanical systems
were supposed to operate and understood the benefits
that could be achieved and therefore was committed to
seeing the commissioning process through. Nearly one
year after occupancy, the building was fully commis-
sioned, and now is performing as expected. Thus far,
the building management team appreciates the many
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
H u m i d i t y R a t i o ( l b
w / k l b
d a
)
Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)
Dry Bulb 66.4°FRelative Humidity 100.0%Humidity Ratio 19.3 lbw/klbdaWet Bulb 73.2°FDew Point 75.6°FHumidity 21.1 Btu/lb
Dry Bulb 67.2°FRelative Humidity 100.0%Humidity Ratio 19.3 lbw/klbdaWet Bulb 73.5°FDew Point 75.6°FHumidity 21.1 Btu/lb
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
H u m i d i t y R a t i o ( l b w
/ k l b
d a
)
Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)
FIGURE 3 Summer indoor setpoint (left); winter indoor setpoint (right).
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a s h ra e .o r g M A Y 2 0 1 54 4
sustainable features for this project.
An interactive building energy dashboard is displayed
in the lobby of the building, giving the occupants the
chance to see how much energy and water is used on a
weekly, monthly and yearly basis. Comparisons to previ-
ous time frames can also be displayed to show how well
the building performs over time.
Cost Effectiveness With any lab facility, cost for mechanical equipment is
at a premium. The total construction cost for this project
was $18.3 million ($359/ft2 [$3864/m2)], with $4.1 million
($80/ft2 [$861 m2]) dedicated to the HVAC and plumb-
ing costs, which was on budget. Energy modeling for the
project was simulated for LEED Certification compliance
to demonstrate that the building performs 36.6% (energycost) better than a baseline building defined using the
Performance Rating Method in ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
90.1-2004, reducing significantly long-term operational
costs. In addition, the geoexchange ground loop will last
the life of the building without requiring replacement, or
any anticipated maintenance.
Environmental Impact The multiple sustainable strategies involved with
the Tacoma Center for Urban Waters project helped it
achieve 57 points out of a possible 69 under LEED-NC
v2.2 resulting in a Platinum certification.
A significant reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emis-
sions was achieved. Using the fuel emissions factor set
forth by ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1 (Natural
Gas 0.51 lbs carbon/kWh, electricity 1.67 lbs carbon/
kWh), Tacoma Center for Urban Waters reduces CO2
emissions from a baseline 3.66 million lbs carbon/kWh
to an actual use of 2.48 million lbs carbon/kWh. The
result is a 32.2% reduction in CO2 emissions.
Conclusion
Overall, the City of Tacoma is pleased with the perfor-mance of the facility and will continuously monitor the
building’s performance through the LEED EB program.
Occupant satisfaction remains a top priority with many
of the building’s comfort controls given to the end user.
The Tacoma Center for Urban Waters continues to be an
excellent example of integrative design.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 54 6
Daniel H. Nall
Daniel H. Nall, P.E., FAIA, is vice pres ident at Syska Hennessy Group, New York.
COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
BY DANIEL H. NALL, P.E., BEMP, HBDP, FAIA, FELLOW/LIFE M EMBE R ASHRAE
ontro o Un er oor
A r-D str ut on ystemsUn erfloor air- istribution (UFAD) systems have been esigne an built in the
Unite States for more than 20 years with various egrees of success. The system
remains controversial, with both a vocates an etractors, but has experience
significant penetration in some markets. The most common complaint with these
systems, however, is that spaces are chronically over-coole . any critical factors
have been i entifie for avoi ing this pitfall, but the implementation of effectivecontrol strategies is arguably the most important step.
Underfloor air-distribution system typically refers to
an HVAC system that delivers conditioning air from an
air-handling unit through an access floor plenum to
multiple floor-located diffusers or terminals that modu-
late airflow to individual zones to maintain comfort.
Underfloor air is not a universal solution for all office
buildings. It is well-suited to open plan, single tenant or
owner-occupied buildings. In those buildings, the over-
all cost of the system, including available economies in
systems furniture and cable distribution and certain tax
advantages, is competitive with conventional overhead
air-distribution systems. For occupancies that require
many closed rooms, however, or where construction
costs are divided between landlord and tenant, UFAD
may be less attractive. Selection of the system should
follow a comprehensive review of the usage, goals and
configuration of an occupancy and extensive discussion
with the occupants and owner of the project.
Differences between this system and a conventionalsingle duct overhead delivery VAV system include:
• Air distribution is primarily through an open ple-
num under an access floor, rather than through closed
ductwork above the ceiling.
• Air delivery from the floor-mounted diffusers is
intended to be semi-displacement rather than full mix-
ing and, therefore, the design supply air temperature to
the space is much higher (~62°F vs. ~55°F [17°C vs. 13°C])
and diffuser face velocity is significantly lower than with
overhead systems.
• Because floor registers are immediately accessible
to occupants, manually adjustable diffusers are often
used in interior workstations instead of thermostatically
operated diffusers or terminals.
• Air temperature distribution in the space is usually
markedly different with a UFAD system than with an over-
head mixing system, showing significant stratification.
Many of the parts of an UFAD system are conventional
and familiar, although some require some special modi-
fications for UFAD. Primary air-handling units are simi-
lar to those of overhead systems, although, in humid
climates, air-handling units supplying directly to the
plenum will require a coil bypass so that return air may
be redirected around the cooling coil to raise the sup-
ply air temperature to the space while maintaining the
required apparatus dew-point temperature. All humid
outside ventilation air is directed across the coil to
ensure that the supply airstream has an adequately low
dew-point temperature to control space humidity.Many UFAD systems provide supply air for both inte-
rior and perimeter zones from the same source through
the same supply plenum. Provision of a separate supply
plenum or a separate, often hydronic, cooling source
for perimeter zones usually is often ruled out because
of operational or first cost considerations. Serving both
the perimeter zones and interior zones from the same
underfloor supply plenum requires a control sequence
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 4 7
ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
is that comfort control for spaces not part of the general
open plan can occur independently of the control strata-
gems imposed on the overall air-distribution system.
These spaces might include closed offices, conference
rooms and perimeter spaces. This corollary has signifi-
cant implications for the design of the system to avoid
conflict between comfort control in these separate spaces.
Figure 1shows typical UFAD system with both interior and
perimeter zones served by the same floor supply plenum.
System Control for Maximized ComfortHistorically, UFAD systems have been designed and
installed with various arrangements and control strate-
gies with varying levels of success compared to conven-
tional overhead systems.2 Many times the project’s physical
form will guide the equipment locations and strategies, butin all cases, engineers should ensure that the systems are
arranged to maximize occupant comfort and realize the
other benefits possible with UFAD systems. Prior to com-
mitting to any control strategy, it is critical that the design
team focus on creating system arrangements that minimize
thermal decay and air leakage, promote air stratification
and facilitate independent control of different space types
served by the air-distribution system.
Block loads in the interior zones of office spaces are not con-
stant. Even in an open plan area with uniform work station
that enables comfort control for both types of zones
simultaneously.
Supply air temperature degradation due to heat trans-
fer across the access floor into the supply air and across
the floor slab from the return air plenum below is a
significant issue with UFAD systems. Many strategies
have been developed to deal with this issue, but they are
beyond the scope of this article. A well-designed under-
floor plenum system using all of the known strategies to
avoid thermal degradation should have a temperature
rise across the plenum ranging from 2°F (1°C) to no
more than 6°F (3.4°C). These strategies include location
of supply air insertion points for the plenum to avoid
lengthy or circuitous pathways to the most remote out-
lets and controlling insertion velocity to minimize the
generation of large scale vortices under the floor. The fundamental hypothesis of UFAD systems is that
loads in the open plan area served by the system will vary
uniformly over time. Control schemes can be applied to
the entire distribution system to handle the load variation
that does occur in this space. Individual manual control
can be applied to the floor diffusers to “trim” air delivery
to individual workstations or to handle an extraordinary
load “event.” Frequent manipulation of the floor diffusers
is not considered to be a necessary component for main-
taining comfort. A necessary corollary of this hypothesis
FIGURE 1 Configuration of the underfloor air-distribution system.
Perimeter Heating/Cooling Updraft Supply
Multi-Slot PerimeterFloor Diffuser
High Performance Glass Façade
Power Junction BoxRun at Floor Slab
Power Conduit Run at Floor Slab
Supply Cooling Air
Flexible Conduit Whip
Warm Return Air
Floor MountedSwirl Diffuser
Multi-Service Floor Boxwith Power/Tele/Data
Light Fixture
Thermal Plume
RecessedSprinkler Head
Sprinkler Branch LineCeiling Return Plenum
Return Air
Variable Speed Fan withHydronic Heating Coil
Stratification Boundary Level
Recessed Light Fixture
Supply Air Floor Plenum
Swirling Supply Air
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 54 8
supply plenum with respect to the space and reset of the sup-
ply air temperature in the floor plenum.3 Each of these alter-
natives has implications for comfort control in the non-open
plan spaces. Reset of the plenum pressure setpoint requires
that airflow to the zones that are not interior open-plan be
independent of plenum pressure or that the air outlets in
those spaces are sized for design airflow at a pressure lower
than the maximum setpoint. Reset of supply air temperature
implies that the air outlets be sized to meet design cooling
loads with a higher supply air temperature than the mini-
mum setpoint. Reset of supply air temperature also implies
that the dew-point of the supply air is relatively independent
of the supply air dry bulb temperature in order to maintain
space humidity control in humid climates. Supply tempera-
ture downward reset should also be limited to a minimum of
60°F (15.6°C) to avoid thermal asymmetry discomfort (cold
feet, warm head) for space occupants.
Figure 2 is a control scheme that has been found successful
for several different projects:
• Reset supply plenum static pressure setpoint basedon interior space temperature. The logic resets the pres-
sure setpoint to maximum design pressure (e.g., 0.1 in.
w.g. [25 Pa]) when the interior spaces are warm down to
0.01 in. w.g. [2.5 Pa] when they are cold.
• Reset supply air temperature to satisfy the perim-
eter zone that requires the coldest air. The best reset
strategy is trim and respond, which easily allows the
user to ignore some non-critical zones from the logic.4
The two strategies together can help prevent overcool-
ing: as supply air temperature falls when perimeter zone
cooling demand increases, the floor pressure falls to
reduce airflow to interior spaces to reducing overcooling.
These reset protocols require several temperature
sensors mounted in the open office area.3 The author’s
experience is that mounting these sensors approxi-
mately 6 ft (1.8 m) above the finished floor is an effective
strategy. Several sensors, spaced around the open plan
area, are used, and they can be averaged to determine
whether or not reset is necessary. The setpoint tempera-
ture for these sensors, approximately at head height,
should be a few degrees warmer than the ideal comfort
temperature for seated chest height. These sensors
should be identified on the documents as temperature
sensors, as opposed to control thermostats, so as not to
evoke Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) require-
ments for location.
Using differential pressure reset as a control stratagem is
dependent upon two factors. The first of these is that the
pressure sensors used have the sensitivity and accuracy
to measure very low pressures. Inadequate sensors will
not be able to deliver sufficiently fine control to modulatecapacity in response to load variation. The sensor range
should be as low as possible to capture the maximum
design pressure. Sensors with accuracy as low as ±0.5% of
full scale are readily available at reasonable cost.
The second requirement is somewhat more subtle
and it is that the pressure drop across the floor from
the plenum to the space be sufficiently high to allow an
adequate control range for re-setting the plenum pres-
sure differential. Airflow through the floor from the ple-
num to the space is composed of both leakage through
FIGURE 2 Fan operation and airflow for perimeter fan terminals.7
130°FMaximum Fan Speed
Design Fan Speed
F a n S
p e e d
30% DesignFan Speed
Lowest PossibleFan Speed
(~15% MaximumFan Speed)
60°F
Heat Loop Output Deadband Cooling Loop Output
Discharge AirTemperature
SetpointAirflow
Design Airflow
A i r fl
o w
30% DesignAirflow
MinimumAirflow (Due
To PressurizedPlenum)
Fan Speed
density, the block load may demonstrate a varia-
tion across the day. Following a warm night or
weekend, the cooling load will experience a
peak during “morning cool-down” as the system
overcomes high temperatures that result from
the overnight deactivation of the HVAC system.
In cooler weather, early morning cooling loads
may be almost non-existent as the heat gain
from lights, equipment and people must warm
up the thermal mass of the space before the heat
gain shows up as cooling load. A fundamental
requirement for maintaining comfort is accom-
modation of these basic load profiles, while main-
taining flexibility to meet loads in other spaces.
Generally recognized schemes for tracking the
block load profile of the open plan interior zoneare to reset the positive pressure setpoint of the
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Use of plenum pressure reset as a means of tracking the
block load of the interior space means that other types of
zones must be able to track their individual loads inde-
pendently of plenum pressurization. For enclosed private
offices or small conference rooms this may mean the use
of thermostatically controlled floor diffusers that are sized
to deliver design airflow at lower than design pressure.
Thermostatic controls can restrict flow through the dif -
fuser during periods of lower part loads in the space or of
higher pressurization of the supply plenum. Areas with
more intense cooling loads such as large interior confer-
ence rooms and perimeter zones require thermostatically
controlled fan forced air supply to those zones. Variable
speed fan terminals convey air from the plenum to the
space independently of plenum pressurization, fully isolat-
ing perimeter zone temperature control from load trackingin the interior zone. Ideally, the heating mechanism for the
perimeter zones is completely separated from the under-
floor air system, for example, under-window convectors,
but rarely is this solution architecturally acceptable. As a
result, the fan terminals usually incorporate hydronic coils
or electric resistance coils to provide heat to the perimeter
zones. The fan terminal control scheme in Figure 2 recom-
mended to be compliant with ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1
restrictions on reheat of previously cooled air.6
Large conference room variable speed fan terminals
follow a similar control scheme except that the fan does
not shut off in the deadband in order to fully comply
with ASHRAE Standard 62.1. CO2 sensors can be used
to dynamically reset the minimum airflow setpoint.
Because CO2 emission from occupants can cause CO2 to
rise faster than occupant heat gain causes space temper-
ature to rise, reheat coils may be required to maintain
the room within the required temperature range.
If reduction of supply plenum differential pressure
proves inadequate to avoid overcooling the interior zones
of the space, the second stage of capacity control for theinterior zones is raising the supply air temperature set-
point. Unfortunately, upward reset of supply air necessarily
impacts system cooling capacity for the perimeter zones.
This strategy should be avoided except during periods
when perimeter or conference room loads are very unlikely
to be at design levels, such as during nighttime partial
occupancy. In most cases, occupied periods with the lowest
internal zone cooling loads, possibly required supply air
temperature reset, are the same periods that will likely
have lower conference room and perimeter zone loads.
the floor and flow through the various diffusers and ter-
minal units that control airflow to the space. Excessive
leakage through the floor or deployment of too many
floor diffusers can result in lower than anticipated pres-
sure drop through the floor at design airflow. If design
airflow is achieved at a much lower pressure differential
across the floor than 0.05 in. w.g. (12.5 Pa), then the
control range for floor pressure reset may be too small to
achieve the required flow modulation to accommodate a
varying load profile for the interior zones.
In general, leakage from the supply plenum is classi-
fied as Type I, Leakage to Unoccupied Spaces (including
outdoors, core and return air plenum), and Type II,
Leakage to Occupied Spaces. While Type I leakage may
represent energy waste, either fan energy for moving air
directly from the supply plenum to the return plenum,or both fan and cooling energy by moving air out of the
conditioned area, Type II leakage presents a more subtle
controllability problem that may lead to overall occu-
pant dissatisfaction with the building.
Avoidance of this problem requires several different
steps. The first is a robust performance specification for
air leakage through the floor, accompanied by require-
ments for verification that the specified measures have
been implemented. Recent testing data has indicated
that leakage levels, at a pressure differential of 0.05 to
0.06 in. w.g., (12.5 Pa to 15 Pa) of less than 5% for Type I, and
less than 7.5% for Type II, may be achieved.5 Performance
specification and testing requirements will enable the
owner to require remediation should the floor system fail
to comply. The second step is an accurate load calculation
to determine the maximum amount of supply airflow
that will be required to condition the area served by the
underfloor plenum. The third step is to allocate the num-
ber of passive floor diffusers such that design flow will
only be achieved when plenum pressure is at or above the
target pressure differential. Sizing of air terminals anddetermination of the number and location of passive dif-
fusers should recognize that Type II leakage will contribute
a significant amount of uncontrolled conditioning air to
the space. The author has often limited passive diffusers to
workspace locations, completely eliminating them from
transient areas such as passageways and congregation
areas, in order to maintain an adequate pressure drop from
the plenum to the space. If building commissioning reveals
that airflow is achieved at a lower pressure differential than
desired, then some of the floor diffusers may be closed off.
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ConclusionMany projects have demonstrated that UFAD systems
are an appropriate and successful HVAC system selec-
tion for some office building applications. Successful
design of UFAD systems requires reconciling passive
comfort control in the interior open-plan zones with
active comfort control in perimeter and enclosed
zones. The most common comfort complaint in UFAD
systems is overcooling in the open plan interior areas.
Successful temperature control in these areas requires
control schemes that allow the system to track interior
zone load profiles without inordinately curtailing sys-
tem capacity at the perimeter zones. Achievement of
this goal can be accomplished through the following
control measures:
• Use plenum pressure control as the primary meansof tracking interior zone cooling loads.
• Use sensors that are sufficiently sensitive and accu-
rate, precisely to control plenum pressurization.
• Ensure that supply air temperature reset does not
compromise required cooling capacity at exterior zones,
private offices or conference rooms.
• Use capacity modulation methods in perimeter and
enclosed spaces that are relatively independent of sup-
ply plenum pressure.
These goals can be achieved with either a common or
a separate cooling source for perimeter and exterior
zones. Success will be determined by rigorous recogni-
tion of how the control sequences interact to maintain
comfort in both types of zones.
References1. Lee, E.S., et al. 2013. “A Post-Occupancy Monitored Evaluation
of the Dimmable Lighting, Automated Shading, and Underfloor Air
Distribution System in The New York Times Building.” Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, pp. 49–50.
2. Woods, J. 2004. “What real-world experience says about the
UFAD alternative.” ASHRAE Journal 46(2).
3. Megerson, J.E., et al. 2013. UFAD Guide: Design, Construction and
Operation of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems. Atlanta: ASHRAE.4. Hydeman, M., et al. 2014. “Final Report: ASHRAE RP-1455
Advanced Control Sequences for HVAC Systems, Phase I.”
5. Anticknap, S., M. Opalka 2011. “Testing for leaks in underfloor
plenums.” ASHRAE Journal 53(12).
6. ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy Standard for Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, p 52.
7. Lee, K. H., et. 2011. “Lessons Learned In Modeling Underfloor
Air Distribution Systems.” Center for the Built Environment.
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COLUMN BUILDING SCIENCES
Joseph W. Lstiburek
BY JOSEPH W. LSTIBUREK, PH.D., P.ENG., FELLOW ASHRAE
Drilling into Cavities
Vitruvius ha it right 2,000 years ago: “…if a wall is in a state of ampness all over,
construct a secon thin wall a little way from it…at a istance suite to the circum-
stances…with vents to the open air…when the wall is brought up to the top, leave air
holes there. For if the moisture has no means of getting out by vents at the bottom an
at the top, it will not fail to sprea all over the new wall.”*
In Vitruvius’s discussion on methods of building walls
he points out: “this we may learn from several monu-
ments… in the course of time, the mortar has lost its
strength… and so the monuments are tumbling down
and going to pieces, with their joints loosened by the
settling of the material that bound them together…. He
who wishes to avoid such a disaster should leave a cav-
ity behind the facings, and on the inside build walls two
feet thick, made of red dimension stone or burnt brick
or lava in courses, and then bind them to the fronts by
means of iron clamps and lead.Ӡ
Kind of humbling, eh? And so where are we two mil-
lennia later? Arguing about “a distance suited to the
circumstances.” What should the air space or air gap be
behind a cladding and what should the venting geom-
etry be behind a cladding? We looked at this earlier(“Mind the Gap, Eh?,” ASHRAE Journal, January 2010, and
“Hockey Pucks & Hydrostatic Pressure,” ASHRAE Journal,
January 2012). Apparently we need to look at it again so
that we can all stop arguing.
It is instructive to look at the evolution of walls from a
water management perspective. We pretty much started
with mass walls a couple of thousand years ago. A typi-
cal old mass wall consisted of several wythes of brick
( Figure 1). Rainwater would hit a mass wall, much of the
water would drain off the face. Some would be absorbed
and some would enter the wall via cracks and gaps in
the mortar. How much would enter? Ah, good ques-
tion. With brick, less than 1% of the rainwater incident
on the wall would get past the first layer of brick. Then,
less than 1% of the 1% would get past the second layer—
then less than 1% of the 1% of the 1% would get past the
third layer—you get the idea.‡ The first big improvement
in mass walls to handle rain was to stucco them. And,
over a couple of centuries this stucco rainwater control
approach caught on. The Greeks did it. The Romans didit. Lots of cultures took credit for the idea.
Then, we got Vitruvius and the cavity wall.§ This was
revolutionary. An air space or gap behind the first
wythe to allow drainage of penetrating rainwater was
V truv us Does Veneers
* Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote in the time of Augustus (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) and it is believed that he wrote this around 15 B.C.1
† Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura, Book II, Chapter VII, Methods of Building Walls, 15 B.C.‡ This is my take on this based on being an old guy who has been around. We know today, based on measurements, that less than 1% of rainwater gets past a single layer of brick: a brick veneer wall. Andtoday’s brick veneer walls are pretty crappy workmanship compared to bricks laid 100 or 200 or more years ago.§ Vitruvius did not invent the cavity wall. He just was the first to write about it. We don’t know who invented it. This happens all the time. Someone who had nothing to do with the original idea writes about it,gets it published in a peer-reviewed journal, everyone else references the paper, and the original creator gets nada credit.
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 5 5
BUILDING SCIENCES
Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng., is a principal of Building Science Corporation in Westford, Mass. Visit
www.buildingscience.com.
Rain has always been a big thing
once you get over the structure and
fire thing. First, make sure build-
ings don’t fall down. Second, make
sure they don’t burn. Then, keep
the rain out of the inside. Pretty
fundamental. The gap was the rain
control thing in the original cavity
walls. And, the key to the gap was to
keep the mortar out of the gap ( Photo
1). The bigger the gap, the easier it
was to keep the mortar out of it. A
2 in. (51 mm) gap worked great. It
had other benefits. Most folks don’t
remember this—the 1960s had a lot
to do with it# —but you could lay up
both the inner and outer walls from
the inside. You did not need to scaf-
fold the building. Think of the cost
savings of not having to scaffold thebuilding. When both the inner and
outer walls were done this way from
the inside, the 2 in. (51 mm) gap was
essential for mortar dropping con-
trol and hence rain control.
Check out Figure 2and 3 from
Canadian Building Digest 21. These
represent the “classic” cavity wall
FIGURE 1 Cavity Wall Evolution. Cavity walls over time evolved into two equal load bearing layers tied together structurally. The gapwas typically limited to 2 to 3 in. (51 to 76 mm) based on the structural limitations of the ties. Over time the outer wythe of brickbecame a non-load-bearing “veneer” coupled with a masonry “backup” wall that was structurally more “robust.” When steel andconcrete frame buildings were introduced, the “backup” walls no longer needed to be load bearing. The masonry “backup” wallsgot less and less “robust” and over time were completely replaced with frame walls constructed with steel studs. For much of theevolution described above, the water control approach was the air gap. Water control layers were an alien concept and did not get
introduced until the last half of the last century. With cavity wall construction, we did not see them until after the 1960s.
based on the structural limitations
of the ties. Two wythes of brick tied
together this way tended to be pretty
limiting structurally, and structural
engineers are known to not like
being limited. It did not take much
time for things to change. The outer
wythe of brick became a non-load-
bearing “veneer” coupled with a
masonry “backup” wall that was
structurally more “robust” ( Figure 1).
And then, things got even more
interesting structurally. We got steel
and concrete frame buildings where
the “backup” walls no longer needed
to be load bearing. The masonry
“backup” walls got less and less
“robust” and over time were com-
pletely replaced with frame walls
constructed with steel studs ( Figure 1).For much of the evolution laid
out in Figure 1, the water control
approach was the air gap. Water
control layers were an alien concept
and did not get introduced until the
last half of the last century. With cav-
ity wall construction, we did not see
them until after the 1960s.
PHOTO 1 Mortar Droppings. The gap was the raincontrol thing in the original cavity walls. And, the keyto the gap was to keep the mortar out of the gap.
The bigger the gap, the easier it was to keep themortar out of it. A 2 in. (51 mm) gap worked great.
details. This is how I was taught to
do it. Everyone in my generation was
taught to do it this way. Everything
is flashed to the exterior face of the
outer wall. If you have no water
control layer on the outside face of
the inner wall you absolutely have
to flash everything to the outside.Remember this for later. If you have
no water control layer on the outside
face of the inner wall you absolutely
have to have a 2 in. (51 mm) air
space. Remember this for later.
The big, big, really big thing
(aside from the structural thing)
that occurred with the introduction
# The saying goes if you can remember the 1960s you did notlive them.
a phenomenal concept
( Figure 1). The air space or
gap also acted as a capil-
lary break and allowed
airflow to redistribute
the penetrating absorbed
water and subsequently
vent it out of the assembly.
Drainage, ventilation and
a capillary break all in one.
Amazing.
Cavity walls over time
evolved into two equal
load bearing layers tied
together structurally. The
gap was typically limitedto 2 to 3 in. (51 to 76 mm)
Multi-WytheMass Wall
OuterWall
InnerWall
Veneer Masonry“Backup”
Wall
Frame Wall(Steel Stud or
Wood Stud)
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing(Gypsum Board,Plywood or OSB)
Water Control Layer
Veneer
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 55 6
to construct. You would think that
folks would embrace this? Ha!||
It was not practical to install build-ing paper over a masonry “backup”
wall. You can’t staple it, you can’t nail
it. What are you going to do? Glue it?
What did we have available at first? We
used mastics ( Photo 2)—basically below
grade waterproofing—and then “peel
and stick” membranes were devel-
oped.** Today, we have fluid-applied
and spray-applied water control layers
to go over masonry “backup” walls.
So what does a water control layer
on a masonry “backup” wall allow
us to do? I have already mentioned
the smaller air gap and the flashing
thing. So what happens if you now
also control hydrostatic pressure?
Magic happens. We talked about
some of this magic before (“Hockey
Pucks & Hydrostatic Pressure,”
ASHRAE Journal, January 2012). We
need to go there again.I do not have to care about mortar
droppings in a cavity if I install a
drainage mat over the water control
layer. The drainage mat maintains
a drainage space regardless of the
mortar droppings. This drainage
mat can be as small as 1/4 in. (6
mm). This drainage mat also acts asa capillary break.
Even more magic happens if I
replace the drainage mat with a
draining insulation. I got my first
real education in draining insula-
tions in the late 1970s doing exterior
foundation insulation using fiber-
glass roofing insulation ( Photo 3).
Today, rock wool (“stone wool”) is
commonly used as a draining insu-
lation below grade on the exterior of
foundations ( Photo 4). If you can use
rock wool/stone wool below grade
you certainly can use it above grade
( Photo 5 ). What about other draining
insulations? You can use extruded
polystyrene (XPS) and expanded
polystyrene (EPS) ( Photos 6, 7and 8).
Figure 4 lays out the evolution of water
control with water control layers on
masonry backup walls. With only a water control layer on the masonry
backup wall, you need an air cavity
that is drained. A good dimension for
the air cavity is 1 in. (25 mm). And,
you have to keep the cavity free from
II Who hated steel frame “backup” walls? The brick and masonry folks. Duh! They were losing out big time. They only got to keep the outer wall—the veneer. They lost the masonry backup wall. They wereticked. And they did everything to make life miserable for anyone who dared to construct frame walls with veneers. One of the major miseries they inflicted on everyone was the continued insistence on a2 in. (51 mm) gap. Think of why? To install a water control layer on the exterior of a masonry backup wall requires you to construct the backup wall first. Then you install the water control layer over thismasonry backup wall. And then finally you construct the veneer. You can’t construct both walls at the same time from the inside. You now need scaffolding. This was a huge impact on costs. So the brickand masonry folks continued to insist on a 2 in. (51 mm) gap even though you did not need one if you had a water control layer, and the brick and masonry folks continued to insist on flashing everything tothe exterior even though you did not need to if you had a water control layer. They continue to cling to this 2 in. (51 mm) gap to this day; they are bitter clingers.**
We should have called them “stick and peels” because the early ones tended to peel off until we figured out that we needed to prime the masonry surfaces first.
mortar droppings. When you add a
drainage mat that maintains a con-
tinuous drainage space, you don’t need
an additional air cavity beyond what
is provided by the drainage mat. A
good dimension for the drainage mat
is 1/4 in. (6 mm) or greater. When you
replace the drainage mat with drain-
ing insulation, you do not need any
additional air cavity. It is good to have
a draining insulation that drains onboth the front and back surfaces of the
insulation layer.
So, guess what? With draining
insulations you do not need an air
gap—except when you do. Huh?
of steel frame “backup”
walls was the use of build-
ing paper as a rain con-
trol layer. This meant a
couple of things: you did
not need as big an air gap
and you no longer needed
to flash everything to the
outside face of the outer
layer. There were huge,
huge, huge implications
with this. Things could get
easier and less expensive
PHOTO 2 Mastic Water Control Layer. It was notpractical to install building paper over a masonry“backup” wall. You can’t staple it, you can’t nail it.What did we have available at first? We used mas-tics—basically below grade waterproofing—and then“peel and stick” membranes were developed. Today,we have fluid-applied and spray-applied water con-trol layers to go over masonry backup walls.
FIGURE 2 (LEFT) Classic Cavity Wall. From Canadian Building Digest 21.2 This is how I was taught to do it. Everyone in my generation wastaught to do it this way. Everything is flashed to the exterior face of the outer wall. FIGURE 3 (RIGHT) Classic Cavity Wall. From CanadianBuilding Digest 21.2 If you have no water control layer on the outside face of the inner wall, you absolutely have to flash everything to theoutside. If you have no water control layer on the outside face of the inner wall, you absolutely have to have a 2 in. (55 mm) air space.
Outer Wall
2 in. Air Space
Metal Tie
Flashing to FormCavity Gutter
Weep Hole (MortarOmitted)
Foundation Wall
Inner Wall
Brick
Mortar Joint
Outer Wall
2 in. Air Space
Weep Hole
Shelf Angle; GalvanizedSteel, Bolted to Beam
Spandrel Beam
Metal Tie
A D A P T E D
F R O M
R E F E R E N C E
2
Inner Wall
COLUMN BUILDING SCIENCES
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 55 8
Pay attention here.
This part is important. I
have just gone through a
pretty convincing argu-
ment to eliminate the air
gap if I use a drainage
mat or draining insula-
tion. One part I have not
discussed. Freeze-thaw
damage to veneer clad-
dings. In places where it
is cold and where it rains(think IECC Climate Zone
5 and higher and mod-
erate or higher rainfall
over 20 in. (508 mm) per
year) you need to keep
the water off brick and help the brick dry when it gets
wet. In highly insulated wall assemblies, helping the
brick dry can only be done by back ventilating the
brick.
So we need a vented air gap behind even a draining
insulation in places where it is cold and wet (as defined
above). How big an air gap? Not 2 in. (51 mm) for sure. My
experience tells me 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) with vent openings
top and bottom. If you don’t want to go with my experience
argument, check out Straube and Smegal.3
PHOTO 3 (LEFT) Below Grade Draining Insulation. Fiberglass. I got my first real education in draining insulations in the late 1970s doing exterior foundation insulation using fiber-glass roofing insulation. Yes, that is Professor John Timusk on a job site in Brampton, Ontario, in 1979, trimming the exterior basement draining insulation.PHOTO 4 (CENTER) Below Grade Draining Insulation. Rock wool/stone wool. Today, rock wool (“stone wool”) is commonly used as a draining insulation below grade on the exte-rior of foundations. PHOTO 5 (RIGHT) Above Grade Draining Insulation. Rock wool/stone wool. If you can use rock wool/stone wool below grade, you certainly can use it abovegrade on the exterior of a water control layer.
PHOTO 6 (LEFT) Above Grade Draining Insulation. Extruded polystyrene (XPS). The stone veneer is installed with no gap against the exterior face of the draining XPS. The groovesare covered with a filter fabric to keep mortar out of the grooves. PHOTO 7 (CENTER) Drainage Grooves and Filter Fabric. Grooves are covered with a filter fabric to keep mortar out ofthe grooves. It is good to have a draining insulation that drains on both the front and back surfaces of the insulation layer. So double-sided “groovy” is a pretty cool thing.PHOTO 8 (RIGHT) Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Draining Insulation. This comes to us from our friends in New Zealand. Apparently, the physics are similar south of the equator.
FIGURE 4 Evolution of Water Control. Water control layers are now standard for masonry backup walls. With only a water controllayer on a masonry backup wall, you need an air cavity that is drained. A good dimension for this air cavity is 1 in. (51 mm).And, you have to keep the cavity free from mortar droppings. When you add a drainage mat that maintains a continuous drain-age space, you don’t need an additional air cavity beyond what is provided by the drainage mat. A good dimension for the drain-age mat is 1/4 in. (6 mm) or greater. When you replace the drainage mat with draining insulation, you do not need any addi-tional air cavity. It is good to have a draining insulation that drains on both the front and back surfaces of the insulation layer.
Veneer Masonry Wall
Water Control Layer
Drainage Insulation
Veneer Masonry Wall
Water Control Layer
Air Cavity (Drained) Drainage Mat
Masonry WallVeneer
Water ControlLayer
COLUMN BUILDING SCIENCES
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 56 0
Is there any other reason
for an air gap, now that I
have said we don’t need
one—besides the freeze-
thaw thing? Actually, a
really, really important one.
A reason that folks who do
AutoCAD and never get
out into the real world and
look at real buildings going
up never understand. In
AutoCAD World everything
is straight and right-angled
and planes are flat and
everything fits. Ha! Double
ha! The air gap behindcladdings has a huge role to
play in construction toler-
ances. The backup wall is
never completely flat. But
the exterior has to be com-
pletely flat because folks
can see it.
We need gaps to reconcile
the alignment of the steel
framing and concrete and
the brick veneer. Small gaps
work for small buildings.
You need big gaps for big
buildings—3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
works for a one-story house
but would never work for a
six-story commercial build-
ing with 14 ft (4 m) floor to
ceiling heights.
What if we use a frame
wall as the “backup” wallrather than masonry?
Check out Figure 5. You
FIGURE 5 Frame Wall Water Control. For a frame wall “backup” wall you can use a drainage mat or a draining insulation with noadditional air cavity. Except in IECC Climate Zone 5 and higher and moderate or higher rainfall over 20 in. (508 mm) per year.Then go with a minimum 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) air cavity with vent openings top and bottom.
can use a drainage mat or a draining insulation with
no additional air cavity. Except in IECC Climate Zone 5
and higher and moderate or higher rainfall over 20 in.
(508 mm) per year. Then go with a minimum 3/8 in.
(9.5 mm) air cavity with vent openings top and bottom.
One last thing. With a water control layer in the assem-
bly, you do not need to flash to the exterior. Check out
Figures 6 and 7 . Easier. Works. Enjoy.
References1. Pollio, Marcus Vitruvius. 1914. “De Architectura.” The Ten
Books on Architecture, Book VII, Chapter IV, On Stucco Work in
Damp Places. Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge,
Mass: Harvard University Press.
2. Ritchie, T. 1961. Cavity Walls, Canadian Building Digest – 21,
National Research Council of Canada.
3. Straube, J., J. Smegal. 2007. “The Role of Small Gaps Behind
Wall Claddings on Drainage and Drying.” 11th Canadian Conference
on Building Science and Technology.
FIGURE 6 (TOP) Flashing at Sills. With a water control layer over a sheathing, the sill flashing does not have to extend to the
exterior face of the brick veneer as shown on the left. FIGURE 7 (BOTTOM) Flashing at Heads. With a water control layer over asheathing the head flashing does not have to extend into the steel angle as shown on the left.
Frame Wall(Steel Stud orWood Stud)
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing (GypsumBoard, Plywood or
OSB)
Water Control Layer
Draining Mat
Flashing Extending tothe Exterior Face of
the Veneer
Weep
FlashingExtending
AcrossCavity IntoSteel Angle
Steel Angle
Frame Wall
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing(Plywood or OSB)
Water Control Layer
Fully AdheredFlashing
Extending IntoOpening
Weep
Fully AdheredFlashing Tape
Sealant
Sealant
VeneerVeneerVeneer
Veneer Veneer
Frame Wall(Steel Stud orWood Stud)
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing (GypsumBoard, Plywood or
OSB)
Water Control Layer
DrainingInsulation
Frame Wall(Steel Stud orWood Stud)
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing(Gypsum Board,Plywood or OSB)
Water Control Layer
Draining Insulation
Air Cavity (Vented)
WeepOpening
Frame Wall
Cavity Insulation
Sheathing(Plywood or OSB)
Water Control Layer
Water Control Layer
Sheathing(Plywood or OSB)
Sheathing(Plywood or OSB)
Steel Angle
Water Control Layer(Fully Adhered or Liquid
Applied)
COLUMN BUILDING SCIENCES
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 56 2
Jeff Boldt, P.E., is a principal and director of engineering at KJWW Engineering in Monona, Wis. He is a member of standards committees 90.1, 189.1 and 215. Julia Keen, Ph.D., P.E.,
is an associate professor at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kan. She is past chair of TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems.
BY JEFF B OLDT, P.E., HBDP, MEMBE R ASHRAE; JU LIA KEEN, PH.D., P.E., HBDP, BEAP, MEM BER ASH RAE
Authors’ no e: This article focuses solely on the basics related o configuration, layout, and major sys em componen s o hot wa er and chilled wa er
sys ems intro uction o y ronics or t ose o t e esign in ustry.
The first ocumente hy ronic cooling systems were connecte to the Roman aque-
ucts, n which wa er was route through brick walls of homes of the affluent. Hy ronic
heating became prevalent in buil ings as the source of hot water expan e . The first
commercial hot wa er boilers became available n the 1700s. Gravity hot wa er or s eam
heating systems were the norm in buil ings until the mi -1900s.
The operation and design of these systems were greatly
advanced with the introduction of water pumps early in
the 20th century. Post-World War II, hydronic systems
experienced significant competition with the develop-
ment of forced air systems. Today, hydronic heating
and cooling coils are frequently used in conjunction
with forced air systems. More recently there has been
a resurgence of hydronic applications at the zonelevel as a result of the increased emphasis on energy
conservation.
Definition of Hydronics This article uses the definitions of hydronics, open
system, and closed system from ASHRAE Terminology
on ASHRAE.org, which defines hydronics as “science of
heating and cooling with water.” Open systems are open
to the atmosphere in at least one location. Systems that
employ cooling towers as their heat rejection method
are one of the most common examples of open hydronic
systems. Closed systems, on the other hand, are not
open to the atmosphere, except possibly at an expan-
sion/compression tank.
Advantages of Hydronic SystemsHydronic systems have several advantages:
• They require little space when compared to air
systems. A 3 in. diameter pipe is needed to convey
1,000,000 Btu/h of heating or cooling energy when a 70
in. × 46 in. duct would be necessary to accomplish the
same task with air.
(Assume a ∆T = 20°F and friction loss of 0.08
in./100 ft length for air and 4 ft/100 ft length for pipe.
TECHNICAL FEATURE | Fundamentals at Work
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 6 3
FEATURE
100 gpm = 1,000,000 Btu/h/[500(20°F)] and 46,000 cfm
= 1,000,000 Btu/h/[1.086(20°F)].)
• Energy loss due to pipe leakage is almost nonexistent.
• Transport energy is very low. For example, trans-
porting 1,000,000 Btu/h of cooling in a ducted air system
may require 100 hp of fans, whereas a typical hydronic
system would require about a 2 hp pump.
1,000,000 Btu/h/(20°F × 1.086) = 46,000 cfm × 90.1
limit + allowances@ 60 to 120 bhp.
1,000,000 Btu/h/(20°F × 500)= 100 gpm × 50 ft of head ×
0.0002525/70% pump efficiency = 1.8 bhp.
• Noise complaints are less common than in air
systems, as long as established pipe sizing principles are
followed.
How Many Pipes?Closed hydronic systems commonly are referenced
based on the number of pipes within the system:
one-, two-, three-, and four-pipe. One-pipe systems
have one supply pipe and return from each coil con-
nected back into that same pipe. The advantage of
one-pipe systems is reduced piping cost. The disad-
vantage is a loss of exergy because of blending of tem-
peratures in the supply main. One-pipe systems are
rare, but sometimes seen in geothermal heat pump
systems or individual floors of buildings with heating
water systems.
A two-pipe system is depicted in Figure 1. It has one
supply pipe and one return pipe. This type of system
can heat, or it can cool, but it cannot do both simultane-
ously because it is using the same distribution piping
but opening and closing valves to isolate the heat source
(i.e., boiler) or heat sink (i.e., chiller). This is the main
disadvantage of a two-pipe changeover system. A build-
ing must be fully in cooling or fully in heating, which is
unlikely to make all occupants comfortable, especially
during moderate climatic conditions. Deciding when tochange from heating to cooling can be a major issue with
two-pipe systems.
Three-pipe systems have a separate supply pipe for
hot water and chilled water but a common return pipe
for both. This system allows for simultaneous heating
and cooling with reduced length of installed piping but
at the sacrifice of energy. Therefore, three-pipe systems
are not permitted by modern energy codes. The energy
consumption of three-pipe systems is very high because
the mixing of chilled and heated return water creates
a much greater temperature differential at the heat
source or sink, requiring more work.
Four-pipe systems as depicted in Figure 2have separate
supply and return pipes for hot water and chilled water.
Four-pipe systems can provide heating to some coils while
simultaneously routing cooling to other coils. This makes
them very versatile and provides for much greater occu-
pant comfort, but the first cost of the piping is higher than
that for the other piping system arrangements.
Direct vs. Reverse ReturnIn addition to the number of pipes used in a system,
the piping configuration must also be considered. There
are two configurations: direct and reverse return. Direct
return systems use less piping and are depicted in Figure
1. Reverse return systems require more return piping,
but simplify the balancing of systems, because the pipe
length to each coil is approximately the same ( Figure 3).
A single piping system can combine direct and reverse
FIGURE 1 Chilled water closed system with cooling tower open system. Feed watercomponents are not shown for the cooling tower (condenser) loop.
Safety Relief Valve orRelief Valve
Expansion Tank
Pressure Reducing Valve
Water Meter
Cooling Tower
AS
AirSeparator
ChillerPump
Three-WayValve (Rare)Heat Transfer
To Floors Below
M
NO
NC
Two-WayValve (Normal)
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 56 4
return. Combining the configurations is commonly
done to reduce the first cost of the system while reap-
ing most of the benefits of a reverse return system. In
a large multi-story building, direct return may be usedto minimize the large piping (such as the main supply
and return risers), but to make balancing easier reverse
return may be used to serve small coils located on each
floor. (A complete analysis of direct and reverse return
can be found in Reference 1.)
Hydronic ComponentsBoth hot water and chilled water systems have com-
mon components that serve similar purposes. The
components that are common include: piping, pumps,
air separators, expansion tanks, fill accessories, valves,
and accessories. The following section will discuss each
of these components and the purpose they serve in the
system. This will be followed by a discussion of the dif-
ferences between hot water and chilled water system
component layouts.
Piping and pump selection, sizing, and layout are criti-
cal to the proper design of a hydronic system. The piping
will have a direct impact on pump selection because it
will influence the pump head and energy required to
move the water through the system. There are many dif-ferent factors to consider when designing and laying out
the piping as well as when selecting the pump to apply to
a hydronic system. Piping design must consider the pipe
material, flow rate, water velocity, fittings, and friction
loss. The flow rate depends on the load and temperature
differential selected for the pumped fluid. The pump
type (inline, base mounted, etc.), pump arrangement
(primary, primary-secondary, etc.), and pump controls
must all be decided and will have a significant impact
on the energy consumed over the life of the building.
(These topics require far more discussion and detail
than can be contained in this article; therefore it is
encouraged that the ASHRAE Handbook, Chapters 13, 44
and 47, be consulted when beginning design.) Air separators remove entrained air from hydronic
systems. If this is not done, corrosion rates may be high
and noise may become prevalent when air is lodged in
equipment near occupied areas. Air separators should
be located where air is least soluble in water—this
depends on two factors the hottest water temperature
and the lowest system pressure. Curves are available to
describe the exact relationship between pressure, tem-
perature, and solubility. (See 2012 ASHRAE Handbook—
HVAC Systems and Equipment , Chapter 13, Figure 3.)
Centrifugal separators are very common, but competing
designs are making inroads.
Expansion tanks control the system pressure and
absorb the expansion/contraction of water as the tem-
perature changes. Today, most expansion tanks include
a bladder or diaphragm, allowing the water to be
totally separated from atmospheric air, minimizing the
introduction of oxygen that contributes to corrosion.
Expansion tanks are sized based on the total volume
of the system, maximum temperature variation, and
maximum and minimum pressures that are acceptableat the tank location.
Fill accessories include water meters, pressure reduc-
ing valves, backflow preventers, and safety relief valves
(SRVs), and pressure relief valves (modulating relief
valves, as opposed to “popping” safety valves). Water
meters measure the amount of makeup water. Tracking
the amount of makeup water is important because
it reveals how many gallons of fresh water, includ-
ing fresh oxygen, were added to the system. Makeup
water is needed regularly to keep the piping full in
FIGURE 2 Four-pipe systems have a separate supply and return pipe for hot waterand chilled water.
Chiller Boiler Boiler
FIGURE 3 Two-pipe reverse return systems require more return piping, but sim-plify the balancing of systems.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 56 6
closed systems because water is drained in the blow-
ing down of strainers, draining of coils in the winter,
improperly operating automatic air vents, and system
leaks. Minimizing makeup water maximizes system
life because it limits the introduction of oxygen to the
system.
Pressure reducing valves are included to reduce the
water pressure entering the system from the build-
ing potable water system, which is often higher than
that of the hydronic system. Plumbing codes require
backflow preventers to prevent backflow of chemicals,
biological growth, etc., from hydronic systems to potable
water systems. The pressure reducing valve is normally
selected to maintain 5 psig (34 kPa) of positive pressure
at the lowest pressure portion of the system (normally
the return side of the system on the top floor). A rule ofthumb is 5 psig plus 5 psig (34 kPa plus 34 kPa) per floor
of building height. A small SRV is often located down-
stream of the pressure reducing valve. The purpose of
the SRV is to relieve excess pressure from the system
when outside the desired conditions. This very small
SRV located at the system fill location is added to avoid
operation of the much larger SRVs at each major boiler
or heat source.
Valves are used to control water flow. Many different
valve types are used in hydronic piping applications. The
decision as to the type of valve depends on its size and
use. Ball valves are probably the most common form of
on-off or modulating two-way valve used today.
Advances in elastomer technology have made ball
valves economical and reliable. Butterfly valves domi-
nate the market in applications larger than 2.5 in. (64
mm) because ball valves become more expensive in
large sizes. Once common, gate and globe valves have
had much reduced market share in recent decades
because ball (smaller size) and butterfly (larger size)
valves are less expensive. Three-way valves are another valve type commonly used in the past. These have
become less popular as technology has allowed system
water flow to be variable, rather than constant, which
results in reduced energy use (encouraged by energy
codes). Three-way valves are sometimes necessary in
systems that use equipment that requires a minimum
water flow rate. Check valves are installed to prevent
reverse water flow.
Multi-function or triple-duty valves are ubiquitous on
pump discharge piping. They provide the functions of a
balancing valve, shutoff valve, and check valve at a low
cost and in a compact configuration. The disadvantage of
the triple-duty valve relates to its balancing function. In
variable speed pump applications often used today, the
balancing function is not desired at the pump and can
waste significant pumping energy if discharge valves are
throttled. In addition to not needing all the functions, the
pressure drop for a triple-duty valve is higher than for
most combinations of check valve, flow measuring device,
and shutoff valve. Therefore, in some applications it may
be more appropriate to use a separate check valve, shutoff
valve, and flow measuring device in lieu of a triple-duty
valve.
Besides the many necessary pieces of a hydronic sys-
tem for operation and control, there are a number of
accessories that are typically installed to more easilymonitor the system and troubleshoot when there is a
problem. Pressure gauges often wear out far sooner
than expected. All manufacturers recommend closing
the shutoff valves when readings are not being taken
to reduce wear on the movement mechanism, which is
usually a bourdon tube with a rack and pinion assembly.
However, most operators leave the valves open continu-
ously. Therefore, snubbers are recommended on all
gauges.
Snubbers dampen pressure changes so that gauges
read a steady average pressure instead of bounc-
ing wildly. Where gauges aren’t needed continuously
but occasional readings of pressure or temperature
are needed, test plugs or pressure/temperature plugs
are installed. These plugs allow for instruments to be
installed as needed without having to interrupt the sys-
tem operation. It is helpful to locate a plug near all DDC
pressure or temperature sensors to aid in calibration.
Hydronic Heating System Layout and Components
Many common components exist between chilled water and hot water systems, but the position of the
components within the piping system is different. Figure
4 depicts the normal location for boilers in hydronic sys-
tems. Boilers are commonly the heat source in a heating
hot water system. The two classifications of boilers used
in commercial hydronic systems are fire-tube and water
tube. (A discussion comparing the different boiler types
and their application is too extensive to be included in
this article, and it is recommended that the information
be obtained from the ASHRAE Handbook, Chapter 32.)
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 56 8
Most hydronic components are rated for at least 125 psi
(862 kPa) of differential pressure between the interior pres-
sure and the exterior (atmospheric) pressure. Cast iron
flanges and fittings are generally rated at 125 psi (862 kPa).
Steel flanges and fittings are rated at 150 psi (1034 kPa).
Often, the boiler is the lowest pressure-rated item in the
system, with 15 psi (103 kPa) steam/30 psi (207 kPa) water
matching the ASME definition of a low-pressure system.
Because of this, the boiler is generally placed immediately
upstream of the expansion tank, which controls system
pressure and is the point where pressure remains relatively
constant. It is also directly upstream of the air separator
because the water leaving the boiler is the hottest water in
the system and, therefore, can hold the lowest concentra-
tion of entrained air. Water pressure also affects air separa-
tion. Therefore, when the boiler is in a basement, it may bepreferable to have the air separator at the top floor.
Hydronic Cooling System Layout and Components The obvious difference between a hydronic heating
and cooling system is the production of hot or chilled
Boiler
To Floors Below
NO
NC
AS
M
FIGURE 4 Hydronic system with a boiler in the typical location.
water. In lieu of a boiler, in a hydronic cooling sys-
tem a chiller is used. There are many types of chillers;
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 57 0
reciprocating, scroll, helical rotary, centrifugal, and
variations that recover heat from one process to trans-
fer to another. (A discussion comparing the different
chiller types and their application is too extensive to be
included in this article, and it is recommended that the
information be obtained from the ASHRAE Handbook,
Chapters 42 and 43.)
There are some differences between the system layout of
heating and cooling hydronic systems. Cooling hydronic
systems have expansion tanks, but they can be much
smaller than in heating systems because of the much
lower temperature difference between the maximum and
minimum fluid temperatures.
Theoretically, the fill water is warmer than the normal
chilled water temperature, resulting in makeup water
being added to the system to fill the piping when thechilled water is brought down to operational tempera-
ture. Some designers delete air separators in cooling
hydronic systems, although this is not recommended.
Heating systems, on the other hand, need much larger
expansion tanks and air separation is a more critical
design concern because air more easily separates from
heated water (watch bubbles form when you heat a pan
filled with water).
SummaryHydronic systems are a staple of our industry. They
provide large amounts of heat transfer with low first
costs and energy costs for transporting energy. This
article provides only a basic overview and intro-
duction to hydronic system design, layout, and
components. For more information, on the topic of
hydronic systems, the ASHRAE Handbook is an excel-
lent reference.
We plan to cover many other hydronic topics: condens-
ing boilers, valve-coil-heat transfer, pressure indepen-
dent control valves, etc., in future articles.
References1. Taylor, S., J. Stein. “Balancing variable flow hydronic systems.”
ASHRAE Journal 8.
2. 2012 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chapters
32, 36, 43, and 44.
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A S H R A E J O U R N A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 57 2
BUILDIN G AT A GLANCE
Net Zero Ready School
FIRST PLACE
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, NEW
A ground source water-to-
water heat pump (WWHP)
allowed the design team to
use displacement ventilation,
which requires very tight dis-
charge air temperature control,
to maintain occupant comfort
only achievable with a WWHP
system.
2015 ASHRAE TECHNOLOGY AWARD CASE STUDIES
BY BRIAN HAUGK, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE; BRIAN CANNON, P.E., ASSOCIATE MEMBER ASHRAE
Brian Haugk, P.E., is a principal and Brian Cannon, P.E., is an associate principal at Hargis Engineers in Seattle.
Valley View
Middle School
Location: Snohomish, Washington
Owner: Snohomish School District
Architect: Dykeman
Engineer: Hargis
Principal Use: Public middle school, grades7 & 8
Includes: Geothermal heating, 90% heatrecovery, displacement ventilation, natu-ral cooling, radiant heating, rainwaterharvesting, and advanced lighting andcontrols
Employees/Occupants:100 staff/ 950 students
Gross Square Footage: 168,000
Conditioned Space Square Footage: 148,938
Substantial Completion/Occupancy: Sept. 2012
Valley ew Mi le School n Snohomish, Wash., s a new
three-story, 168,000 ft (15 600 m facility that replace
a much smaller an out ate buil ing. rror ng the
istrict’s commitment to resource conservation, the
esign eam use the v ng Buil ing Challenge as a
gui e for efining its sustainable approach. The team
strateg ze on arness ng t e grea es contr utors o
resource conservat on: renewable energy sources to be
mp emente ; captur ng an reus ng em tteo offset raw from the gri ; re ucing consumpt on
through system selection; an supporting behavioral
changes inspire through mon tor ng an report ng.
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M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 7 3
ABOVE View of the classroom wing with day-light harvesting and rooftop-water collectionsystem in bottom left-hand corner.
LEFT Aerial of site (August 2012) with overlayof pre-existing buildings. The old buildings used1,325,514 kWh/yr combined while the newbuilding only uses 1,239,965 kWh/yr.
OLOGY AWARD CASE STUDIES
The school, owned by the Snohomish School District,
houses 950 students and uses less energy than the previ-
ous 1981 school that was half the size.
Design Collaboration The project was the first for the district to consider the
Living Building Challenge for a net zero-ready school. At
the time, schools built prior to Valley View were too new
to have adequate data to provide a benchmark for previ-
ous sustainable initiatives. It also presented an oppor-
tunity to further define and measure its sustainable
approach goals, objectives and performance.
The district’s sustainable management goals balance
and encompass facilities, operations and health of the
building’s occupants. Their approach incorporates using
durable materials and integrating building components
and systems to withstand the wear and tear, targeting
a 50-year plus life cycle, reducing maintenance and
operations costs, reducing the use of resources and
energy consumption beyond code and state require-
ments, and providing excellent indoor air quality and
comfort. They also wanted to create a space embraced by
the community.
library and lecture hall. Applying the functional goals,
the professional team developed options for meeting
the performance and programmatic objectives. Building
placement played an important role in influencing the
design approach and upholding the conservation goals.
Energy Efficiency The school capitalizes on three strategic approaches
to maximize system efficiency and reduce the overall
building energy consumption:
• Reduce: infusing higher efficient systems that align
with performance objectives;
• Reuse: redirecting typically wasted energy/resourc-
es back into the building’s operations; and
• Renew: introducing new sources to the site without
requiring further demands on mass utilities.
Table 1 outlines the energy conservation approach in
relationship to the school’s triple bottom line. Note that
over the last year the school operated at 26 EUI.
Innovation The geographical location presented opportunities
for technical innovations for this type of facility. Sited
Gym
75,000 Gal.Cistern
RoofWater
Storage
AuxiliaryGym
Performance ArtCenter, Band &Choir Rooms Commons
Library &Administration
Offices
Water-to-WaterHeat Pump
Classrooms
GeothermalField
FIGURE 1 Valley View Middle School: Site and building characteristics.
A committee was engaged to rep-
resent a cross-sector of community
and school district stakeholders.Street presence, maximized views,
classroom orientation for optimum
daylighting, promotion of commu-
nity use after-hours, functionality,
visibility and security were articu-
lated design criteria by this group.
Community-accessible spaces were
configured within the campus to
accommodate outdoor athletic
fields, two gyms, commons area,
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 57 4
product in conjunction with displacement ventilation
in the region. The ground source heat pump system
was sized for 100% of the central plant heating and
cooling capacity. Integrating the WWHP was critical
to the DV approach, as it requires very tight discharge
air temperature (DAT) control to maintain occupantcomfort. During design, water-to-air heat pumps on
the market were unable to achieve the DAT control
required.
Reducing Energy, Improving IAQ The classroom DV system uses a custom “toe kick”
space supply grille under the casework as opposed to
conventional grilles provided by major manufacturers.
CFD model simulations and actual installed systems
have vetted this custom approach that improves the
integration in a typical classroom layout. Hydronic heat-
ing water convectors were used at the exterior under the
windows. The library integrated benches at the windows
with DV as well as internal wall style conventional DV
grilles. The DV system in the administrative spaces used
wall DV manufacturer style grilles with radiant floor atthe perimeter.
Customizing and Integrating Low-Traffic Spaces An opportunity was identified to use energy effi-
ciency in toilet rooms and copier rooms. General
exhaust fans serving these spaces are interlocked with
lighting control systems occupancy sensors to con-
trol the exhaust fans operation. Systems that provide
exhaust for multiple spaces include motorized damp-
ers that isolate the unoccupied spaces and have either
in western Washington, this build-
ing is predominantly in a heat-
ing environment. Year after year
of continuous heating operation
will slowly lower the tempera-
ture of the ground degrading the
capacity to absorb heat from the
ground, impacting the efficiency
of the water-to-water heat pump
(WWHP). As part of the design,
cooling loads were used to offset
this inherent load imbalance, the
24/7 cooling spaces (main electri-
cal, distributed transformer rooms
and MDF and IDF telecom spaces)
are all served by the central plantsystem to effectively recharge the
ground loop. Immediate impacts
of this approach will not be seen as
the temperature change of a well
field is subtle, providing long-term
energy savings. The ground loop
return water temperatures are
being monitored.
Thermal Dynamics of Water The WWHP/displacement ven-
tilation (DV) system combination
affords greater control in maintain-
ing occupant comfort. This proj-
ect was one of the first to use this
TABLE 1 Energy conservation approach in relationship to the school’s triple bottom line.
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Xcelon’s technology is
engineered for innovation.
The Last word
in efficiency
With a combination of condensing boiler technology and advanced air distribution, Xcelon is the
most efficient make-up air unit in the market. It maximizes energy utilization to provide efficiencies
up to 98%, outperforming other rooftop MUAs with its unique and innovative hydro-air design.
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Simplifying the Complex
A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 57 6
VFDs or ECM motors to control fan speed for the vari-
able exhaust volumes. This approach also optimized
the quantity of air going through the heat recovery
system.
Total Cost of Ownership Total cost of ownership was a driving factor in the
sustainable discussions. The district was savvy to
understand that while sustainable systems are pos-
sibly more expensive upfront, they can reduce a
building’s lifetime operating costs significantly. First
costs for construction on the ground source WWHP,
DV, VAV reheat, radiant floor heating and 90% effec-
tive energy recovery unit systems were the greatest
value to the owner. Energy usage and costs show the
district would end up spending less money on annual
utility and maintenance costs compared to the base-
line alternative and ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1. The
design is more cost effective in total yearly costs, as
well as a Washington State required 30-year life-cycle
cost analysis when compared to other systems. Total
cost of ownership was reviewed to ensure that the
sum of the lowest maintenance and energy costs com-
bined would be realized.
Indoor Air Quality and Thermal ComfortUpholding the district’s final goal for occupant comfort,
the DV system was adopted. The DV system is a proven
approach to enhance energy performance through an
extended economizer range and reduced fan energy
while improving indoor air quality. The design firm
designed and is tracking the performance of these systems
in more than 40 k–12 schools constructed since 2006. Air
is supplied down low, conserving energy by only heating
or cooling the air near the occupants. The introduction of
School OpensSchool is operational whileconstruction is ongoing.Contractors work swing-shift hoursto finish the library, main gym andperformance arts center throughJanuary 2013.
Standard 90.1 Model (Energy Baseline = 57 EUI)
VVMS Actual Energy Use
Projected Design (Energy Model= 26 EUI)
400
350
300
250
200
152
100
50
k W h ( I n T h
o u s a n d s )
2012 – 13 School Year
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Commissioning Fully FunctionalWith construction winding downaround the campus the additionalenergy usage begins to drop. Cxbegins January 2013 with functionalperformance starting March 2013and completed July 2013.
Value of M&V RealizedRefinement of the centralWWHP, dimming controls andmotorized shades. Energysavings produces immediatebudget relief through net billsavings.
Design Intent ActualizedThe facilities energy performance is nowwithin 5% (+/–). This comes despitethe additional usage of the school dueto reallocation of district meeting andcommunity activities moved to thislocation to take full advantage of thenew facilities lower operating costs.
2013 – 14 School Year
FIGURE 2 EUI chart and timeline.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 57 8
Environmental, Social and Behavioral ImpactResponsive to constituents’ adoption of sustainability,
public institutions are using facilities as an opportunity to
express their conservation philosophy and commitment.
Environmental design elements utilizing integrated
strategies included reduced energy demand via envelope
design, solar technology, geothermal technology, rainwa-
ter harvesting and integrated value messaging.
The school fulfilled the community’s criteria, as well
as becoming a source of operational efficiency for the
district. The district uses Valley View to host a majority of
the off-hour functions as energy and maintenance dol-
lars are approximately half of the district’s other compa-
rable pre-1990s facilities.
Table 2 outlines the environmental components and
their contribution to the sustainable development.
An EMS-based energy dashboard system with touch
screen monitors at multiple locations allows staff and
students to learn about the sustainable features of thebuilding. The system is also web-based, allowing faculty
to use the system as a teaching tool. To further spark stu-
dents’ interest, the EMS metering design of the lighting,
plug and HVAC systems allowed for competitive zones
to be created in six classroom pods. This allows students
to interact with the building systems to see what kind of
impact they have on the overall energy usage. The dash-
board was also integrated with the support of the staff to
allow for the integration of lunch menus, sports scores,
way-finding, school events, etc.
Committed to energy conservation and the
sustainability of the site, the interaction of com-petitive zones and interpretive signage throughout
the school are being used as a teaching tool to edu-
cate occupants on the sustainable design elements
and new technologies integrated into the building
and site. These teaching components will continue
throughout the life cycle of the building to inform
and guide generations of children and staff that
pass through its doors, providing them with a better
understanding of their environment well beyond the
team’s M&V involvement.
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
E l e c t r i c i t y C o n s u m p t i o n ( k W h )
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Central Water-to-Water Heat Pump HVAC LightingPlug Loads Computer Loads Kitchen Equipment Telecom
FIGURE 3 Metering for the campus energy usage by category over the course of aweek in October of 2013 to support Cx process.
TABLE 2 Environmental components and their contributions.fresh air and removal of pollutants
at the ceiling level is at a mini-
mum, 50% better than a compara-
ble overhead air-distribution sys-
tem. Specifically, a district where
the design firm has completed six
schools to date with DV, has also
shown 3% to 6% improvement in
attendance that can be attributed
to a healthier building due to
improved ventilation.
DV also exceeds the noise cri-
teria dictated by the Washington
State health department. From a
sound level code value of NC-35,
the teaching environment isimproved to a NC level less than 20.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 58 0
COLUMN DATA CENTERS
Donald L. Beaty, P.E., is president and David Quirk, P.E., is vice president of DLBAssociates Consulting Engineers, in Eatontown, N.J. Beaty is publications chair and Quirkis the chair of ASHRAE TC 9.9.
T e D g ta Revo ut onBY DONALD L. BEATY, P.E., FELLOW ASHRAE; DAVID QUIRK, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE
explosion of online health-care ata is not an acci ent, but rather has been riven by
both regulatory forces an the increase availability of technology platforms o suppor t.
ost o now s gn cant port on o our ea t -care n ormat on on ne.
Portals exist that allow us to receive an store ata from hospitals, our primary care
physician, our specialists, our pharmacy, an even ata that we’ve uploa e ourselves,
suc ome mon tor ng o we g t, oo pressure an oo sugar.
Once the data is placed in these portals, it is not only
stored, but can be trended for ready use and interpreta-tion for our next doctor’s visit, or made quickly available
to doctors in emergency situations.
This column provides an understanding of the legisla-
tion that has driven this digital health revolution, with
some glimpses into the future. For data center design
engineers, this is significant in terms of the approaches
to design facilities with the ability to scale for these loads
in health-care data center applications.
Health-Care Regulations There have been several major legislative initiatives
at the federal level over the past three decades, starting
with the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1985 (COBRA), and continuing with the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
(HIPAA), the Health Information Technology for
Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (HITECH),
and the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA). Of these, the
two with the biggest impact on digital records and pri-
vacy are HIPAA and HITECH.
The first major legislative act to impact digital (andother) personal health-care records was the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996,
commonly known as HIPAA. A primary goal of this leg-
islation was to help people keep their health insurance
as they transferred from one job to another regardless of
pre-existing conditions.
It also, however, introduced the concept of protected
health information (PHI), which is generally defined as
any information concerning health status, provision of
health care, and associated payment information that can
be linked to an individual. Upon request by an individual,
this information must be provided within 30 days.PHI can also be released to law enforcement officials
under subpoena or court order, and can be released to
other entities to facilitate treatment, payment, or other
health-care operations, though only the minimum
amount of necessary information can be shared. HIPAA
also requires doctors and pharmacies to ask you how best
to communicate with you (cell vs. home vs. work phone
number) to ensure confidentiality.
The privacy provisions of HIPAA took effect in 2003.
Though in the original legislation PHI was protected
indefinitely, with revisions made in 2013, our PHI is now
only protected 50 years after our death. This has signifi-
cant impacts to digital storage requirements.
The second major legislative act to impact digital
health records was the Health Information Technology
for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or
HITECH. HITECH, as its name implies, was enacted
partly as a stimulus package for the recession that
occurred after the housing market collapse that started
in 2006. It also, however, incentivized the use of elec-
tronic health records (EHRs).In addition to creating and storing records electroni-
cally, hospitals and doctors also needed to demonstrate
“meaningful use” of these records to qualify for stimulus
funding. Meaningful use can take on many forms, and
broad categories include improved care coordination,
better engagement of patients and their families, and
improving public health.
art T ree, Digita Hea t -Care P anning
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A fairly simple example of mean-
ingful use would be the use of a
computerized system to check for
drug-drug and drug-allergy inter-
actions with medication and pre-
scription orders. As of 2015, medi-
cal facilities that do not have EHR
implemented are actually penalized
in terms of Medicare payments.
Several provisions of HIPAA and
HITECH impact data operations for
health-care providers and associated
organizations, such as the health-
insurance industry. These require-
ments can be grouped into storage,
access, encryption, backup andrecoverability, and periodic testing of
data recovery.
While detailed discussion of each
of these requirements is beyond the
scope of this article, the net result
of all these requirements is a sig-
nificant increase in the quantity of
records kept, and increased regula-
tion on how it is stored, backed up,
and used. There are requirements
relating both to physical access and
electronic access to the computer
systems and records containing PHI.
An interesting statistic is that of
privacy violations reported during
the first 10 years of HIPAA, only about
6% were data compromises by hack-
ers. Data breaches involving more
than 500 people are required to be
reported to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, as wellas to the news media.
Big Data Research vs. Patient PrivacyOne potential conflict in using
Electronic Health Records is to what
extent private data can be used for
public purposes, such as medical
studies. In some ways, the increased
privacy of medical records has
made research more challenging.
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For instance, recruitment of sub-
jects for medical trials has, in some
instances, been made much more
difficult by regulations covering
confidentiality of medical condi-
tions. In some cases, follow-up sur-
veys of patients has also dropped,
partly because the informed con-
sent forms associated with the sur-
veys are required to be so lengthy.
Big data research of medical
records has become an increasingly
important and profitable topic.
Patient privacy regulations are serv-
ing as a throttle to the explosive
growth of big data medical research.
Growth Drivers of Digital Records While the impetus for much
of today’s EHR infrastructure is
course, also include much more than
doctor and lab records. An individual
can also record home-based data,
such as weight, blood pressure, and
exercise activity, so that these can be
readily accessed by health-care pro-
fessionals between visits.
Perhaps these home health records
will even be trended with other
home and/or ambient environmen-
tal data, such as humidity and air
quality levels, to allow health-care
providers to better understand and
tailor the individual’s home envi-
ronment for optimal health. This
topic will be addressed in moredetail in a future column article.
The movement away from provid-
ing episodic care has been enabled
by smartphones. The ability to
monitor various items such blood
pressure, blood sugar shows prom-
ise to help improve the health of
those with chronic conditions such
as hypertension, diabetes, etc. As
sensor technology for smartphones
grows, the application of active
patient management for healthier
lives will improve. Using this tech-
nology and approach has helped
keep people out of hospitals and
improved individual lifestyles.
While it’s helped decrease the flow of
people to hospitals, it has increased
the flow of digital data storage.
Smart technology and algo-
rithms are helping reduce therisk of complications and errors
in care delivery. The ability for
computerized pharmacy systems
to look at the entire drug regi-
men of patients, and flag potential
complications or dosing errors,
has helped improve complex drug
therapy and has reduced interac-
tions and side effects. Similarly lab
systems are contacting responsible
regulatory, the free market has
stepped in in many other ways, and
is driving a lot of the industry growth.
At least one internet service provider,
for instance, has adopted a password-
protected storage and trending plat-
form that allows individuals to place
all information related to their health
in a single location.
This potentially provides great
value to the individual, but essen-
tially doubles the amount of storage
needed for EHR since it is stored
both by the individual’s health-care
providers, and also by the individuals
themselves. Some medical records,such as MRI results, can be quite
large (on the order of 100 MB each).
Available data for input into an
individual’s storage system can, of
COLUMN DATA CENTERS
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ASHRAE’s Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems provides an introductionto the specification, design, manufacture, installation, operation andmaintenance of HVAC control systems. This book is a practical guide forbuilding owners and operators, mechanical engineers and contractors, facilityengineers and mangers, and others who need to deepen their understandingof HVAC control systems and develop applicable skills.
You’ll learn:• Control theory, the basics of electricity and the inuence of input and
output characteristics on control possibilities and performance
• How to use written specications, schedules, and control diagrams toidentify what to install, how to install, and how it is expected to operate
• DDC (direct digital controls) system components, interoperability of
controllers, network and data protocols• Replacement, modication and maintenance of pneumatic and electric
controls
This book can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompanycooresponding eLearning courses.
Learn the Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems
Visit the ASHRAE Bookstore to purchase your copy todayI-P version: www.ashrae.org/iphvaccsSI version: www.ashrae.org/sihvaccs
$130 (ASHRAE Member: $111)
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 58 6
parties immediately using smartphones or other devices
immediately when abnormal lab test results occur, thus
speeding interventions and reducing workload and
errors.
These are just a select few examples of the growth driv-
ers of digital records.
Data Center Solutions for Digital Health Care The decision, on the part of a health-care provider,
of where to store and manage their data, is complex. It
needs to consider all of the regulatory requirements as
well as other attributes specific to their organization.
There are a range of data center solutions including (as
discussed in Nov. 2012 column, “Cooling as a Service”):
• Cloud Computing;
• Retail colocation;• Wholesale colocation; and
• Build your own data center.
There is a full range of regulatory, as well as, hardware
and software considerations for digital health records
retention. Due to uncertainty in the growth rate for
EHR, data center solutions need to be very scalable.
Future growth trends are largely unknown. They can be
impacted by:
• Future regulation changes;
• Data privacy trends;
• Trend toward consolidation of health-care provid-
ers;
• Tele-health trends; and
• Big data analytics.
If remote data storage and management is used, there
is a need to make sure that these facilities have the hard
and soft protection environments that are required by
HIPAA and HITECH.
Closing Comments The regulatory environment has incentivized a trans-
formation in digital record keeping in an industry that
currently accounts for about 17% of our gross domestic
product. This has provided meaningful improvements
COLUMN DATA CENTERS
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 58 8
in the way health-care records are stored and used, but
also challenges from a privacy perspective.
Health-care research, by way of big data analytics, rep-
resents another frontier of significant advancements in
medical science. Privacy regulations are currently throt-
tling the expansive application of this big data research,
but may change with future regulation changes.
Regulations have played a big part in digital health-
care’s big data boom. The explosion of online health-
care data is not an accident, but rather has been driven
by these regulatory forces.
Data center designers, owners, and operators need
to fully understand the regulations associated with the
use of EHR before making decisions on the location and
management of digital records. As seen, a combination
of regulatory actions and technology enablers have cre-ated an enormous growth in health-care data center
needs.
Designers need to plan accordingly for the future scal-
ing needs of health-care data centers. To do otherwise is
an “accident” waiting to happen.
WEB RESOURCES
HIPAA is the federal Health Insurance Portability and Account-
ability Act of 1996. The Office for Civil Rights enforces the
HIPAA Privacy Rule, which protects the privacy of individu-
ally identifiable health information; the HIPAA Security Rule,
which sets national standards for the security of electronicprotected health information; the HIPAA Breach Notification
Rule, which requires covered entities and business associates
to provide notification following a breach of unsecured pro-
tected health information; and the confidentiality provisions
of the Patient Safety Rule, which protect identifiable informa-
tion being used to analyze patient safety events and improve
patient safety. www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy
The Health Information Technology for Economic and
Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was signed into law in 2009, to
promote the adoption and meaningful use of health informa-
tion technology. Subtitle D of the HITECH Act addresses the
privacy and security concerns associated with the electronic
transmission of health information, in part, through several
provisions that strengthen the civil and criminal enforce-
ment of the HIPAA rules. www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/
administrative/enforcementrule/hitechenforcementifr.html
The Affordable Care Act expands Medicaid coverage to mil-
lions of low-income Americans. www.hhs.gov/healthcare
COLUMN DATA CENTERS
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xyleminc.com© 2015 Xylem Inc. Bell & Gossett is a trademark of Xylem Inc. or one of its subsidiaries.
LET’S FOCUS
ENERGY ON SAVINGS.
Bell & Gossett increases savings to the power of e.
Get the industry-leading e-1510 pump for new HVAC systems and retrofit projects to maximize energy
savings. Backed by the expertise of Bell & Gossett and the resources of Xylem, the e-1510 pump features
an expanded “efficiency island” that offers peak energy efficiency for a broader range of the curve.
And when combined with a Technologic drive and a GPX heat exchanger or the efficient ECM motor and
optimized hydraulics of an ecocirc XL, system operating costs can be reduced up to 50 percent — and
those are savings worth focusing on. Learn more at power-of-e.com.
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 59 0
COLUMN REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS
BY ANDY PEARSON, PH.D., C.ENG., MEMBE R ASHRAE
Andy Pearson
Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng., is group engineering director at Star Refrigeration in Glasgow, UK.
Watt s t e B ccas on
James Watt, the Scotsman in the trio of famous names from April’s column, was the ol est
of the three, being born in 1736, over 80 years before Joule an Kelvin. He also live the
longest an arguably ha more impact on the in ustrialization of society than any other.
His life is a mixture of contra ictions, an he is frequently misun erstoo an misrepre-
sente . Like ames Joule, att ha no formal university e ucation but relie on personal
contact with the lea ing aca emics of his ay to formulate an evelop his i eas.
Watt trained as an instrument maker, specializing in
making laboratory instruments for Glasgow University
and the shipping trade. His workshop was set up withinthe precincts of the university after Watt completed his
craftsman’s apprenticeship in one year rather than the
usual seven years. Commissions included laboratory
instruments and navigational aids such as quadrants,
parallel rules, barometers and telescopes as well as
musical instruments including wooden flutes, fifes and
pipe organs. This led to a post of astronomical instru-
ment maker for the university where he worked with
Joseph Black and John Anderson.
One of his repair jobs for the univer-
sity was reconditioning a model of a
Newcomen steam engine, but even after
repair he found it would barely work
because the efficiency was so low. Watt’s
“big idea” came to him in an instant
while strolling on Glasgow Green in
May 1765. It took four years to get this idea—the separate
condenser—designed, tested and patented. Watt partnered
with Matthew Boulton who ran a factory in Birmingham,
England, and their compact steam engines delivered up to
five times more power than the previous design. Although Watt is often credited with inventing the
steam engine and many of its accessories, this is clearly
not so. He took an existing poor design and transformed
it into a practical and beneficial reality. However, it is
also wrong to see him merely as a mechanic using his
skill with machines and tools to effect improvements.
Despite his lack of higher education, he absorbed knowl-
edge from a wide range of fields and was instrumental in
the development of many chemical advances in bleach-
ing, dyeing and the separation of gases.
Sir Humphrey Davy, a colleague in many of these chemi-
cal experiments, said “he was equally distinguished as a
natural philosopher and a chemist, and his inventionsdemonstrate his profound knowledge of those sciences,”
and that Watt had “that peculiar characteristic of genius,
the union of them for practical application.” However, Watt
himself confessed that he was not a businessman, writ-
ing, “I would rather face a loaded cannon than settle an
account.” This is where Matthew Boulton played his part,
managing the business side of Boulton & Watt, leaving his
partner free from the financial worries that had filled his
early career and allowing him to mix
with the finest scientific minds in
Britain and Europe. Watt more than
held his own in such elevated com-
pany despite his humble origins.
A footnote to Watt’s early career
was found in the contents of his
Birmingham workshop gifted to
London’s Science Museum over 100 years after his death.
Among the wide range of woodworking tools were several
specialist pieces required for the manufacture and repair
of flutes, dating back to his early years in Glasgow. These
tools include a manufacturer’s stamp bearing the legend“T LOT,” clearly intended to give the impression the instru-
ment was made by leading French manufacturer, Thomas
Lot, the “Stradivari of flutes.” This adds an intriguing twist
to young Watt’s financial predicament. Fortunately, his
association with Joseph Black’s chemistry department and
its needs for ingenious instrument repair kept him out of
prison and enabled him to take that fateful, inspirational
stroll on Glasgow Green exactly 250 years ago.
How to fund the R&D budget for next year.
P H O T O : B A R O Q U E F L U T E B Y B O A Z B E R
N E Y ,
A F T E R A N
O R I G I N A L B Y T H O M A S L O T , 1
7 4 0 .
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INFO CENTER
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
9 2 A S H R A E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 5
www.info.hotims.com/54428-62
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construction, factory insulated walls, integral filter rack and accessdoor for servicing filters. Both custom and standard designs areavailable and ship within our standard production cycle. Optionsinclude; built-in roof pitch, special heights and pressure treatedwood nailer. Licensed P.E. on staff.
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Maximize your water efficiency with Smart Shield®, the patentedwater treatment system that can be factory mounted onto yourEVAPCO closed-circuit cooling tower. Plus, its solid chemistryreduces packaging, shipping, and handling, and eliminates thepotential for spills. Smart Shield is just one of EVAPCO’S manygroundbreaking solutions that make everyday life simpler, morecomfortable, and more reliable for people everywhere. Visitevapco.com to learn more.
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SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
INFO CENTER
9 3M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L
BACNET® MS/TP TO SNMP GATEWAY
www.info.hotims.com/54428-69
Connect SNMP devices to BACnet MS/TP or IP using the BabelBuster BB2-7030-02 from Control Solutions, Inc. of Minnesota.BB2-7030-02 uses SNMP Get to query MIB OIDs and provide dataas BACnet objects. BB2-7030-02 is also a BACnet client able toquery other BACnet MS/TP devices and provide data as SNMPOIDs. The BB2-7030 is UL 916 Listed.
Control Solutions, Inc.380 Oak Grove Pkwy, Suite 100 • PO Box 10789
St. Paul, MN [email protected] • 800-872-8613
www.csimn.com
DISTECH CONTROLS
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TJERNLUND
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TOPOG-E
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INFO CENTER
9 4 A S H R A E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 5
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
One Monitor For Multiple Refrigerants Designed for industrialcomfort air and refrigeration applications with audible, visual andBAS alarm configurations, SenTech’s IR-SNIF 1,2,3 (Single Zone)and MCD (Multizone) models are cost-effective, self-contained,active-air-draw sampling systems offering highly reliable infrared-based performance capable of monitoring and responding to 22refrigerants at concentrations as low as 10 and 1 PPM.Meets ASHRAE 15.
SenTech CorporationCheck our Web site: www.SenTechCorp.comCall or write for additional information.
Toll-free 888-248-1988 • Direct 317-596-1988
Fax 317-596-1989
“EARLY WARNING”
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POTTORFF OFFERS ECV-645-MD
MIAMI-DADE CERTIFIED,
WIND-DRIVEN RAIN LOUVER
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UNILUX: THE SKILLED ENGINEER’S CHOICE
Unilux is the solution. For over thirty years, Unilux is the skilledengineer’s choice. High efficiency, small footprint, low emission,ultra rugged construction and the industry’s best factory supportare just a few of the traits that our customers consistentlycomplement us about. Water, Steam and HTHW designs forcommercial comfort to industrial process. Custom applicationsand factory involved design build. Factory packaged or fielderected by factory crews.... Trust Unilux.
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Pottorff has announced theaddition of the ECV-645-MDMiami-Dade certified, 6” deep,vertical blade louver. It is AMCArated for Air Performance andWind-Driven Rain, approvedby the Florida Building Code,and tested in accordance with
AMCA 540 (impact resistance)and AMCA 550 (high velocitywind-driven rain). The ECV-645-MD offers a Best-in-Classoptional anchorless installationutilizing specially-designedflanged clips and retainingangles allowing for easyattachment to any substrate,thus saving the contractorvaluable time during theinstallation.
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INFO CENTER
9 5M AY 2 01 5 a sh ra e. or g A S H R A E J O U RN A L
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
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DAIKIN
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MUNTERS OASIS OPTIMUM DCIE
Munters Oasis™ Optimum DCIE data center cooling system is
a modular design that achieves PUEs less than 1.1. Fresh air isdrawn across wetted polymer heat exchanger tubes, while filteredambient air flows over the tubes’ surface. The evaporative processefficiently cools hot aisle air flowing through the tubes. Thisreduces risk from outdoor air pollutants to provide a clean, stableIT environment. The system is scalable by increments of 200kW*and the modules can simply be added on as a data center grows.
Email: [email protected] or call 800-843-5360.
Web: www.munters.us
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ClimateMaster’s TSL Ducted Vertical Stack Series is thefirst and only vertical stack product for ducted applications
on the market today. The TSL vertical stack is designedfor a variety of building applications. This new designprovides a simple and cost efficient approachto installing stacked units, while allowing forindividual tenant metering.
Through its vertical, space-saving design, theTSL Series can save both time and moneyduring installation.
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ASHRAE’s comprehensive smoke control resource
now includes AtriumCalc, a Microsoft® Excel®
application that lets engineers perform complicated
smoke control calculations in minutes.
Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering,now with AtriumCalc
$129 ($109 ASHRAE Member)
www.ashrae.org/smokecontrol
Smoke Control Calculations
Just Got Easier.
A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 59 6
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
DATA CENTERS To receive FREE info on the prod-
ucts in this section, visit the Web
address listed below each item or
go to
www.ashrae.org/freeinfo.
A ChillersOklahoma City-based ClimaCool offers a line
of modular packaged air- and water-cooled
mission-critical chillers with incremental
capacities ranging from 15 to 85 tons (53 kW
to 299 kW), configurable to 1,000 tons (3500
kW) per bank. Their modular design pro-
vides system expandability and redundancy.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-201
Steam Generator
The SuperSteam clean steam unfired steamgenerator from Diversified Heat Transfer,
Towaco, N.J., provides steam for clean ap-
plications including data center humidi-
fication, sterilization, and pharmaceutical
applications.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-202
B BACnet® Gateway The Babel Buster BB2-7010-02 gateway from
Control Solutions, St. Paul, Minn., enables
users to connect SNMP devices to BACnet IP.
It can query MIB OIDs and provide data as
BACnet objects.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-203
Remote Building Management SystemDiamond Controls Solution from Mitsubishi
Electric Cooling & Heating, Suwanee, Ga.,
enables building managers to control
multiple mechanical systems, including
non-HVAC equipment, through a single
interface. The product includes design,
installation and integration services from
the company’s Professional Services Group.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-204
Evaporative Cooler/Humidifier optiMist from Carel USA, Manheim, Pa., is
an evaporative cooler and humidifier for ef-
ficient management of direct evaporative
cooling, indirect evaporative cooling and
adiabatic humidification.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-205
Mixed-Flow Fan The model VMBL mixed-flow fan from
Carnes, Verona, Wis., is designed to deliver
low energy consumption and long life. It fea-
tures heavy-duty construction.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-206
B
BACnet® Gateway
By Control Solutions
A
ChillerBy ClimaCool
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a sh ra e. or g M AY 2 01 59 8
PRODUCTS
PRODUCT SHOWPLACE To receive FREE info on the
products in this section, visit
the Web address listed below
each item or go to
www.ashrae.org/freeinfo.
Rooftop FansTjernlund Products, White Bear Lake, Minn.,
offers the RT-Series rooftop fans. The fans
are available with an optional Constant Op-
erating Pressure Control (COP2), which in-
cludes a VFD and transducer to deliver pre-
cise draft or exhaust by modulating fan
speed to maintain a constant negative pres-
sure within a vent or exhaust system as draftor exhaust loads change.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-162
Fume Hood Exhaust Blowers HEMCO , Independence, Mo., offers a line
of fume hood exhaust blowers designed
to exhaust corrosive fumes, humid or pol-
luted air, gases and odors. The blowers are
available in coated steel or PVC, in stan-
dard or explosion proof models, all with a
smooth interior surface that reduces static
pressure loss and chemical waste buildup.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-163
A Industrial Evaporative CondensersSPX Cooling Technologies and SGS Refrigeration,
Overland Park, Kan., have collaborated to
develop the Marley Cube industrial evap-
orative condensers. The series includes a
range of forced-draft and induced-draft
models.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-151
B Building Automation System Tracer Concierge from Trane, Piscataway,
N.J., is a packaged system of building HVAC
and lighting controls. It is designed to be a
simple, turnkey system that is preconfigured
and preprogrammed for each of a project’s
standard floor plans. The system consists of a
factory-programmed Tracer SC system con-
troller, wireless communications interfaces
between devices, a touchscreen user display,
and an optional power meter.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-152
C Zone Valves Belimo Americ as, Danbury, Conn., announc-
es the ZoneTight line of zone valves for
pressure-dependent and pressure-inde-pendent zoning applications in tight spac-
es. The valves feature a “zero-leakage” ball
valve design that minimizes energy losses,
is resistant to clogging, and consumes up
to 95% less energy than conventional zone
valves.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-153
Semi-Hermetic CompresssorGEA Refrigeration Technologies, Bochum,
Germany, offers the GEA Bock HG46 CO2
T semi-hermetic, six-cylinder compressor
for transcritical CO2 applications with
operating pressures of up to 130 bar (13 000
kPa). It features a large displacement of 21.8
m³/h to 30.2 m³/h (770 ft3 /h to 1,070 ft3 /h).
www.info.hotims.com/54428-154
Harmonic FiltersSchaffner EMC, Edison, N.J., introduces the
ECOSine 60 Hz line of passive harmonic fil-
ters to protect motors in a variety of appli-
cations. Tuned to a specific harmonic order,
these filters remove harmful harmonics be-
fore they can damage protected load.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-155
DamperContinental Fan, Buffalo, N.Y., offers the IRIS
damper for supply and exhaust tracking
control, individual comfort control, and
airflow regulation. Its design allows for
airflow to be measured and controlled at
a single station to save time and money in
initial installation and commissioning.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-156
Makeup Air UnitsMinneapolis-based Valent introduces the DGR
direct-fired and IGR indirect-fired lines of
heat-only makeup air units for commercial
or industrial facilities where high outdoor air
volumes are needed but cooling and humid-
ity control are not required.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-157
Redundant Drives ACH550 Redundant Drives from ABB, New
Berlin, Wis., consist of a pair of ABB ACH550
drives integrated into a NEMA-rated enclo-
sure. The redundant drives feature single-
point control connections, which eliminate
the need to duplicate control wiring to pri-
mary and secondary systems.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-158
Packaged AC The M50A modular packaged air-condition-
ing system from Coolerado, Denver, features
the company’s indirect evaporation sys-tem, which provides greater efficiency com-
pared to conventional AC units and does not
use chemical refrigerants. The system is de-
signed to add no moisture to conditioned air.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-159
Geothermal Heat PumpWaterFurnace, Fort Wayne, Ind., introduces the
5 Series 504W11 hydronic geothermal heat
pump, which features the company’s Opti-
Heat vapor injection technology. While most
hydronic geothermal systems generate 130°F
(54°C) water, OptiHeat creates exiting water
temperatures up to 150°F (66°C) via an addi-
tional heat exchanger that diverts excess heat
and reinjects it into the system.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-160
HVLS Fans MacroAir, San Bernadino, Calif., offers the
Airvolution-D (AVD) line of HVLS fans. The
four models in the line feature a direct-drive
motor with a gearless design to deliver im-
proved airflow capacity in a smaller, lighter,
and less noisy motor.
www.info.hotims.com/54428-161
B
Building Automation SystemBy Trane
C
Zone ValveBy Belimo Americas
A
Industrial Evaporative CondensersBy SPX Cooling Technologies and SGS Refrigeration
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www.info.hotims.com/54428-7
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www.info.hotims.com/54428-XX
Standardized Tools to Reduce Autodesk® Revit® Implementation Costs
kBIM Template and Library for Autodesk Revit is a package of standardized Revit
tools designed to provide large-firm capabilities to smaller firms and improve drawing
development efficiency.
kBIM Template and Library includes a Revit template, customized Revit library, and
supporting help documentation, all designed to enhance the building information
modeling (BIM) process for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, and
technology disciplines.
kBIM Template and Library
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• Custom view templates
• Standard and customizable device symbols
• Equipment and fixture schedules and families
• Custom schedules and tags
• Standard pipe systems and filters
• Design checks as visibility and graphical settings
• Custom drawing annotation styles and device tags
• Equipment clearance representation
• Device annotation offset for drawing clarity
Provides large-firm capabilities to smaller firms
Find demos, examples, and purchasing information at www.ashrae.org/kbim.
Autodesk and Revit are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and other countries.www.info.hotims.com/54428-94
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A S H RA E J O U RN A L a s h ra e .o r g M A Y 2 0 1 51 0 2
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
ADIBATIC AIR INLET COOLING
EcoMESH Adia batic Sys tems Ltd.
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•No Water Treatment
•Longer Compressor Life
Improving the performance of Air Cooled Chillers, Dry Coolers andCondensers and Refrigeration Plants. EcoMESH is a unique mesh andwater spray system that improves performance, reduces energy
consumption, eliminates high ambient problems, is virtually maintenancefree and can payback in one cooling season.
BENEFITSBENEFITS
PCM ProductsPCM Productswww.pcmproducts.netwww.pcmproducts.net
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGETHERMAL ENERGY STORAGEPhase Change Materials between 8ºC(47ºF) and 89ºC(192ºF)release thermal energy during the phase change which releaseslarge amounts of energy) in the form
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FOR RENT
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Joseph, MI 49085-0617. Phone 269-925-3940. E-mail:
[email protected]. Visit our web site at www.
jrwalters.com.
OPENINGS
ASHRAE Journal
Classified Ads
The Foremost
Medium for Reaching
Engineering Professionals
Classifed ads are
ALWAYSproductive.
Classifieds are accepted in the
categories of Job Opportunities,
Rentals, Business Opportunities, andSoftware.
Closing date:
Copy must be received by the clas-
sified department by the 3rd of the
month preceding date of issue.
To place an ad in ASHRAE Journal
Classifieds contact:
Vanessa Johnson
1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329
Phone 678-539-1166
Fax 678-539-2166
E-mail: [email protected]
RATE SCHEDULE:
INSTRUCTOR IN HVAC AND ALTERNATIVERENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES: The Department
of Mechanical and Energy Technologies atSUNY Canton seeks candidates for a tenuretrack faculty position beginning in the fallsemester 2015. The successful candidate
will teach courses in the following areas:HVAC - domestic and commercial systems& design, load calculations, equipmentselection & building automation; Alternative &
Renewable Energy Systems – fuel cells, solarenergy, photovoltaic, solar hot water, passivesolar & biofuels.
QUALIFICATIONS: Relevant teaching ex-perience preferred, applied industrial experi-ence will be given emphasis in the selection
process. The successful candidate shouldhave a desire to mentor and advise studentsto ensure their academic success. The abilityto present material in a clear and understand-
able manner is a must. This position requiresa Master’s degree in engineering or engineer-ing technology and a P.E. License or PhD in arelated field.
Persons interested in the above positionshould apply online at https://employment.
canton.edu/ Review of applications will beginimmediately and will continue until the posi-tion is filled. Prior to a final offer of employ-ment, the selected candidate will be required
to submit to a background check including,but not limited to, employment verification,educational and other credential verification,and criminal background check.
CLOSING DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLI-CATIONS: Review begins immediately andwill continue until the position is filled.
SUNY Canton, a unit of the State Universityof New York, is an affirmative action, equalopportunity employer. SUNY Canton is building
a culturally diverse and pluralistic faculty and
staff and strongly encourages applicationsfrom minority and women candidates.
To place an ad contact:
Vanessa Johnson– Advertising Production &Operations Coordinator
1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329
Phone: 678-539-1166Email: [email protected]
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M A Y 2 0 1 5 a s h ra e .o r g A S H R A E J O U RN A L 1 0 3
SOFTWARE
www.bcatech.comwww.bcatech.com
407407--659659--06530653
For All HVAC Products
Selection
Pricing / Configuration
Submittals
Parts
Customer Support
More...
Everything Your Reps Need…
...to increase sales
[email protected], www.4mbim.com, www.4msa.com
mep
The power of BIM for MEP design
•Calculations directly from the BIM model
•Automatic generation of all the case studyresults•Automatic generation of the final set ofdrawings (plan views, vertical diagrams,axonometric diagrams, Piping/Ducting Networksin 2D and 3D and others) •Complete documen-
tation of results (detailed calculation sheets,Technical Reports, Bill of Materials and manymore) •IFC import/export to ensure collabora-
tion with other BIM applications.
FineHVAC - HVAC Design HVAC Loads (Ashrae 2013), Chilled and Hot
Water piping, Airduct Sizing, PsychrometricAnalysis (includes also design for Merchantand Naval Surface Ships - Ashrae ch. 13.1 & 13.3).
FineFIRE - Fire Fighting Design NFPA 13 fully calculated systems for tree,
gridded or looped systems (includes also EN12845, BS 9251, FM, CEA 4001 & AS 2118regulations)
FineSANI - Plumbing Design Water supply and Sewerage design
FineELEC - Electrical Design
FineGAS - Gas Network Design
FineLIFT - Elevator Design
ASHRAE Journal Classified Ads
The Foremost Medium for Reaching Engineering Professionals
To place an ad contact:
Vanessa Johnson
Advertising Production &Operations Coordinator
1791 Tullie Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
Phone: 678-539-1166
Fax: 678-539-2166
Email: [email protected]
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A S H R A E J O U R N A L a s h ra e .o r g M A Y 2 0 1 51 0 4
ADVERTISING SALESASHRAE JOURNAL
1791 Tullie Circle NE | Atlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400 | Fax: (678) 539-2174
www.ashrae.orgGreg Martin | [email protected]
Associate Publisher, ASHRAE Media Advertising Vanessa Johnson | [email protected]
Advertising Production Coordinator
NORTHEAST
Nelson & Miller Associates –Denis O’Malley5 Hillandale Ave., Suite 101Stamford, CT 06902(203) 356-9694 | Fax (203) [email protected]
SOUTHEAST
Millennium Media, Inc. –590 Hickory Flat RoadAlpharetta, GA 30004Doug Fix (770) 740-2078 | Fax (678) 405-3327Lori Gernand (281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) [email protected]; [email protected]
EASTERN CANADA
Nelson & Miller Associates –Denis O’Malley5 Hillandale Ave., Suite 101Stamford, CT 06902(203) 356-9694 | Fax (203) [email protected]
OHIO VALLEY
LaRich & Associates – Tom Lasch512 East Washington St.Chagrin Falls, OH [email protected](440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
MIDWEST
Kingwill Company – Baird Kingwill; Jim Kingwill664 Milwaukee Avenue, Suite 201Prospect Heights, IL 60070(847) 537-9196 | Fax (847) [email protected]; [email protected]
SOUTHWEST
Lindenberger & Associates, Inc. –
Gary Lindenberger; Lori Gernand7007 Winding Walk Drive, Suite 100Houston, TX 77095(281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) [email protected]; [email protected]
WEST
LaRich & Associates – Nick LaRich, Tom Lasch512 East Washington St.Chagrin Falls, OH [email protected]@larichadv.com(440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
KOREA
YJP & Valued Media Co., Ltd – YongJin Park Kwang-il Building #905, Dadong-gil 5Jung-gu, Seoul 100-170, Korea
+82-2 3789-6888 | Fax: +82-2 [email protected]
CHINA, HONG KONG & TAIWAN
China Business Media –Sean Xiao6-310 Xinchao No.162 Liaoyuan RoadFuzhou, Fujian, China86 186 5099 [email protected]
INTERNATIONAL
Steve Comstock (404) 636-8400 | [email protected]
RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING AND REPRINTS
ASHRAE – Greg Martin(678) 539-1174 | [email protected]
Advertisers Index/Reader Service InformationTwo fast and easy ways to get additional information on
products & services in this issue:
1. Visit the Web address below the advertiser’s name for the ad in this issue.
2. Go to www.ashrae.org/freeinfo to search for products by category or
company name. Plus, link directly to advertisers’ Web sites or request
information by e-mail, fax or mail.
Company PageWeb Address
Company PageWeb Address
Company PageWeb Address
*Regional
AAON, Inc .........................................................19info.hotims.com/54428-1
AAON, Inc .........................................................95info.hotims.com/54428-75
Accurex .............................................................21info.hotims.com/54428-2
Aerionics, Inc./ Macurco .................................88info.hotims.com/54428-3
AHR Expo Orlando 2016 .................................51info.hotims.com/54428-4
A-J Mfg. Co. .....................................................68info.hotims.com/54428-5
ASHRAE HVAC Control Systems ...................86info.hotims.com/54428-100
ASHRAE kBIM .................................... 100 – 101info.hotims.com/54428-94
*ASHRAE PCBEA .............................................97info.hotims.com/54428-93
ASHRAE Smoke Control .................................96info.hotims.com/54428-91
ASHRAE Std. 90.1-13 UM ..............................95info.hotims.com/54428-78
Aurora Pump/Pentair ......................................70info.hotims.com/54428-6
Bard Manufacturing Co..................................99info.hotims.com/54428-7
Bluebeam Software ........................................83info.hotims.com/54428-8
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp .....................59info.hotims.com/54428-9
CaptiveAire .......................................................79info.hotims.com/54428-10
CaptiveAire .......................................................25info.hotims.com/54428-11
Carlo Gavazzi Inc.............................................44info.hotims.com/54428-12
Carrier Corp......................................................31info.hotims.com/54428-13
Carrier Corp......................................................85
info.hotims.com/54428-14ClimaCool Corp ................................................92info.hotims.com/54428-63
ClimaCool Corp. ...............................................76info.hotims.com/54428-15
Climatemaster .................................................81info.hotims.com/54428-16
Climatemaster .................................................95info.hotims.com/54428-77
Component Hardware .....................................69info.hotims.com/54428-17
Control Solutions Inc ......................................93info.hotims.com/54428-69
Daikin North America LLC .............................95info.hotims.com/54428-76
Daikin North America LLC ............... 2nd Cvr-1
info.hotims.com/54428-18
Data Aire, Inc ...................................................45
info.hotims.com/54428-19
Distech Controls ..............................................93
info.hotims.com/54428-67
Ebtron, Inc ...............................................3rd Cvr
info.hotims.com/54428-20
Emerson Network Power ...............................67
info.hotims.com/54428-22
Evapco Inc ........................................................92info.hotims.com/54428-64
Fujitsu General America.................................77
info.hotims.com/54428-23
Goodway Technologies ...................................82
info.hotims.com/54428-24
Greenheck Fan Corp .......................................27
info.hotims.com/54428-25
Greentrol Automation .....................................53
info.hotims.com/54428-21
Harsco Industrial, Patterson-Kelley.............61
info.hotims.com/54428-26
Heat Pipe Technology Inc ..............................52
info.hotims.com/54428-27
Hurst Boiler & Welding Co. Inc .....................22
info.hotims.com/54428-28
LTG Incorporated .............................................84info.hotims.com/54428-29
MacroAir Technologies .....................................7
info.hotims.com/54428-30
Mestek/KN Series ...........................................13
info.hotims.com/54428-31
Mestek/RBI Water Heaters ...........................37
info.hotims.com/54428-32
Mestek/Xcelon ................................................75
info.hotims.com/54428-33
Metraflex ..........................................................82info.hotims.com/54428-34
Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA Inc...15
info.hotims.com/54428-35
*Mitsubishi Electric Sales Canada, Inc ......97
info.hotims.com/54428-36
Movin Cool/DENSO Products and Services43
info.hotims.com/54428-37
MTU Onsite Energy ..........Insert Btwn 40 – 41
Multistack, LLC ...............................................34
info.hotims.com/54428-39
Munters Corp ...................................................95
info.hotims.com/54428-74
Munters Corp ..........................................4th Cvr
info.hotims.com/54428-40
Munters Corp ...................................................23
info.hotims.com/54428-41
Onicon, Inc .......................................................71
info.hotims.com/54428-42
Ontrol A.S. .........................................................26
info.hotims.com/54428-43
Parker Boiler Co. .............................................96info.hotims.com/54428-44
Petra Engineering ...........................................57info.hotims.com/54428-45
Pottorff ..............................................................94info.hotims.com/54428-70
Raypak, Inc .......................................................65info.hotims.com/54428-46
Reliable Controls ...............................................2info.hotims.com/54428-47
Reliable Controls .............................................92info.hotims.com/54428-65
Renewaire, LLC ................................................33info.hotims.com/54428-48
Rinnai America Group.....................................49info.hotims.com/54428-49
Rotor Source, Inc. ...........................................20info.hotims.com/54428-50
Rotronic Instrument Corp ..............................12info.hotims.com/54428-51
Selkirk ...............................................................24info.hotims.com/54428-52
Sentech Corp ...................................................94info.hotims.com/54428-72
Shortridge Instruments .................................42info.hotims.com/54428-53
Southland Industries ......................................94info.hotims.com/54428-71
Specific Systems .............................................95info.hotims.com/54428-79
Spectronics Corp...............................................9info.hotims.com/54428-54
Taco....................................................................87info.hotims.com/54428-55
Taco....................................................................35info.hotims.com/54428-56
Thybar Corp ......................................................92info.hotims.com/54428-62
Titus ...................................................................11
info.hotims.com/54428-57Tjernlund Products, Inc..................................93info.hotims.com/54428-68
Topog-E Gasket Co. .........................................93info.hotims.com/54428-66
Trane ....................................................................5info.hotims.com/54428-58
Unilux Advanced Mfg, LLC.............................94info.hotims.com/54428-73
Unilux Advanced Mfg, LLC.............................86info.hotims.com/54428-59
Vaisala Inc. .........................................................8info.hotims.com/54428-60
Xylem, Inc .........................................................89info.hotims.com/54428-90
Yaskawa America Inc .....................................91
info.hotims.com/54428-61
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www.info.hotims.com/54428-20
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