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The IAQ Issue

People spend a lot of time indoors (90% +)

People expect the air to be reasonably comfortable,which usually means reasonable temperature and

humidity; avoiding drafts or stuffiness; and absence ofunpleasant odors or irritation.

Studies Have Proven That Poor IAQ can effectpeoples

HealthProductivityHappiness

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How IEQ Affects Health, ProductivitySource of

Productivity GainPotential AnnualHealth Benefits

Potential U.S. AnnualSavings or Productivity

Gain (1996 U.S. $)

ReducedRespiratory Illness

16 Million to 37Million Avoided

Cases of CommonCold or Influenza

$6 Billion to $14 Billion

Reduced Allergiesand Asthma

8% to 25% Decreasein Symptoms within

53 Million AllergySufferers and 16

Million Asthmatics

$1 Billion to $4 Billion

Reduced SickBuilding Syndrome

Symptoms

20% to 50%Reduction in SBSHealth Symptoms

Experienced

Frequently at Workby ~ 15 MillionWorkers

$10 Billion to $30 Billion

Improved WorkerPerformance from

Changes inThermal

Environment andLighting

Not Applicable $20 Billion to $160 Billion

Estimated potentialhealth and productivitygains from improved

IEQ.In many non-industrialworkplaces, workerssalaries and benefits

exceed energy costs byapproximately 100:1.

Source: ASHRAE Journal

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A Growing ConcernAn estimated 30 percent of the more than fourmillion U.S. commercial buildings have IAQproblems.

Although ser ious health problems related to IAQare rare, the percept ion of adverse health effectsassociated with IAQ is common. Since 1991, US courts have seen a markedincrease in cases in which plaintiffs claiminjuries due to IAQ issues.

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Information About IAQ Is

Everywhere..

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The IAQ Issue What To Do?Comply with building codes

MandatoryComply with ASHRAE 62.1

Voluntary unless written into building codesProperly install & maintain building & HVAC equipment

Education & training

Stay current on what is happening in the industry

Docum ent Everyth ing !

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How ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004Addresses IAQ

Provides guidelines to designers

Proper IAQ is more than providing 15 or 20 cfm of OAair per person

Also addresses other 3 components; contaminantsource control, filtration and managing relativehumidity

Establishes the standard -of- care of the industry,however is not an all encompassing document.Structured more towards the HVAC industry.

Lets look at some of the key areas of 62.1 -2004

You have to look at the s tandard as a w hole!

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Ventilation Control

A SHRA E 62.1-2004 Req u ires : 5.4 Ventilation System Controls. system shall bedesigned to maintain the minimum outdoor airflow asrequired by Section 6 under any load condition.

Implies OA should be measured in VAV systems.

Good idea for CV systems also.Energy savings in multipurpose buildings - movie theaters,classrooms, etc.

Specify ai r flow m oni tor ing damp ers tha t meetA MCA 610 & 611.

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A SHRAE 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.5.1 Resistance to Mold Growth. Material surfacesshall be determined to be resistant to mold growth inaccordance with a standardized test method, such asUnderwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) 181 Mold Growthand Humidity Test, ASTM C 1338 Standard TestMethod for Determining Fungi Resistance of InsulationMaterial and Facings, or other comparable testmethods.

Exceptio n to 5.5.1. Sheet metal surfaces and metal fastners.

Note: Even with this resistance, any airstream surface that iscontinuously wetted is still subject to microbial growth.

Mold

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Double Wall LinerFor Cleanability

62.1-2004 Implies surface shouldbe cleanable

Specify double wall solid liners,especially on all interior wetareas

Make sure you can readily accessareas that will need to beperiodically cleaned

Make sure specifications call forthe entire unit to be insulated andnot just the panels!

Double wall solidliner prevents

mold growth and

airstream erosion.

Wet fiberglass insulationunder perforated lineris an ideal medium

for mold growth!

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Prevent/Manage Water IntrusionA SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.6.2 5.6.5 OUTDOOR AIR INTAKES

Limit rain entrainment by selecting properly sized and/orrated outdoor air louvers or hoods.

Manage any water that does penetrate outdoor airintakes with drains and/or moisture removal devices.

Where snow entrainment is likely, provide drains anddoors in outdoor air sections to permit cleaning anddrainage.

Provide corrosion resistant bird screening over all outdoorair intakes.

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Minimize InfiltrationA SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.8 Particulate Matter Removal Minimum MERV 6filters upstream of all cooling coils and wettedsurfaces.

Specify performance that minimizesinfiltration of contaminants.

Panel deflection limit of L/240 and 1% leakage at 8 w.c. reduces the chance of dust, dirt andmicrobes bypassing the filters.

Less bypass reduces maintenance costsassociated with cleaning coils.

2 - 30%

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Exam ples Of

Microbial Contamination

Photos cour tesy of Association of Occupational and Envir onmental Cli ni cs & NI OSH

http://www.ohb.org/ieq-home.htm

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A SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.10.1 Relative Humidity. Occupied space RH shall be limitedto 65% or less at either

the peak outdoor dew-point design conditions and the peak indoor designlatent load or

the lowest space sensible heat ratio expected to occur and the concurrentoutdoor condition.

Occupant comfort is optimal at 30% - 60% RH

Relative humidity levels outside this range...Support microbial growth & produce unpleasant odorsCause occupant health problemsLead to equipment and furniture damageCan cause building structural damage

Control the Humidity

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A SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.11.4. Drain pan sufficient to collect water droplets acrossthe entire width of the water producing device and extending

downstream from the leaving face of the device either:(a) one half the installed vertical dimension of the device, or

(b) as necessary to limit carryover to .0044 oz/ft 2 of face area per hourunder peak sensible and peak dewpoint design conditions,considering both latent load and face velocity.

Specify corrosion resistant condensate drain pans,sloped a minimum of 1/8 per foot with drain outlet(s) atthe lowest point(s) of the pan and minimum accessunder coil for visual inspection and cleaning.

Condensate Management

This drain pan designmakes it difficult to

clean or inspectunder the coil andthe coil supports

This drain pan can beeasily visually inspectedand physically cleaned!

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A SHRAE 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

5.12.2. Finned-Tube Coil Selection for Cleaning

Air pressure drop of individual finned tube coils, or multiple finned tube coils in

series without at least 18 between them, is limited to 0.75 in-wc. at 500 fpmdry coil velocity.

Unless clear and complete instructions for access and cleaning of the coils isincluded.

5.14.3. Access for Inspection, Cleaning, and Maintenance

Outside air and mixed air plenums, coils, drain pans, air cleaners,humidifiers and fan sections

Specify minimum access dimension along with door sizeand specify equipment location for full accessibility.

Access, Access, Access...

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Coil Spacing Requirements

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Filter Contaminated AirA SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

4.1 4.3 OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY

Investigation and documentation of outdoor air quality prior to completion of ventilation system design.

6.2.1.1 Particulate Matter. If outdoor air isunacceptable, minimum MERV 6 filters or aircleaners are required for outside air before it

reaches occupied spaces.6.2.1.2 Ozone. Air cleaning devices may berequired where high ambient ozone levels arecommon.

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MERV?

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MERV

MERV: Minim um Eff ic iency Rat ing Value

Introduced by ASHRAE Standard 52.2.

Particle Size Based Efficiency - the filters abilityto remove airborne particles in specific sizeranges from 0.3 to 10 microns.

The dust spot efficiency rating of ASHRAE

Standard 52.1 does not account for particle sizeand does not use a controlled, repeatable testmedium.

Range 2 Range 31 to 3 m 3 to 10 m

9 40 to 45% E2 < 50 85 < E3 1 Nebulizer drops,welding fumes

Commercial Box filters

10 50 to 55% 50 < E2 < 65 85 < E3 1 Coal dust,auto emissions

Superiorresidential

ResidentialEACs

11 60 to 65% 65 < E2 < 80 85 < E3 1 Lead dust,milled flour

Bettercommercial

Box filters

12 70 to 75% 80 < E2 90 < E3 1 Legionella,humidifier dust

Hospitallaboratories

Bag filters

Particle size efficiency (PSE) %ASHRAE52.1 dust

s otMERV

Min. finalresistance

in. WG

Typicalcontrolled

contaminants A lication Filter t e

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Ventilation Procedures6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure

Prescriptive procedure in which outdoor air intake rates arebased on space type, occupancy level and floor area.

Rates are based on contaminant sources and sourcestrengths that typical for the space type.

6.3 Indoor Air Quality Procedure

Alternate design procedure in which outdoor air intake ratesand other parameters are based contaminant sources and

concentrations.Lower ventilation rates than the Ventilation Rate Proceduremay be required as a result of using filtration or other designtechniques.

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A SHRA E 62.1-2004 Requ ires:

7.1.3. Protection of Materials. When recommended bythe manufacturer, building materials shall be protected

from rain and other sources of moisture by appropriatein-transit and on-site procedures.

Specify shrink-wrapped to protect indoor unitsfrom road dirt & microbial contamination.

Specify that indoor units without shrink-wrappingshould be fully tarped for shipping or shipped inan enclosed truck and adequately protected fromrain and contamination during storage at the

jobsite.

Keep it Clean!

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IOM Requirements

A SHRAE 62-2001 Requ ires:

TABLE 8-1 Minimum Maintenance Activity & Frequency

Visual inspect ion or remo te moni tor ing o f OSA damp ers &actuators every th ree mo nths .

Cleaning of h um idi f iers every three month s .

Regular (no less th an on ce/year) v isua l inspect ion ofdehum idi fy ing coi l s and dra inpans , and c leaning w hennecessary.

Biannual insp ect ion of OSA louv ers , b i rdscreens , etc .

Specify that IOMs highlight the requirements ofASHRAE 62 and include a maintenanceschedule and recommended procedures.

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ENERGY STAR Label Requires IAQ Compliance ... Then a professional engineer needs to submitverification that the building meets 3 standards forthe indoor environment: ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 ;

ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 for thermal comfort; andIESNA Lighting Handbook for lighting quality. TheENERGY STAR Label for Buildings is offered to thetop 25% of buildings. The Label recognizes one yearof performance, and encourages facility managers toapply annually. The Label was introduced inJanuary, 1999.

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The Future ofASHRAE Standard 62.1

ASHRAE Standard 62-2004 is under continuousmaintenance:

Addenda are considered on a semi-annual basis and regularlysubmitted for Public Review (check www.ashrae.org).

All approved addenda will now be published simultaneously ina periodic supplement to the standard rather than as soon asthey are approved as they were in the past.

Ap pro ved addend a are available for f ree do w nlo adon the ASHRAE w ebsi te and are essent ia l for acom ple te & accura te und ers tanding o f the s tand ard .

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Summary

ASHRAE 62.1-2004 provides sound direction andestablishes the standard-of-care for ventilation systemdesign, however, there are many factors that contribute topoor IAQ that are not addressed in 62-2004!

Specify equipment and systems which do not compromisethe requirements of ASHRAE 62.1

Stay current on IAQ news in the industry

Remember that IAQ applies to the entire building, not just

the HVAC systemLook for updates to the standard

Contact indu stry leaders for h elp

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Thank You for Your

AttentionAre There Any Questions?