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Transcript of Ashley Smith & Andrea Skaflen James Madison University February 19, 2011.
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Ashley Smith & Andrea SkaflenJames Madison University
February 19, 2011
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What is social media?“Social” – refers to instinctual needs humans
have to connect with other humans“Media” – what we use to make connections with
other humans“Social Media” – how we can use technology
effectively to reach out & connect with other humans, create a relationship, build trust
Media used for social interaction2 way communication - interactive dialogue
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Types of Social MediaWritten wordTelegraphTelephoneRadioTelevisionEmailWebsitesPhotographsAudioVideoMobile phones (cell
phones)Text messaging
Picture-sharingV-logs (video blogging)Wall postingsMusic-sharingWeblogsSocial blogsInternet forumsPodcastsSocial bookmarkingVirtual game worlds
(video games)Virtual communitiesSocial networking
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Social NetworksExample
s:FacebookTwitterMyspaceLinkedInSkype
Social networking accounts for 22% of all time spent online in the U.S.
Twitter averages almost 40 million ‘tweets’ per day
1 in 4 people over the age of 65 use social networking sites
“There are over 200 active sites using a wide variety of social networking models today.”
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Possible situations counselors might encounter
Diagnosing clients with internet, gaming, etc addictionHelping a parent understand how technology use is
negatively impacting their child’s lifeProviding psycho-education about dangers of online social
sites – stalkers, sexual predators, bullies etcAdults – might be new to technologyChildren – might be oblivious to dangers
Client’s personal information available onlineCounselor’s information available online
Personal use Professional use
Dilemma of being friend requested by a clientUsing technology in counseling services
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Social Media Revolutionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB_P-
_NUdLw&feature=related
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Communicating with ClientsFace to face
In the roomVia computer
VerballyOver the phone
Written wordEmail or letterChatting or texting
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What is social networking?“It's the way the 21st century
communicates today.”A social network service is an online service,
platform, or site that focuses on building & reflecting social relations among people who share interests &/or activities
Essentially consists of a representation of each user (profile), social links, & other services
Most are web based; interact through internet, email, instant messaging(chatting), or phone applications
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Dangers of Posting Pictures Onlinehttp://abclocal.go.com/wabc/video?
id=7621105
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TelephoneWork phone numberPersonal phone numberTextingHotlines
Provide free, anonymous and immediate helpOffer information, emotional support, and
referrals234 million people over 13 years old used mobile
devices in Dec 2009
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TelephoneReduces response time Increases accessibilityAgencies should have emergency services
available 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekTelephone also integral part of traditional
counselingAdjunct to face-to-face work with clientsFew professionals have training in this area though
Client is in complete control of the duration of the conversationClient can hang up when they want
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Suggestions for Telephone Communication with Clients
Track moreTune into nonverbal cuesAppreciate the intimacy of telephone
communicationUse your body as you talkTake notesHave vital resource information near your
telephoneMaintain contact
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InternetEmailSkypeChattingSocial Networks (Facebook, Twitter,
LinkedIn)“Self-help” websites, blogs, and chatrooms
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InternetMichael Feeny (2001) stated that a large
number of online counseling and therapy sessions will be taking place every day in the not too distant futureCurrently, about 5,000-25,000 online contacts
between counselors and clients take place daily
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Telephone & InternetLike using a telephone, most internet
communication does not involve visual cues, however that may be an advantageComfort and privacy of client’s homeCan take whatever time needed to compose
messages (email)Because client isn’t seen, may feel sense of
anonymity and be less inhibited and candid
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Suggestions for Internet Communication with Clients
Use emoticonsUse acronymsUse emotional bracketingOffer descriptive immediacyBe aware of ethical concerns and legal issues
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CrisisMost fundamental task – make yourself
known as someone who can help in a crisisIn person, in writing, over the phone, or
through the internet – making contact with person in crisis is essential step in crisis intervention
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Initial session vs Established RelationshipHow do you think an established relationship
would influence efficacy of online or telephone communication with clients?Rapport already establishedTrusting relationship built
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AccessibilityHow accessible should counselors be?
24 hours a day; 7 days a week?Monday-Friday 8-5?
In what ways should counselors be available?Texting?Voicemail?Pager number?Personal telephone number?
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BoundariesAppropriate to text client?Policies about emailing clients?Phone etiquette Available 24/7?
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Confidentiality Difficult to maintain
People can overhear or accidentally see conversations
How could the information be used?How do you keep records?Could a transcript of a session be called into
court?If using a type of “real time” chat or e-mail how
do you limit the risk of third party knowledge of an online sessionencryption—how much does this limit risk?
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Ethical Framework for Use of Social Media Practitioners are mindful that social media
activity can blur the boundaries between personal & professional lives
Applicable ethical principles relevant to clinical care & social media:ConfidentialityMultiple RelationshipsTestimonials Informed ConsentMinimizing Intrusions on PrivacyInitiating Professional RelationshipsDocumenting and Maintaining Records
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Ethical Framework continued…Social media interactions which relate to
ethical principles:Personal vs. professional behavior on the web
for practitioners Friend and follow requestsSearch enginesInteracting using email, instant messaging, etcConsumer review sitesLocation-based servicesOnline treatment
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ACA Code of Ethics (2005)A.12. Technology Applications
Counselors inform clients of benefits & limitations of using information technology applications in the counseling process Include but are not limited to computer hardware, software,
telephones, Internet, online assessment instruments & other communication devices
When providing technology-assisted distance counseling services, counselors determine that clients are intellectually, emotionally, & physically capable of using the application & the application is appropriate for the needs of the clients When technology-assisted services are deemed inappropriate,
counselors consider delivering services face to faceCounselors ensure that use of technology does not violate
laws of any local, state, national, or international entity
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Code of Ethics continued…As part of the process of establishing informed consent, counselors do
the following: Address issues related to difficulty of maintaining confidentiality of
electronically transmitted communications Inform clients of all colleagues, supervisors, employees who might have access
to electronic transmissions Urge clients to be aware of all users including family members & fellow
employees who have access to any technology clients may use in the counseling process
Use encrypted websites and email communications to help ensure confidentiality
When encryption is not possible, notify clients & limit electronic transmissions to general communications – not client specific
Inform clients if & for how long storage of records maintained Discuss possibility of technology failure & alternate methods Provide clients with emergency procedures (calling 911 or crisis hotline) if
counselor not available Discuss time zone differences & cultural or language differences that might
impact service delivery Inform clients when technology assisted distance counseling services not
covered by insurance
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Scope of PracticeIndicates the specific area to which a
practitioner may practiceMay also define where a practitioner may
practiceUnderstanding boundaries & limitations of one’s
specific disciplineUnderstanding specific laws or ethics within
one's own discipline or geographic locationRespect specific laws of potential client’s
geographic locationCompetence
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Training and Supervision of Online Counseling Work
Limited course work regarding the specifics of online counseling work to ensure competency and efficacy through online medium
Limited number of Supervisors available with experience in online counseling work to provide appropriate supervision of online counseling work
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EfficacyHow effective is it to communicate with
clients via social mediaRESEARCH STUDIES?
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Client’s Access to Counselor’s Personal Info“Prior to calling or interviewing their potential
psychotherapists, consumers are likely to search for the therapists Facebook profile or page, or other social networking profiles” (Zur, 2009)
Through social networksHow much personal information should be
available for public view?Pictures, interests, hobbies, phone #, address,
communication with others (Facebook wall, etc)
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Counselor’s Profile Related to Professional Practice
Websites available to the public should include:Crisis intervention informationCounselor contact informationCounselor education, license/certification
informationTerms of use, privacy policy, & social media
policyEncrypted transmission of therapeutic &
payment informationInformed consent process
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Counselor’s Access to Client’s Personal InfoPictures, interests, hobbies, communication
with others (Facebook wall, etc)Previewing client’s information before initial
meeting (“scoping out client”)Gain access to client’s information not
expressed in sessions“Checking up” on client after sessions have
been terminated
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Digital “Natives” vs Digital “Immigrants”
Things to be aware ofCautions to remind children/teens ofCautions to remind parents ofUnderstanding purpose of social networksUnderstanding dangers of social networksPrivacyCyber-bullying
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Themes Counselors Might AddressTrollingOnline bullying (Cyber-bullying)Lack of interpersonal interactionBarrier between kids/teens and parentsInappropriate picturesThreatsTeachers and students “friends” online
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Ways Social Media will Change Mental Health Care
Changing how we communicate & define “relationship”
Professionals will collaborate more – more comfortable communicating via social outletsAlso learn to consult & collaborate more on cases
(careful with confidentiality), share research information, & become partners on treatment programs
The stigma & isolation of mental illness could decreaseOnline patient advocacy sites allow people to discuss
mental health issues with one another – share similar experiences & provide suggestions for coping
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Ways Social Media will Change Mental Health Care continued…
Increased demand for high quality mental health careSurge of “e-clients” – those who are “plugged in” &
research, advocate, & communicate onlineCurrent & potential clients asking providers
educated questions about their expertise, treatment philosophy, & expected outcomes
Stay up-to-date on what’s going on in your specialty – don’t want a client quoting research you should know about
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Ways Social Media will Change Mental Health Care continued…
Allow us to create & provide simple follow up programs & protocols that can be sent out to people daily, weekly, or monthly via email, text, audio, or videoReminders to take medication, exercise, eat right,
go to bed on time, use a journal, etcGreater ability to create treatment programs that
clients want & needAllows us to listen & discuss with consumers what
they would like in terms of service structure & offerings
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Policy for Social MediaFeel free to provide a policy for clients regarding:
FriendingFanningFollowingInteractingUse of search enginesBusiness review sitesEmail
Example of Keely Kolmes, Psy.D.“My Private Practice Social Media Policy”
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Overall Benefits/AdvantagesConvenience
Client feels comfort in own chosen location (home, work, etc)
Transportation not required to speak with counselor Reach Accessibility Usability Recency
Instantaneous responses; participants determine delay in response
Permanence Client able to read & reflect upon counselor’s words
multiple timesEspecially useful in crisis situationsHelpful in conjunction with face to face counseling
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Overall DisadvantagesTechniques difficult to employ through social
mediaNon-verbal gestures
Confidentiality difficult to maintainClients might prefer to remain anonymous
How do you know you are talking to who they say they are?
How do you collect payment from someone you don’t know?
Valid evidence supporting efficacy of cyber-counseling is hard to come by
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Things to keep in mindSocial media offers valuable tools and
resources which can support face to face counseling
If you want to use social media, remember to prepare the client - inform them of appropriate expectations
It is important for each counselor to decide what the personal advantages & disadvantages are of using social media in their practiceAlso keep in mind your organization’s policy (if
you do not have a private practice)
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References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from www.counseling.org Barnett, J. (2005). Online counseling: New entity, new challenges. The Counseling Psychologist,
November (33), 872-880. Barnett, J., Levahot, K., Powers, D. (2010). Psychotherapy, professional relationships, and ethical
considerations in the MySpace generation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, (41), 160 –166.
Echterling, L., Presbury, J., & McKee, J. (2005). Crisis intervention: Promoting resilience and resolution in troubled times. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Giurleo, S. (2010). 5 ways social media will change mental health care. Retrieved from http://socialmediafortherapists.com/social-media-will-change-mental-health-care/
Kolmes, K. (2010). Ethical framework for the use of social media by mental health professionals. Retrieved from http://www.onlinetherapyinstitute.com/ethical-framework-for-the-use-of-social-media-by-mental-health- professionals/
Kolmes, K. (2010). My private practice social media policy. Retrieved from http://www.drkkolmes.com/docs/socmed.pdf
Mallen, M., Rochlen, A., Vogel, D. (2005). The practical aspects of online counseling: Ethics, training, technology, and competency. The Counseling Psychologist, November (33), 776-818.
Walz, G. (2001). Cyber-counseling: A point of view. Retrieved from http://www.nbcc.org/Assets/Newsletter/Issues/winter01.pdf
Wikipedia (2011). Social network service. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking
Wikipedia (2011). Social media. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Communication
(n.d.). What is social media? Retrieved from http://static.managementboek.nl/pdf/9780470623978.pdf (n.d.). To accept or not to accept? Retrieved from http://www.zurinstitute.com/socialnetworking.html
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