Ascending pathway Thermal pain receptor in finger to brain Response Thermal pain receptor in finger...

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O rganization ofN ervous S ystem B rain C entral N ervous System (C NS ) Spinal cord Visceral Stim uli Sensory Stim uli A utonom ic N ervous S ystem Som atic N ervous System A fferent D ivision Peripheral N ervous System (PN S ) Efferent division Parasympathetic N ervous S ystem Sympathetic N ervous System M otor N eurons EffectorO rgans (m ade up ofm uscle and gland tissue) SkeletalMuscle Sm ooth M uscle C ardiac M uscle G lands (O utputfrom CNS To periphery) (Inputfrom CNS To periphery)

Transcript of Ascending pathway Thermal pain receptor in finger to brain Response Thermal pain receptor in finger...

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Organization of Nervous System

Brain

CentralNervousSystem(CNS)

Spinalcord

VisceralStimuli

SensoryStimuli

AutonomicNervous System

SomaticNervous System

AfferentDivision

PeripheralNervousSystem

(PNS)Efferentdivision

ParasympatheticNervous System

SympatheticNervous SystemMotor Neurons

Effector Organs(made up of muscle and gland tissue)

Skeletal MuscleSmooth MuscleCardiac Muscle

Glands

(Output from CNSTo periphery)

(Input from CNSTo periphery)

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Response

Thermalpain receptorin finger

Afferentpathway

Efferent pathway

Ascending pathway

Components of a reflex arc

Receptor

Afferent pathway

Integrating center

Efferent pathway

Effector organs

to brain

Triceps(exensor)

Biceps(flexor) Integrating center

(spinal cord)

Effectororgans

Stimulus

= Stimulates= Inhibits= Synapse= Excitatory interneuron= Inhibitory interneuron

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Brain Stem

Cervical Spinal Cord

PS

Sym

PS

A

Lumbar Spinal Cord

Sacral Spinal Cord

Thoracic Spinal Cord

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Cranisosacralparasympatheticnerves

Effectororgans:

Cardiacmuscle

Smoothmuscle

Mostexocrineglands andsomeendocrineglands

= Sympathetic system= Parasympathetic system

= Cell body= Axon terminal

Sympathetic ganglion chain

Terminalganglion

Spinalcord

ThoracolumbarSympatheticnerves

AChNE

AChACh

= Preganglionic fiber= Postganglionic fiber

ACh = Acetylcholine NE = Norepinephrine E = Epinephrine

Terminalganglion

ACh

ACh ACh

E, NE

Collateralganglion Collateral

ganglion

Blood

NE

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Preganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Reproductive system

Urinary system

Sympathetic trunk

Vasomotor fibersto lower extremity

To p

erip

hera

l blo

odve

ssel

s (v

asom

otor

)S

wea

t gla

nds

(sud

omot

orH

air f

olic

le m

uscl

e (p

ilom

otor

)

Eye

Blood vessels of head

Glands associated with eye, nasal cavity and oral cavity

Respiratory system

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Celiac ganglion

Descendingautonomicpathways

Hypothalamus

Superior cervical ganglion

Inferiormesenteric

ganglion

Superiormesentericganglion

Kidney

Adrenal

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Descending autonomic pathways

Accessory oculomotorNucleus (Edinger-Westphal)

Salivatorynuclei

SuperiorInferior

Dorsal vagal nucleus

Preganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron

Urinary systemReproductive system

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Respiratory system

Blood vessels andglands of head

Eye and lacrimal gland

Hypothalamus

Ciliary ganglion

Submandibular ganglion

Otic ganglion

S2

S3

S4

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NERVES

ACh

ACh

+ EXOCRINE GLANDS+ SMOOTH MUSCLE OF G.I. TRACT– HEART RATE

+ SWEAT GLANDS– BLOOD VESSELS (Some)

+ HEART SMOOTH MUSCLE+ SPLEEN OF:+ BLOOD VESSELS – G.I. TRACT (Most) – LUNGS

SKELETALMUSCLE

POSTGANGLIONICNERVES:

GANGLION:

PREGANGLIONICNERVES:

A U T O N O M I C N E R V O U S S Y S T E M

PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC SOMATIC

CHOLINERGICNERVES

ADRENERGICNERVES

CHOLI-NERGICALL

EFFECTORORGANS:

Adr

enal

Med

ulla

ACh NOREPI

C E N T R A LN . S .

ACh ACh

EPI

ACh

Via theBlood

ACh

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The main effects of the autonomic nervous system

Organ

Sympathetic

Receptor type

Parasympathetic

Receptor type

Heart

SA node Rate β1 Rate M2 Atrial muscle Force β1 Force M2 AV node Automaticity β1 Cond. vel. M2 AV block Ventricular muscle Automaticity β1 No effect Force Blood vessels Arterioles Coronary Constriction α Muscle Dilatation β2 No effect Viscera Skin Brain

Constriction

α

No effect

Erectile tissue Salivary gland

Constriction α α

Dilatation ? M3

Veins Constriction α No effect Dilatation β2 Viscera Bronchi Smooth muscle No sympathetic innervation, β2 Constriction M3 but dilated by circulating epinephrine Glands No effect Secretion M3 GI tract Smooth muscle Motility α2, β2 Motility M3 Sphincters Constriction α2, β2 Dilatation M3 Glands No effect Secretion M3 Gastric acid secretion M1 Uterus pregnant Contraction α Variable non-pregnant Relaxation β2 Male sex organs Ejaculation α Erection ? M3 Eye Pupil Dilatation α Constriction M3 Ciliary muscle Relaxation (slight) β Contraction M3 Skin Sweat glands Secretion (mainly cholinergic) α No effect Pilomotor Piloerection α No effect Salivary glands Secretion α, β Secretion M3 Lacrimal glands No effect Secretion M3 Kidney Renin secretion β2 No effect Liver Glycogenolysis α, β2 No effect Glyconeogenesis

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Vm (mV)

Vm (mV)

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fiber

Target organs

Sympatheticpreganglionicfiber

Sympatheticpostganglionic

Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine

Spinal cord

Adrenalmedulla

Blood fiber

Target organs

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inactiveA-kinase

regulatorysubunit

catalyticsubunit

complex ofcyclic AMP and

regulatory subunits active catalyticsubunit

cyclic AMP

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1 molecule ofsignaling ligand

receptor protein

each activated receptor proteinactivates many molecules of Gprotein, each of which in turnactivates an adenylate cyclasemolecule

each activated adenylatecyclase molecule generatesmany cAMP molecules

each cAMP moleculeactivates 1 moleculeof protein kinase

each kinase molecullephosphorylates andthereby activates manycopies of enzyme X

each copy of enzymeX produces manymolecules of product

cAMP

AMPLIFICATION

AMPLIFICATION

AMPLIFICATION

AMPLIFICATION

G protein

acivatedadenylate cyclase

proteinkinase

enzyme X

products ofenzyme X

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GTP

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Phosphatidylinositol Polyphosphoinositides

Ptdins Ptdlins4P Ptdins4,5P2

Ins 1,4,5P3

AGONIST

Diacylglycerol

d

a

cb

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β1 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclaseβ2 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase α1 Linked to phospholipase C mobilization of intracellular Ca2+

α2 Linked to inhibiion of adenylyl cyclase

Classification of Noradrenergic Receptors Linked to Second-messenger Systems

Type Second-messenger system Gene family Location

Cerebral cortex, cerebellumCerebral cortex, cerebellum

Superfamily of G-protein Brain, blood vessels, spleen coupled receptors

Presynaptic nerve terminals throughout the brain

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MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS

Nomenclature M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

Predominant Effectors

IP3/DG cAmp K+ channel

IP3/DG cAmp IP3/DG

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Subtypes of muscarinic receptors

M1

M2

M3

Type

“Neural”

“Cardiac”

“Glandular”

Main locations

Neural

Cardiac

Exocrine glands

CNS (cortex, hippocampus) Atria Smooth muscle Ganglia (enteric, autonomic) Conducting tissue Vascular endothelium Gastric Neural Parietal cells Presynaptic terminals Effects Cellular IP3, DAG cAMP IP3

Depolarization Inhibition Stimulation Excitation (slow epsp) ( Gk, iCa) ( [Ca]i) ( Gk) Slow ipsp Functional CNS excitation (? memory) Cardiac inhibition Secretion Gastric acid secretion Presynaptic inhibition Smooth muscle

contraction Gastrointestinal motility Neural inhibition Vasodilatation (via NO) Agonists ACh ACh ACh CCh CCh CCh McNA343 Antagonists Atropine Atropine Atropine Pirenzepine Gallamine HHSD* Dicyclomine AF-DX 116

*HHSD = hexahydrosiladifenol

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Effects mediated by adrenoceptor subtypes

Adrenoceptor

Tissue

α1

α2

β1

β2

Smooth muscle

Blood vessels Constrict Contract Dilate Bronchi Constrict Dilate GI tract Non-sphincter Relax Relax (hyperpolarization) (no hyperpolarization) Sphincter Contract Uterus Contract Relax Bladder Detrusor Relax Sphincter Contract Seminal tract Contract Iris (radial) Contract Ciliary muscle Relax Heart Incr rate Incr force Skeletal muscle Tremor Liver Glycogenolysis Glycogenoloysis K+ release Fat Lipolysis ( β3-receptor) Nerve terminals Adrenergic Decr release Incr release Cholinergic (some) Decr release Salivary gland K+ release Amylase secretion Platelets Aggregation Mast cells Inhibition of histamine release

Second messengers

IP3, DAG

cAMP

cAMP

cAMP

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inactivephosphorylaskinase

activephosphorylaskinase

inactive A-kinase

active A-kinase

cAMP

GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE 1-PHOSPHATE

GLYCOLYSIS

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