AS/NZS 1100.501:2002

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Technical drawing

Part 501: Structural engineeringdrawing

AS/NZS 1100.501

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AS/NZS 1100.501:2002

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint TechnicalCommittee ME-072, Technical Drawing. It was approved on behalf of the Councilof Standards Australia on 22 June 2001 and on behalf of the Council of StandardsNew Zealand on 3 December 2001. It was published on 29 January 2002.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME-072:Australian Chamber of Commerce and IndustryAustralian Institute of Quantity SurveyorsAUSTROADSDepartment for Employment, Training and Further Education (South Australia)Department of Defence (Australia)Design Association of New ZealandInstitute for Drafting and Design AustraliaInstitute of Industrial ArtsMaster Builders AustraliaSteel Reinforcement Institute of AustraliaTAFE, NSWUniversity of Melbourne

Keeping Standards up-to-dateStandards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology andsystems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, andnew editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselvesthey are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments whichmay have been published since the Standard was purchased.Detailed information about joint Australian/New Zealand Standards can be found byvisiting the Standards Australia web site at www.standards.com.au or StandardsNew Zealand web site at www.standards.co.nz and looking up the relevant Standardin the on-line catalogue.Alternatively, both organizations publish an annual printed Catalogue with fulldetails of all current Standards. For more frequent listings or notification ofrevisions, amendments and withdrawals, Standards Australia and Standards NewZealand offer a number of update options. For information about these services,users should contact their respective national Standards organization.We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especiallyencourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies orambiguities. Please address your comments to the Chief Executive of eitherStandards Australia International or Standards New Zealand at the address shownon the back cover.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96489.Acc

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AS/NZS 1100.501:2002

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Technical drawing

Part 501: Structural engineeringdrawing

Originated as AS 1100.501—1985.Jointly revised and designated as AS/NZS 1100.501:2002.

COPYRIGHT© Standards Australia/Standards New ZealandAll rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of thepublisher.Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020ISBN 0 7337 4008 1

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AS/NZS 1100.501:2002 2

PREFACEThis Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New ZealandCommittee ME-072, Technical Drawing, to supersede AS 1100.501—1985, Technicaldrawing, Part 501: Structural engineering drawing.

The objective of the Standard is to provide engineers, architects, builders, drafting officersand others in the construction industry with a common method for the representation ofstructures and their components to enable the preparation and unambiguous interpretationof structural drawings.

This Standard is one of a series dealing with technical drawings. The other Standards in theseries are the following:

Part 101: General principles

Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing

Part 301: Architectural drawing

Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing

Reference to Part 101 is required for the source, definition and basic requirements of some of thecontents of this Standard.

In the preparation of this Standard, the committee took account of the recommendations of theInternational Organization for Standardization.

In addition to the relevant international Standards listed in AS 1100.101, this Standard is inagreement with the following international Standards:

ISO3766 Construction drawings —Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement

4066 Construction drawings—Bar scheduling

This Standard has three sections, as follows:

(a) Section 1 deals with general information on the Standard and on the general requirements.

(b) Section 2 deals with matters applicable to all structural drawings and containsconventions, symbols and abbreviations for the general user.

(c) Section 3 contains conventions for use in particular applications or with specific materials.

It is acknowledged that the use of computer-aided drafting (CAD) now plays an importantpart in producing technical drawings. In line with the practice of international Standardscommittees dealing with areas related to technical drawings, the requirements andprinciples of this Standard apply equally to users of CAD systems.

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CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL1.1 SCOPE......................................................................................................................... 41.2 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 41.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................................... 51.4 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 51.5 CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWINGS ......................................................................... 61.6 LEGENDS ................................................................................................................... 6

SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS2.1 DIMENSIONING ........................................................................................................ 72.2 LINES.......................................................................................................................... 72.3 SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................. 72.4 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 72.5 IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ................................................ 72.6 INFORMATION TO BE SHOWN ON DRAWINGS................................................ 122.7 DRAWING SCALES................................................................................................. 122.8 CONVENTIONS FOR CROSS-REFERENCING ..................................................... 122.9 ARRANGEMENT OF DRAWINGS IN A SET ........................................................ 16

SECTION 3 PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS3.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 173.2 REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ................................................ 173.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL............................................................................................. 263.4 TIMBER .................................................................................................................... 293.5 MASONRY ............................................................................................................... 34

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALANDAustralian/New Zealand Standard

Technical drawing

Part 501: Structural engineering drawing

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPEThis Standard sets out requirements and recommendation for structural engineering drawingpractice and is complementary to AS 1100.101. This Standard deals with the presentation ofinformation.The types of structures intended to be dealt with by this Standard are generally thosecovered by structural design and construction Standards and codes, particularly thefollowing:

AS1720 Timber Structures Code2327 Composite structures2327.1 Part 1: Simply supported beams3600 Concrete structures3700 Masonry structures3990 Mechanical equipment—Steelwork4100 Steel structuresAS/NZS1148 Timber—Nomenclature—Australian, New Zealand and imported species1664 Aluminium structures4600 Steel structuresNZS3101 Concrete Structures Standard3404 Steel Structures Standard3603 Timber Structures Standard4230 Code of practice for the design of masonry structuresAUSTROADS Bridge Design Code

NOTE: For cold-formed steel structures, stainless steel structures and aluminium structures, thepictorial representation is similar to general structural steelwork drafting.

1.2 APPLICATIONThe principles given in this Standard are intended for adoption by engineers, architects,drafting persons and builders in both Government authorities and private enterprise.The Standard is intended as a basis for common practice and consistency of application,upon which technical organizations can base their own detailed rules or manuals for thepreparation and presentation of drafting work. It is also intended that the Standard besufficiently complete for most applications, and that drafting offices or persons would onlyneed further guidelines when drawing specialized structures or when working outside thescope of the Standard.

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The application of this Standard may require reference to AS 1100.101, AS 1100.301 andAS 1100.401.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following Standards are referred to in this Standard:AS1100 Technical drawing1100.101 Part 101: General principles1100.301 Part 301: Architectural drawing1100.401 Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing1101 Graphical symbols for general engineering1101.3 Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination1111 ISO metric hexagon commercial bolts and screws1163 Structural steel hollow sections1310 Steel wire for tendons in prestressed concrete1311 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete—7-wire stress-relieved steel strand for

tendons in prestressed concrete1397 Steel sheet and strip—Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated1720 Timber structures2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms3600 Concrete structures3700 Masonry structures3990 Mechanical equipment—Steelwork4100 Steel structuresAS/NZS1148 Timber—Nomenclature—Australian, New Zealand and imported species1252 High strength steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural

engineering1554 Structural steel welding (various parts)3678 Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs3679 Structural steel3679.1 Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections3679.2 Part 2: Welded I sections4671 Steel reinforcing materialsNZS3101 Concrete structures standard3404 Steel structures standard3603 Timber structures standard

1.4 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 1100.101 and AS 1100.301and those below apply.

1.4.1 Bar mark

An identifier given to a reinforcement bar.

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1.4.2 Bundle markAn identifier given to a bundle of reinforcement bars.

1.4.3 ElevationThe projection on a vertical plane of any object, such as a building or component, viewed atright angles to the plane of projection.

1.4.4 MayIndicates the existence of an option.

1.4.5 Section on grid lineA vertical section drawn without showing inclined members cutting the line of the section.

1.4.6 ShallIndicates that a statement is mandatory.

1.4.7 ShouldIndicates a recommendation.

1.4.8 SpecificationA precise description of materials and workmanship of a project or parts thereof which arenot shown on drawings or in schedules.

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWINGSThe following types of drawing can be identified for the purposes of documentclassification:(a) Design layout drawing A drawing depicting the size, shape and relationship, as

designed, of major structural elements.(b) Design detail drawing A drawing depicting all the information required for the

construction, in accordance with the design, of any given part of a structure orstructural element.

(c) Shop detail drawing A drawing depicting all necessary information for thefabrication of structural elements, and intended for use in a workshop.

(d) General information drawing A drawing containing information required for theunderstanding of related drawings, or for the performance of the work depicted onthem.

(e) As-built drawing A drawing used to record the details of a construction following itscompletion.NOTE: Previously referred to as ‘work-as-executed drawing’.

(f) Marking drawing An arrangement drawing for structural prefabricated elementsshowing their designations and relationships.

(g) Handling and erection procedure drawing A drawing indicating erectionrequirements such as sequence of operations, temporary structural members and slingpositions.

1.6 LEGENDSLegends shall be provided in respect of any symbols used for non-conventionalrepresentation of items, such as the following:(a) Joints, e.g. construction joint, expansion joint, contraction joint.(b) Set-out lines.

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S E C T I O N 2 G E N E R A L A P P L I C A T I O N S

2.1 DIMENSIONING

Units and methods used in dimensioning of drawings shall be in accordance withAS 1100.101.

If dimensions are shown on other drawings (such as architectural drawings), dimensionsshowing relationships of members (including primary and building dimensions) may beomitted on structural drawings.

NOTE: Examples of primary and building dimensions are building widths, heights and lengths,and grid spacings.

2.2 LINES

2.2.1 Type of line

A type of line appropriate for each application shall be selected from, and used inaccordance with, Table 2.1. For other applications see AS 1100.101.

2.2.2 Line thickness

Line thicknesses shall be selected in accordance with AS 1100.101.NOTE: A line of thickness less than 0.18 mm is difficult to reproduce in some situations.

2.3 SYMBOLS

The symbols given in AS 1100.101, AS 1100.301 and AS 1100.401 shall be used to indicaterelevant features on drawings prepared for general or communication purposes, particularlywhere drawing to scale is impracticable.

For symbols used in structural engineering, see Section 3.NOTE: Symbol size and line thickness will depend on drawing size and scale. Symbols givenhave therefore not been dimensioned.

2.4 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations for use in general applications shall be in accordance with AS 1100.101,AS 1100.301 and AS 1100.401.

For abbreviations for use on particular application drawings, see Tables 2.2(A) and 2.2(B),3.2 and 3.4, and Clause 3.2.6.

2.5 IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2.5.1 General

Each structural element should be labelled by a discrete reference using a suitablecombination of letters or numbers. This reference may be by either consecutive numberingor a grid system, or both.

2.5.2 Consecutive numbering

In a consecutive numbering system, the reference should comprise a prefix, stem and suffix,as follows:

(a) Prefix The location or floor level of the structural element. Floor levels may bedesignated either by sequential levels or traditional storeys (see Table 2.2(A)).A

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(b) Stem T he type of structural element (see Table 2.2(B)).

(c) Suffix The individual number of the structural element.

Examples:

(i) Fourth floor, beam No. 21............................................................................. 4 B 21.

(ii) Level 10, slab No. 4 ..................................................................................... 10 S 4.

2.5.3 Grid system (see also AS 1100.301)

A grid reference system consists of one set of gridlines in one direction with a second set ofgridlines in another direction. Any grid system shall be consistent throughout a project.

Grid systems are generally used with regularly shaped structures but grid lines do notnecessarily have to be at right angles to each other. Grid directions should be selected toallow for expansion to accommodate any anticipated future extension.

The project grid may be adopted with a completely arbitrary orientation, bearing no relationto any recognized map grid or True North.

The gridlines running down the sheet should be marked alphabetically (A, B, C...) and thegridlines across the sheet should be marked numerically (1, 2, 3...), as shown in Figure 2.1.

FIGURE 2.1 EXAMPLE OF GRID NUMBERING SYSTEM(SEE CLAUSE 2.5.3)

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TABLE 2.1

LINES AND APPLICATIONS(SEE CLAUSE 2.2)

1 2 3 4

Designatingletter Type of line Example of line Application

A Continuous — thick Diagrammatic representation of structural element centre-line on layout drawings, e.g. beams

Visible lines and change-in-level lines structural bolts, e.g. in timber

Reinforcement where ‘thin’ or ‘medium’ concrete outlines are used

M Continuous —

mediumVisible outlines, optional, where considerable detail has to be shown

Intersecting beam outlines in elevations only

Reinforcing bars and mesh where fully detailed in view shown or concrete outlines where ‘thick’ line reinforcement is used

P Continuous — extrathick

Reinforcement where ‘thick’ concrete outlines are used

B Continuous — thin Reinforcement extent lines such as those —

across slabs, in planacross walls, in elevationalong beams or columns for fitments

Visible masonry walls including —

planselevations

Hatching of masonry over

Diagonals across holes or recesses (under or over)

Dimension lines and leaders

Welding symbols

Fictitious outlines (of parts removed)

Break lines around large areas such as —C Continuous — thin,freehand slabs

special details to larger scale

D Continuous — thin,ruled with zig-zag

Break lines in individual elements such as at sections and the like

F Dashed — thin Hidden masonry, particularly walls under.

Column strip and middle strip (panel) outlines on plan views

Hatching for masonry under

(continued)

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1 2 3 4

Designatingletter Type of line Example of line Application

N Dashed — medium Hidden outlines of structural or supporting elements.

Diagrammatic representations of temporary bracing members or structural elements.

Reinforcement indicated in view shown, although fully detailed elsewhere

G Chain — thin Gridlines

Centre-lines

H Chain — thick at endsand change ofdirection;

—thin elsewhere

Cutting plane for a section indicating direction of view. Where the type G line would conflict with any other line, it should be omitted, and only the section cross-references and changes of direction should be shown

J Chain — thick Indication of a surface to meet a special requirement such as granolithic or terrazzo finish, or to receive special treatmentMatch lines between drawings

K Chain — thin,double dashed

Outline of adjacent or existing parts

TABLE 2.2(A)

CODES FOR CONSECUTIVE NUMBERING SYSTEM—PREFIX

(SEE CLAUSE 2.5.2)

Location or floor level Prefix code

Sequential (Numerical) Levels

Lowest level 1

Then in ascending order, e.g. Tenth level 10

Traditional (Naming) storeys (Non-preferred)

Roof

Second floor, etc.

R

2, etc.

First floor 1

Mezzanine M

Ground floor G

Basement B

Footing level F

TABLE 2.1 (continued)

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TABLE 2.2(B)

CODES FOR CONSECUTIVE NUMBERING SYSTEM—STEM(SEE CLAUSE 2.5.2)

Structural element Stem code

Beam B

Column C

Joist J

Bracing — vertical VB

Bracing — general BR

Fly brace FB

Door header DH

Fascia truss FT

Rafter R

Door column DC

Strut (non-vertical) S

Lintel L

Purlin P

Girt G

Footings —

Beam footingPad footingStrip footing

FBFPSF

Pier (or pedestal), pile P

Pile cap PC

Portal frame PF

Slab S

Stair —

Stair flightStair landing

FL

Truss T

Wall W

Retaining wall RW

2.5.4 Columns and footingsColumns may be identified either by—

(a) the consecutive numbering system (see Clause 2.5.2); or(b) the intersection of gridlines at or near the column (see Clause 2.5.3).Footings should be identified in similar fashion to the columns.

2.5.5 Grid marksGrid marks may be used to assist in the ready location of a particular dimension or featureof interest on a structural drawing. Such usage is distinct from element identification by thegrid reference system and, therefore, care should be taken to avoid confusion between themarkings associated with each.A

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2.6 INFORMATION TO BE SHOWN ON DRAWINGS2.6.1 GeneralInformation to be shown on the drawings shall include any required design information andsuch items as are specified in the respective structural design codes, or as instructed by thedesigner.Each drawing shall provide all the information necessary for the construction of the workshown and should omit irrelevant details. References should be given to associateddrawings for particular details or for showing the relationship with other components, andto schedules.Information should include datums, such as survey marks, referenced to permanentstructures or either the Australian Height Datum (AHD) or the New Zealand height datumof Mean Sea Level (MSL).Written descriptions on drawings shall be clear and concise. Instructions should be positiveand written in the imperative mood. Special requirements relating to construction detailsshould be noted or referenced on the drawing.Clarity of detailing and dimensioning is essential.

2.6.2 General notesGeneral notes, where provided, should be presented with Clause or reference numbers andupper and lower case lettering, either on a separate drawing or on the drawings to whichthey refer. For the information required on drawings or general notes, reference should bemade to the relevant Standards listed in Clause 1.1.

2.6.3 Design layout drawingsDesign layout drawings should show member sizes and locations.

2.6.4 AmendmentsAn amendment to an issued drawing shall be numbered or otherwise designated and theamendment described in the amendment box. The altered text and pictorial aspects for thatdrawing issue only shall be highlighted by drawing a cloud, made up of a series of arcs,around the amendment and the cloud designated with the number or other designation,preferably in a triangle.

2.7 DRAWING SCALES2.7.1 Scale requirementsDrawing scales shall comply with the requirements of AS 1100.101. Different scales on onesheet should be kept to a minimum, with all scales clearly indicated.Drawings should have a minimum scale for details of 1:25, to allow for reduction of printsto half-size.

2.7.2 Block scalesBlock or graduated scales (as defined in AS 1100.101) should be included on all drawings.

2.8 CONVENTIONS FOR CROSS-REFERENCING2.8.1 GeneralThe convention for elevation, section and detail cross-references is complementary, i.e. thecross-reference given on the sheet from which an elevation, section or detail is taken iscomplemented by the cross-reference on the associated sheet where the elevation, section ordetail is shown.

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Examples of elevation, section and detail cross-references are shown in Figures 2.2, 2.3 and2.4.

The following principles apply:

(a) The orientation of the reference numbers and letters should be upright when readlooking from the bottom of the sheet.

(b) The same notation (numbers or letters) should not be used for both sections anddetails.

(c) The letters I, O and Q should not be used in letter sequences.

(d) Elevations, sections and details should be placed in their order of designation.

(e) Where possible —

(i) plans for the one project should be oriented in the same way on all drawings;

(ii) elevations, sections and details, particularly horizontal sections, should begiven the same orientation as in the main drawing;

(iii) vertical sections should always be drawn erect;

(iv) sections should be taken looking from the bottom of the drawing to the top, orfrom right to left; and

(v) for bridges and roadworks, plans and elevations should be drawn in thedirection of increasing chainage from ‘left to right’, and sections should bedrawn in the same direction.

NOTE: Sections on skew structures, such as a skew bridge deck in plan, may show the cuttingplane along the skew line but with the section showing the square width to enable the structuralelements to be drawn with least ambiguity.

2.8.2 Elevation cross-reference

An elevation cross-reference should be shown as set out in Figure 2.2.

The circle diameter and lettering height should be as follows:

(a) Figures 2.2(a) and (b) ............................................... 12 mm dia. and 3 mm lettering.

(b) Figures 2.2(c) ........................................................... 18 mm dia. and 5 mm lettering.

2.8.3 Section cross-referenceA section cross-reference should be shown as in Figure 2.3. The following particulars shallapply:(a) In the top half of the circle, the number (or letter) shall be of the section itself.(b) In the bottom half of the circle, the following shall apply, as appropriate:

(i) On the sheet where the section is taken The number shall be of the associatedsheet where the section is shown. If it is shown on the same sheet, a dash (—)shall be used.

(ii) On the sheet where the section is shown The number shall be of the sheet fromwhich it was taken. If it is taken from the same sheet, a dash (—) shall be used.

(c) An arrowhead shall show the direction of viewing, and an external line shall show thecutting plane.

(d) The circle diameter and lettering height shall be as follows:(i) Figures 2.3(a) and (b) .................................... 12 mm dia. and 3 mm lettering.(ii) Figure 2.3(c) ................................................. 18 mm dia. and 5 mm lettering.A

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2.8.4 Detail cross-reference

A detail cross-reference should be shown as in Figure 2.4. The following particulars apply:

(a) In the top half of the hexagon, the letter (or number) shall be of the detail itself.

(b) In the bottom half of the hexagon, the following shall apply, as appropriate:

(i) On the sheet where the detail is taken The number shall be of the associatedsheet where the detail is shown. If it is shown on the same sheet, a dash (—)shall be used.

(ii) On the sheet where the detail is shown The number shall be of the sheet fromwhich it was taken. If it is taken from the same sheet, a dash (—) shall be used.

(c) On the same sheet, an additional arrow on a leader may be used to show where thedetail is drawn (see Figure 2.4(b)).

(d) The hexagon size and lettering height shall be as follows:(i) Figures 2.4(a) and (b)…........12 mm across opposite corners and 3 mm lettering.(ii) Figure 2.4(c)…..…………….18 mm across opposite corners and 5 mm lettering.

NOTE: For a cross-reference of a section on a detail, use a circle as for other sections.

FIGURE 2.2 EXAMPLES OF ELEVATION CROSS-REFERENCES(SEE CLAUSE 2.8.2)

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NOTE: Triangular pointer may be filled-in for emphasis.

FIGURE 2.3 EXAMPLES OF SECTION CROSS-REFERENCES(SEE CLAUSE 2.8.3)

FIGURE 2.4 EXAMPLES OF DETAIL CROSS-REFERENCES(SEE CLAUSE 2.8.4)

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2.9 ARRANGEMENT OF DRAWINGS IN A SET

Drawings should be collated in the following sequence (first drawing to last)—

(a) General notes.

(b) General arrangement drawings.

(c) Footings.

(d) Columns.

(e) Framing plans.

(f) Elevations.

(g) Cross-sections.

(h) Details.

In a multi-storey building, drawings for each storey should be grouped as follows:

(i) Floor plan.

(ii) Beams.

(iii) Sections.NOTE: A drawing may incorporate more than one of the above.

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S E C T I O N 3 P A R T I C U L A R A P P L I C A T I O N S

3.1 GENERAL

This Section sets out requirements for drawings for structures, made from particularmaterials. For composite structures, discretion should be used in selecting the provisionsapplicable to the principal material used in the particular structure.

3.2 REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

3.2.1 Concrete drawings

Concrete drawings should clearly show the dimensions and shape of the structural elementor elements depicted. The classification and designation, size, shape, extent and location ofall reinforcement shall also be clearly shown. Depending on the complexity of the element,the detail drawing may show both the concrete outlines and reinforcement on the same viewor provide separate views, or drawings for each.

NOTE: For concrete beams, depth is specified first. For strip footings, width is specified first.

3.2.2 Notation for reinforcement

3.2.2.1 General

Reinforcement shall be specified by the classification and designation of bar and referencenumber of mesh (see AS/NZS 4671). Where a schedule is prepared in conjunction with thedrawings, a reference number for that schedule should be given on both schedule anddrawing.

Reinforcement shall be specified on the view of the structural element in which thereinforcement will be first placed. For example, where a bar is placed in a slab and extendsinto a wall it shall be specified on the plan of the slab.

3.2.2.2 Bars

Bar reinforcement shall be specified by the number of bars, type, size, spacing and location,and, if applicable, by a shape code and bar mark. Spacing is normally specified at rightangles to the bar direction and any variation should be fully detailed, e.g. for skewed bars.

One of the following notations shall be used:

(a) The following information concerning reinforcing bars shall be given on the drawing:

Item ExampleNumber (optional in a slab) 19Shape DStrength grade 500Ductility class NSize, in millimetre 16Shape code (optional) LBar mark (optional) 23Spacing, in millimetres 200Location (see Clause 3.2.2.4) T

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The information concerning the example presented should be written as follows:

(i) If bar marking is used .............................................. 19-D500N16–L–23–200T.

(ii) If bar marking is not used....................................................D500N16–L–200T.

(b) The following information concerning bundles of reinforcing bars shall be given onthe drawing:

Item ExampleNumber of bundles 5Number of bars in a bundle 3Shape DStrength grade 500Ductility class NSize, in millimetres 36Shape code, (optional) LBundle mark (optional) 27Spacing of bundles, in millimetres 400Location (see Clause 3.2.2.4) B

The information concerning the example presented should be written as follows:

(i) If bar marking is used ........................................... 5 × 3D500N36–L–27–400B.

(ii) If bar marking is not used............................................5 × 3D500N36–L–400B.

The preferred notation order is presented in (a) and (b). If a different notation order is used,a legend shall be provided. Delimiters, such as ×, / or – shall be used if there areconsecutive numbers in the notation.

For complex structures it may be necessary to specify the bar mark number, type, size,shape, location and also the number of bars or the bar spacing, or both, as appropriate.

NOTE: The use of bar marks, shape codes and bundle marks on engineering drawings is optional.

Each set of ‘identical’ bars in a structure should be given the same bar mark.

A group of bars in the same placing zone may be regarded as being ‘identical’ if they havethe same type, size and bent shape. They can, however, have a varying length if supplied ina set for a tapered section.

3.2.2.3 Reinforcement schedule lengths

A range of bending shapes for reinforcement is given in Tables 3.1(A) and 3.1(B). Thescheduled length shall be taken as L. Where L is not specified in Table 3.1(A), thescheduled length shall be the sum of the out-to-out dimensions, ‘A’, ‘B’, etc.

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TABLE 3.1(A)

BAR BENDING SHAPES (SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.3)FIRST PREFERENCE BAR BENDING SHAPES

Name Shapecode Diagram Essential

dimensions Comment

Straight S A A is also the length L

A B A + B = LA L A would be critical

L-shapeOne 90° bend L

B L B would be criticalDouble L-shapeTwo 90° bends LL A B C

A + B + C = LA and C should both bespecified even if equal

Hooked barOne 180° bend H

A BBB

L A + B = LWhen A is standard, itmay be omitted

A B C A + B +C = LB L A = C = 0.5 (L-B)

Double hookedTwo 180° bends HH

B A and C standardMeshOnly if flat sheet F A B

A is length of main wires(6000 mm max.)B is extent of cross-wiresincluding side laps

AA

BB

DC

Give C when angle (θ )exceeds 70°

V-shapeBend less than90° V A

ADC

LL

A is critical alwaysB may be omitted only ifnot critical

U-shape180° bend only

U AA

BC

CD

Specify U-shapenot LL-shape whenB is less than 20 bardiameters

A B CL = 2(A + B + C)C is a cog length

TieFor beams orcolums T

A B L may be omittedgenerally; C also

StirrupFor beams[hooks in] SH

AA

BB

C L = 2A + B + 2CC is a hook lengthL and C may be omittedgenerally

StirrupFor beams[cogs in] SC

AA

BB

C L = 2A + B + 2CC is a cog lengthL and C may be omittedgenerally

Cranked columnbarFor lap splice CC

AA

BC

CD

DL

L = A + B whereA is a lap-splice lengthC ≥ 6 db, D ≥ 2 db

NOTES: 1 All dimensions are to intersection of straight portions at the outside of all types of bends.2 ‘L’ is the sum of the individual out-to-out dimensions ‘A’, ‘B’, etc.3 Shape codes may vary from supplier to supplier.

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TABLE 3.1(B)

BAR BENDING SHAPES (SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.3)SECOND PREFERENCE BAR BENDING SHAPES

NameShapecode

Diagram NameShapecode

Diagram

Right-angled trussshape RT

Right-angledcrank shape

RC135° Hookedtie HT

V-plusL-shape VL

Diamond-shaped tiefor columns

DT

DoubleV-shape VV Cross-over

tie XT

Joist bar orbent-up bar J Circular tie

for columns CT

L-bendadded toJ-shape

LJ Link forcolumns LH

DoubleJ-shape ortruss bar

JJ

Acute anglebend morethan 90°

A

Spiral orhelix

SP

Radiusedbar R

Non-standardshapes

NS All shapes are to be drawnand dimensioned in full

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NOTES TO TABLE 3.1(B)

1 All dimensions are to intersection of straight portions except where shown.2 First preference shapes with hooks and cogs are to be included here.

3 Shape codes may vary from supplier to supplier.

3.2.2.4 Mesh

The designation for reinforcing mesh shall be as given in AS/NZS 4671.NOTES: 1 For example, a square mesh consisting of 9 mm diameter deformed ribbed bar at 200 mm

centres, of grade 500 MPa low ductility steel, would be designated ‘D500SL92’.2 In the example given in Note 1, if all the welded mesh ordered or required for a particular

project was to be deformed ribbed bars, of the same strength grade but may vary in othercharacteristics, and there was a general note to this effect in the project plans andspecifications, the designation may be abbreviated to ‘SL92’.

3.2.2.5 Information for placing

Sufficient information shall be provided to enable the reinforcement to be placed in itscorrect location. Cross-sections and intersections should be provided to ensure correctdetail and to avoid conflicts in site placement. The abbreviations given in Tables 3.2 and3.3 may be used to convey placing information. The abbreviation should be used followingthe notation of bar number, size and/or spacing, or mesh designation or as a special noteapplicable to the relevant detail as follows:

(a) D500RL818B signifies that mesh D500RL818 is placed in the bottom of the slab.

(b) 20 × D250N16–200T signifies that bars D250N16 are placed at 200 mm centres in thetop of the slab.

When near face and far face reinforcement are shown on the same elevation, the far facelayer shall be indicated by a dashed extra-thick line (see Table 3.3).

Where more than one layer of reinforcement is used in one face, additional informationshall be given to define each layer and its relative position and direction.

Numerals indicating the position of a layer relative to a surface shall be associated with anabbreviation indicating a face, for example:

(i) T1, T2 indicate the first and second layers nearest the top face.

(ii) B1 indicates the layer closest to the bottom face.

(iii) NF1 indicates the layer closest to the near face.

(iv) FF2 indicates the second layer from the far face.

The drawing shall state the required clear cover to the reinforcement for each structuralelement. This may be done with a general note where the cover is uniform for all thestructural elements, or by means of a dimension on the element concerned.

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TABLE 3.2

ABBREVIATIONS FOR REINFORCEMENTPLACING INFORMATION

(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.5)

Placing information Abbreviation

Bottom faceCentrally placedTop faceEach wayEach faceNear face*Far face*Internal faceExternal faceHorizontalVerticalLayer nearest the concrete faceSecond layer from the concrete faceThird layer from concrete face

BCT

EWEFNFFF

INTEXT

HV123

*The direction of viewing should be carefully defined.

3.2.2.6 Splicing of bars

Simplified representations are shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2.

TABLE 3.3

EXAMPLES OF INDICATION OF BAR LAYING SEQUENCE(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.5)

(a) Bottom and top layers shown on separateplans

(b) Bottom and top layers shown on the sameplan; the bottom layer to be indicated by adashed extra-thick line

(c) Alternative method for designating layersin a slab: when bottom and topreinforcement are shown in separate plans,designation of reinforcement layers neednot be shown with the reinforcement.Instead, a legend should be added

NOTE: This method is of particular use when the slab reinforcement is complex to draw.

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FIGURE 3.1 SPLICING OF BARS — GENERAL REPRESENTATION(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.6)

FIGURE 3.2 SPLICING OF BARS—SPECIFIC REPRESENTATION(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.2.6)

3.2.3 Slab reinforcement

3.2.3.1 Bars

For bars, one bar should be drawn in the direction in which it is laid in the placing zone andthe width or extent of that zone shall be shown by the extent line, generally perpendicular tothe bar axis (see Figure 3.3). The intersection of bar and extent line should be indicated bya hexagon or a dot.

Spacing shall be measured along the extent line.

3.2.3.2 Rectangular mesh

For rectangular mesh, the direction of the main (closer spaced) wires should be drawn as inFigure 3.4. The extent line shall show the coverage of the slab by the mesh.

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3.2.3.3 Square mesh

A similar method to rectangular mesh may be used for square mesh. However, provided thatthe sheet will cover the span without laps, no differentiation between wires is needed (seeFigure 3.5).

In large areas where one layer of mesh is used, the method shown in Figure 3.6 may beadopted, provided that confusion with other reinforcement does not occur.

FIGURE 3.3 BAR REINFORCEMENT(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.3.1)

FIGURE 3.4 RECTANGULAR MESH(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.3.2)

FIGURE 3.5 SQUARE MESH(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.3.3)

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FIGURE 3.6 SIMPLIFIED DETAILING FOR MESH(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.3.3)

3.2.4 Notation for prestressing

The applications of prestressed concrete construction are diverse but the methods ofdetailing vary little from those used for reinforced concrete except in the delineation ofmain stressing tendons.

In post-tensioned prestressed concrete work, the tendons and ducts may be required toconform to predetermined curves, usually parabolic or a combination of parabolas. Detaildrawings should provide sufficient information to enable the tendons to be accuratelyplaced.

Various types of stressing tendons are in use, each type having its special form of endanchorage. Particular care is required in detailing the end anchorages and anchorage blocks.

Pre-tensioned prestressed concrete units are usually constructed using a number of tendonstensioned on a special prestressing bed. No special detailing is required for this form ofconstruction, but correct reinforcement, spacing and special details should be shown ornoted in the drawing. Example illustrations of live and dead anchors and a coupler areshown in Figure 3.7.

For information on steel tendon for prestressed concrete, see AS 1310 and AS 1311.

In addition to the notes on concrete strengths, type of normal reinforcing steel (if any), typeof prestressing tendons and methods of tensioning, further notes should give details of thepoints to be used for lifting, handling and stacking the units. The hog of a member due toprestressing should be shown.

Design information to be given in notes on the drawings should include all details requiredfor construction of the element including the stressing force and sequence of stressing (seeAS 3600 and NZS 3101).

3.2.5 Profile decking

The direction of the ribs in a structural profile decking shall be indicated with two-wayarrows pointing in the direction parallel to the ribs.

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3.2.6 Joints in concrete

Joints shown in concrete plans or elevations shall be indicated as follows:

Joint type Abbreviation Line designation letterConstruction joint — general CJ B

straight CJ(S) Fdowelled DCJ Kkeyed KCJ G

Isolation joint IJ AContraction joints —

keyed KJ Gdowelled DJ Ksawn or trowelled joint SJ F

Expansion joints —dowelled DEJ Kkeyed KEJ G

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 3.7 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DETAILS—EXAMPLES(SEE CLAUSE 3.2.4)

3.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL

3.3.1 Design layout drawings

Structural elements shall be shown on design layout drawings by type A lines. Lightsections such as purlins may be shown in type B lines.

The drawings should clearly show the total structure including the disposition of members.

Member sizes and identifying mark numbers should be shown, preferably by means of amember schedule, or by designation immediately adjacent to the member on the drawing.

Connections should be indicated by type and designation of a standard connection wherepossible. Standard connections shall be fully detailed in the design detail drawings unlessreferenced to another source. Non-standard or special connections should be clearly cross-referenced to the appropriate design detail drawing (see Clause 2.8).

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3.3.2 Design detail drawingsThe design detail drawings should communicate all of the designer’s intentions with thepossible exception of items adequately covered in the general notes, specification, or by astandard detail or connection. These drawings should show the sizes of structural members,and should be set out so that all views represent those seen when making the component. Inpractice, angles and channels are marked out on the outer surfaces and are therefore betterdrawn showing these views.Where a design detail, e.g. a truss, is symmetrical about the centre-line, one half only needbe detailed and annotated ‘symmetrical about centre-line’.Opposite-hand noting should be used with caution, and only if the component isopposite-hand in all respects. The annotation for ‘opposite hand’ elements shall be notedspecifically in the same way as with symmetrical items, e.g.:Truss, Mark T1—As shown.Truss, Mark T2—Opp. hand.General notes should be provided for details of items such as—

(a) steel strength and grade;(b) weld size, type and electrodes;(c) bolt sizes and grades;(d) surface treatment and protective coating; and(e) any special fasteners.Unless standard connections or standard detail parameters are used, the drawings shallinclude details of all connections.

3.3.3 Designation of steel elementsDesignation of steel elements shall comply with AS 3678, AS/NZS 3679.1, AS/NZS 3679.2and AS 1163. Table 3.4 indicates appropriate designations.The dimensions of rolled steel sections, plates and structural hollow sections may vary dueto rolling tolerances as defined in AS/NZS 3679.1, AS/NZS 3679.2 and AS 1163respectively. Where connections or other details are dimensioned, the closing dimensionsshould be omitted to allow for the variation that may occur.

3.3.4 Designation of welds and fasteners3.3.4.1 WeldsSymbols for welding shall comply with AS 1101.3, and welding terms with AS 2812.Where structures are built to AS 3990, AS 4100 or NZS 3404, weld details shall beprovided in accordance with AS/NZS 1554 and should include the strength grade ofelectrodes.Alternatively for certain structures, welds may be specified by performance not symbols,e.g. CPBW (complete penetration butt weld), IPBW (incomplete penetration butt weld)CFW (continuous fillet weld). See AS 2812 for further details.

3.3.4.2 Bolts and bolting procedureBolt size and property class should be nominated on design detail drawings, as appropriate.The bolting procedure shall be shown by that comprises—(a) the property class of the bolt, i.e. 4.6 or 8.8, in accordance with AS 1111 or

AS/NZS 1252 respectively;

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(b) the tensioning of the bolt in accordance with AS 4100 or NZS 3404, i.e. S for ‘snugtight’; T for full tensioning; and

(c) where appropriate, the type of joint, i.e. F for friction joint; B for bearing joint.

Table 3.5 gives the bolting procedure designation for commercial and high strengthstructural bolts, together with their associated standard, nominal tensile strength andnominal yield strength.

TABLE 3.4

DESIGNATION OF STEEL ELEMENTS(SEE CLAUSE 3.3.3)

Section type Materialstandard Abbreviation Typical example of designation

(See Notes 1 and 2)

Welded beam AS/NZS 3679.2 WB 700WB115, 1200WB455

Welded column AS/NZS 3679.2 WC 350WC197, 500WC440

New Zealand weldedsections

NZS 3404 SWB, SWC, LB,SB, HB, PB, EB,TB, SC, HP, BP

700SWB115, 350SWC197, 600LB60,500PB158

Universal beam AS/NZS 3679.1 UB 150UB14.0, 610UB125

Universal column AS/NZS 3679.1 UC 100UC14.8. 310UC158

Tee cut from UB AS/NZS 3679.1 BT 75BT7.0, 305BT62.5

Tee cut from UC AS/NZS 3679.1 CT 50CT7.4, 155CT79.0

Taper flange beams AS/NZS 3679.1 TFB 100TFB, 125TFB

Parallel flangechannels

AS/NZS 3679.1 PFC 150PFC, 125TFC

Taper flangechannels

AS/NZS 3679.1 TFC 75TFC, 125TFC

Equal angles AS/NZS 3679.1 EA 25×25×6EA, 200×200×26EA

Unequal angles AS/NZS 3679.1 UA 65×50×5UA, 150×100×12UA

Flat bar AS/NZS 3679.1 FL 20×3 FL, 150×50 FL, 300×12 FL

Round bar AS/NZS 3679.1 ROD or RD 16 DIA ROD or 100 RD

Square bar AS/NZS 3679.1 SQ 10 SQ, 40 SQ

Plate AS/NZS 3678 PLATE or PL 250×150×16 PLATE

Circular hollowsections

AS 1163 CHS 13.5×2.3CHS, 610.0×12.7CHS

Rectangular hollowsections

AS 1163 RHS 50×20×1.6RHS, 250×150×9.0RHS

Square hollowsections

AS 1163 SHS 20×20×1.6SHS, 250×250×9.0SHS

Cold-formed purlinsand girts

AS 1397 ZC

Z10010, Z35030C10010, C35030

Structural decking AS 1397 — Refer manufacturer’s literature

NOTES:1 Unless otherwise stated, dimensions are in millimetres.2 Dimensions for the universal beam, universal column and cold-formed purlins are nominal dimensions.

For angles, thickness designation may not be actual thickness. Refer to appropriate material Standard forsizes.

3 Mass in designation is to three significant figures but if mass is less than 10 kg/m, then two significantfigures are used.A

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TABLE 3.5

BOLTING PROCEDURE DESIGNATION FOR COMMERCIAL AND HIGHSTRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS

(SEE CLAUSE 3.3.4.2)

Bolting procedure designation Bolt name Standard

4.6/S (see Note 1) Commercial AS 1111

8.8/S (see Note 2)

8.8/TF (see Note 3)

8.8/TB (see Note 3)

High strength structural

High strength structural

High strength structural

AS 1252

AS 1252

AS 1252

NOTES:

1 Bolting procedure 4.6/S refers to commercial bolts of property class 4.6 conforming to AS 1111,tightened using a standard wrench to a ‘snug-tight’ condition.

2 Bolting procedure designation 8.8/S refers to any bolt of property class 8.8, tightened using a standardwrench to a ‘snug-tight’ condition.

3 Bolting procedure designations 8.8/TF and 8.8/TB (or 8.8/T when referring generally to both types ofbolt) refer specifically to high strength structural bolts of property class 8.8 conforming to AS 1252,fully tensioned in a controlled manner to the requirements of AS 4100 and NZS 3404.

4 For further information, see Australian Institute of Steel Construction documents ‘Bolting of SteelStructures’ and ‘Standardized Structural Connections’, and Hera Report R4-58 ‘Manual of StandardConnection Details for Structural Steelwork’.

3.3.4.3 Shear studs

The representation of shear studs is shown in Figure 3.8.

FIGURE 3.8 REPRESENTATION OF SHEAR STUDS(SEE CLAUSE 3.3.4.3)

3.3.4.4 Special fastenersOn design detail drawings, other fasteners such as masonry anchors, gun fixing or rivetsshould be shown and fully specified.Full details of such anchorages and fixings should be shown on shop detail drawings.

3.4 TIMBER3.4.1 Design layout drawingsStructural elements shall be shown on design layout drawings by type A lines.The drawings should clearly show the total structure including the disposition of membersand all dimensions necessary to define their position relative to each other and the total structure.

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Member sizes and identifying mark numbers should be shown, preferably by means of amember schedule, or by designation immediately adjacent to the member on the drawing.

Connections should be indicated by type and designation of a standard connection wherepossible. Standard connections shall be fully detailed in the design detail drawings unlessreferenced to another source. Non-standard or special connections should be clearlycross-referenced to the appropriate design detail drawing (see Clause 2.8).

3.4.2 Design detail drawings

The design detail drawings should communicate all of the designer’s intentions with thepossible exception of items adequately covered in the general notes, specification or by astandard detail or connection. These drawings should be set out so that all views representthose seen when making the component.

Where a design detail, e.g. a truss, is symmetrical about the centre-line, one half only needbe detailed and annotated ‘symmetrical about centre-line’.

Opposite-hand noting should be used with caution, and only if the component isopposite-hand in all respects. The annotation for ‘opposite hand’ elements shall be notedspecifically in the same way as with symmetrical items, e.g. :

Truss, Mark T1 —As shown

Truss, Mark T2—Opp. hand

General notes should be provided to—

(a) give details of items such as stress grade of timber, whether seasoned or unseasoned;

(b) whether sizes are nominal or minimum (see Note 2);

(c) bolt sizes and grades;

(d) surface treatment and protective coating; and

(e) any special fasteners.

The drawings shall also include details of all connections, unless separate drawings areprepared, or standard connection details are used.

NOTES:1 For structural members, timber sections should be designated by the minimum sizes.2 Some types of timber are ‘scant cut’, such that the nominal size includes the width of the

saw cut necessary to produce that size.

3.4.3 Conventional representation of timber

The representation of timber on design layout and design detail drawings shall comply withAS 1100.301, and Table 3.6.

The appropriate stress grade, joint group and durability class, as given in AS 1720 andNZS 3603, should be specified, rather than reference to specific species and grade names.

In special situations it may be necessary to nominate a particular species, in which case thestandard trade name and reference number should be used in accordance withAS/NZS 1148.

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TABLE 3.6

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF VIEWS AND SECTIONS OFTIMBER MEMBERS(SEE CLAUSE 3.4.3)

Solid timber Laminates or plysView or section

Round Rectangular Horizontal Vertical

End view

Cross-section

3.4.4 Conventional representation of fasteners and connectors

The representation of fasteners and connectors on design layout and detail drawings shall bein accordance with Tables 3.7 and 3.8 respectively. Detailed information shall be providedby means of notes or detail drawings, indicating the size, number and location of fastenersor connectors. Fasteners or connectors not shown in Tables 3.7 and 3.8 shall be drawn outin detail on the design detail drawing concerned.

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TABLE 3.7

TIMBER — CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF FASTENERS(SEE CLAUSE 3.4.4)

Type of fastener Conventional representation

Nails

Wood screws

Coach screws

Bolts

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TABLE 3.8

TIMBER—CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF CONNECTORS(SEE CLAUSE 3.4.4)

Type of connector Conventional representation

Split ring

Shear plate

Circular toothed(bulldog) connector

Nailplate

Toothed plateconnector

Glued connection

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3.5 MASONRY

3.5.1 Masonry drawings

A masonry drawing should clearly show the dimensions and shape of the structural elementor elements depicted. The type, size, shape, extent and location of any reinforcement shallalso be clearly shown.

NOTE: See also AS 3700 for information to be shown on drawings.

3.5.2 Conventional representation

The representation of masonry on drawings shall comply with AS 1100.301.

Wall thicknesses should be designated by using the manufacturing dimension of the units orappropriate multiples of it plus the appropriate number of 10 mm joints; e.g. 110, 230, 350or 90, 140, 190, 290 mm.

3.5.3 Reinforcement

Drawings for reinforced masonry shall, as far as possible, follow the methods given inClause 3.2.

3.5.4 Special fasteners

Where masonry anchors are used to make a connection to masonry, the type of masonryunit and fastener shall be specified.

NOTE: Some types of masonry are unsuitable for certain types of anchor. For example—

(a) extruded perforated bricks are unsuitable for expanding or chemical anchors; and(b) hollow blocks are unsuitable for explosive powered fasteners and expanding or chemical

anchors.

3.5.5 Lintels

Concrete, steel and timber lintels shall be shown in accordance with Clauses 3.2, 3.3 and3.4.

3.5.6 Loadbearing walls

Loadbearing masonry walls should be shown on structural drawings.NOTES: 1 In a structural drawing, loadbearing walls in plan should be shown below concrete floors and

shown using a Type F line2 Non-loadbearing walls are not generally shown in plan or section, but if shown, they should be

noted as such or shown with a compressible filler to the floor slab or beam.3 Slip joints to concrete roofs should be shown using a Type A line.

3.5.7 Expansion joints

Expansion joints shall be indicated with a Type A line.

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Standards AustraliaStandards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishesmost of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards aredeveloped through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties areinvited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealthgovernment, Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak national standards body.

Standards New ZealandThe first national Standards organization was created in New Zealand in 1932. The StandardsCouncil of New Zealand is the national authority responsible for the production of Standards.Standards New Zealand is the trading arm of the Standards Council established under the StandardsAct 1988.

Australian/New Zealand StandardsUnder an Active Co-operation Agreement between Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand,Australian/New Zealand Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry,governments, consumers and other sectors. The requirements or recommendations containedin published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also takeaccount of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industryexperience. Australian/New Zealand Standards are kept under continuous review after publicationand are updated regularly to take account of changing technology.

International InvolvementStandards Australia and Standards New Zealand are responsible for ensuring that the Australianand New Zealand viewpoints are considered in the formulation of international Standards and thatthe latest international experience is incorporated in national and Joint Standards. This role is vitalin assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Both organizations are the nationalmembers of ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission).

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