As Project

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INDEX:

Aim

Certifcate

Acknowledgement

Apparatus

Introduction

Theory

Conclusion

Bibliography


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AIM:

To determine thefaradays law of

electromagnetic

induction using a copperwire wound over an iron

rod and a strong magnet


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E!TI"IATEThis is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been

successfully completed by KARTHIK PREMANAND ofClass XII ROSE in partial fulfillment of curriculum of

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

(CBSE)leadin to the a!ard of annual e"amination of the

year #$%#$%'(

I)TER)*+ EX*,I)ER TE*CHER I)&CH*R-E

SCHOO+ SE*+ PRI)CIP*+


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A#N$%&ED'EMENT

First and foremost I thank my teacher

Mrs.

VEMURI who has assigned me this term

paper to bring out my creative

capabilities.

I epress my gratitude to my parents for

being a continuous source of encouragement

for all their !nancial aid.

I would like to acknowledge the assistance

provided to me by the library sta" of #$%

#&$R$'I (U#%I) *)&++%.

My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and

for helping me to complete my work in time.

Karthik Premanand


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APPARATUS

1.Insulatedcopper wire2.A iron rod

3.A strongmagnet and

.A light

emittingdiode !"#$%


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INT!$D(TI$N:

araday&s law o' inductionis a )asic lawof electromagnetismthat predicts howa magnetic *eldwill interact with an electriccircuitto produce an electromotive force +EM",- It

is the fundamental operating principle of transformers.inductors. and many typesof electricalmotorsand generators-

(

Electromagnetic inductionwas discovered independently)y Michael "aradayand/oseph 0enryin 12314 however.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism


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"araday was the *rst to pu)lish the results of hise5periments- "araday e5plained electromagneticinduction using a concept he called lines of force- Thesee6uations for electromagnetics are e5tremely important

since they provide a means to precisely descri)e howmany natural physical phenomena in our universe ariseand )ehave- The a)ility to 6uantitatively descri)ephysical phenomena not only allows us to gain a )etterunderstanding of our universe. )ut it also ma7es possi)lea host of technological innovations that de*ne modernsociety- (nderstanding "aradays &aw of ElectromagneticInduction can )e )ene*cial since so many aspects of our

daily life function )ecause of the principles )ehind"aradays &aw- "rom natural phenomena such as the lightwe receive from the sun. to technologies that improve our6uality of life such as electric power generation."aradays &aw has a great impact on many aspects of ourlives-

"aradays &aw is the result of the e5periments of theEnglish chemist and physicist Michael "araday - Theconcept of electromagnetic induction was actuallydiscovered simultaneously in 1231 )y "araday in &ondonand /oseph 0enry. an American scientist wor7ing in New
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_force


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8or7 . )ut "araday is credited for the law since hepu)lished his wor7 *rst - An important aspect of thee6uation that 6uanti*es "aradays &aw comes from thewor7 of 0einrich &en9. a !ussian physicist who made his

contri)ution to "aradays &aw. now 7nown as &en9s &aw.in 123 +Institute of hemistry,-

"aradays law descri)es electromagnetic induction.where)y an electric *eld is induced. or generated. )y achanging magnetic *eld- ;efore e5panding upon thisdescription. it is necessary to develop an understandingof the concept of *elds. as well as the related concept ofpotentials-

"araday. 1231,. he wrapped

two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or ?torus?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus


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+an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal

transformer, to induce current

Figure , Faraday-s First Eperiment

@ome physicists have remar7ed that "araday


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T0E$!8:

Magnetic u5:

The magnetic )u*+often denoted F or F;, through a

surface is the component of the B*eldpassing through

that surface- The @Iunitof magnetic u5 is

the we)er+%), +in derived units: voltGseconds,. and

the '@unit is the ma5well- Magnetic u5 is usuallymeasured with a u5meter. which contains measuring

coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage

in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic u5-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_gram_second_system_of_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)


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If the magnetic *eld is constant. the magnetic u5

passing through a surface of vector area+is

where Bis the magnitude of the magnetic *eld +the

magnetic u5 density, having the unit of

%)Hm=+Tesla,. +is the area of the surface. and is the

angle )etween the magnetic *eld linesand the normal

+perpendicular,to +-

"or a varying magnetic *eld. we *rst consider the

magnetic u5 through an in*nitesimal area element d+.where we may consider the *eld to )e constant

:

"rom the de*nition of the magnetic vector

potentialAand the fundamental theorem of the curlthe

magnetic u5 may also )e de*ned as:

where the line integralis ta7en over the )oundary of the

surface @. which is denoted @-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes'_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes'_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral


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&A%:The most widespread version of "araday


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where #is the electric *eld. Bis the magnetic *eld+a7a

magnetic u5 density. magnetic induction,. dis an

in*nitesimal arc lengthalong the wire. and the line

integralis evaluated along the wire +along the curve theconincident with the shape of the wire,-

The Ma5wellB"araday e6uation states that a timeGvarying

magnetic *eld is always accompanied )y a spatiallyGvarying. nonGconservativeelectric *eld. and viceGversa-

The Ma5wellB"araday e6uation is

where is the curloperatorand again #+r. t, is

the electric *eldand B+r. t, is the magnetic *eld- These*elds can generally )e functions of position rand time t-

The four Ma5well


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electromagnetism- Therefore it is possi)le to ?prove?

"araday


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$N&(@I$N

Faraday0s %aw of Electromagnetic

Induction1 !rst observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the

mid2nineteenth century1 describes a

very important electro2magnetic

concept. $lthough its mathematical

representations are cryptic1 the

essence of Faraday0s is not hard to

grasp3 it relates an induced electric

potential or voltage to a dynamic

magnetic !eld. 'his concept has many

far2reaching rami!cations that touch

our lives in many ways3 from the

shining of the sun1 to the convenience

of mobile communications1 to


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electricity to power our homes. 4e

can all appreciate the profound

impact Faraday0s %aw has on us.

;I;&I$'!A08

4I5I(E6I$

&+4 *'UFF 4+R5*

*)IE7)E F+R $%%


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EXE!IMENT 0$T$s


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