AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · PDF fileWhy is ATP suitable...
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Section 3.1: Biological Molecules 3.1.1 Monomers and Polymers 3.1.2 Carbohydrates 3.1.3 Lipids 3.1.4.1 Proteins 3.1.4.2 Enzymes 3.1.5.1 Nucleic acid structure 3.1.5.2 DNA Replication 3.1.6 ATP 3.1.7 Water 3.1.8 Inorganic Ions AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1-4 Section 3.2: Cells 3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic cells 3.2.1.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses 3.2.1.3 Studying cells 3.2.2 Mitosis 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system Section 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment 3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio 3.3.2 Gas exchange 3.3.3 Digestion and absorption 3.3.4.1 Mass transport in animals 3.3.4.2 Mass transport in plants Section 3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes 3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis 3.4.3 Genetic diversity - mutations and meiosis 3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation – natural selection 3.4.5 Species and taxonomy 3.4.6 Biodiversity 3.4.7 Investigating biodiversity
Transcript of AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4 · PDF fileWhy is ATP suitable...
Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons
ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4
Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Mitosis3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem
Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants
Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity
Canyouexplainthatalllivingthingshaveasimilarbiochemicalbasis?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.1MonomersandPolymers(p4-5)
Whatisamonomer?
Whatisapolymer?
Canyougivesomeexamplesofmonomers?
Canyougivesomeexamplesofpolymers?
Canyoudescribewhatacondensationreactionis?
Canyoudescribewhatahydrolysisreactionis?
Canyoudescribehowlargercarbohydratesaremadefrommonosaccharidemonomers?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.2Carbohydrates– monosaccharidesanddisaccharides(p8-11)
Canyoulistsomecommonmonosaccharides?
Drawadiagramtoshowhowacondensationreactionoccursbetweentwomonosaccharidestoformmaltose.Labelthebondthatforms.
Whataremaltose,sucroseandlactoseformedfrom?
Canyoudescribehowdisaccharidesareformed? Canyoudescribehowglucosehastwoisomersanddrawthetwodifferentisomers?
Explainhowyouwouldtestforreducingandnon-reducingsugarsandtheresultsyouwouldexpect:
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.2Carbohydrates– polysaccharides(p11-15)
Canyoudescribehowpolysaccharidesareformed?
Canyouexplainhowglycogenandstarchareformed?Labelthediagram.
Canyouexplainhowcelluloseisformed?Labelthediagram.
Canyouexplainhowyouwouldtestforstarchandwhatresultyouwouldexpecttosee?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofstarch?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofcellulose?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofglycogen?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.3Lipids(p16-17)
Whatarelipids? Canyouexplainhowtriglyceridesareformed?Drawadiagramtoshowthishappening.Labelthemoleculesinvolved,thetypeofreactionandthetypesofbondsformed.
Canyouexplainhowphospholipidsareformed?Drawadiagramtoshowthishappening.Labelthemoleculesinvolvedandnamethetypeofreaction.Labelthehydrophilicandhydrophobicpartofthemoleculeandexplainwhatthosetermsmean.
CanyouexplainthattheR-groupofafattyacidmaybesaturatedorunsaturated?Whatdothesetermsmean?
Canyouexplainhowthestructureoftriglyceridesrelatestotheirproperties?
Canyouexplainhowthestructureofphospholipidsrelatestotheirproperties?
Canyoudescribehowyouwouldtestforlipids?
Whataretheirroles?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.1Proteins(p19-22)
Whatisthegeneralstructureofanaminoacid?
Howdotwoaminoacidsformadipeptide?
Howmanydifferenttypesofaminoacidarethere?Howaretheydifferent?
Howdoesapolypeptideform?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipbetweenprimary,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructure,andproteinfunction?
Canyouexplainthatafunctionalproteinmaycontainoneormorepolypeptides?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.1Proteins(p19-22)
Canyouexplainthatproteinshaveavarietyoffunctionswithinalllivingorganisms? Canyoudescribetheroleofhydrogenbonds,ionicbondsanddisulfide bridgesinthestructureofproteins?
Canyoudescribehowyouwouldtestforproteins?
Canyourelatethestructureofproteinstopropertiesofavarietyofproteins?Globularandfibrousproteins
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.2Enzymes(p23-33)
Canyouexplainhoweachenzymelowerstheactivationenergyofthereactionitcatalyses?
Canyoudrawadiagramtodescribetheinduced-fitmodelofenzymeaction ?
Howdoesanenzyme’sstructurerelatetoit’sfunction?
Canyoudescribehowmodelsofenzymeactionhavechangedovertime?(Hint:lockandkeymodel)
Describehowyoucouldmeasuretherateofanenzyme-catalysedreactionandexplaintheresultsyouwouldexpect?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.2Enzymes(p23-33)
Howdoesthetemperatureaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
HowdoesthepHaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoesthesubstrateconcentrationaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheenzymeconcentrationaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheconcentrationofcompetitiveinhibitoraffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheconcentrationofnon-competitiveinhibitoraffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure(p36-41)
WhatareDNAandRNAandwhataretheirfunctions?
Whatisthestructureofanucleotide?Drawandlabelanucleotide.
Explainthecomplementarybasepairingrules:
CanyoucompareandcontrastthecomponentsofaDNAandRNAnucleotide:
Whatisaphosphodiester bondandhowisitformed?
CanyoucompareandcontrastthestructureofDNAandRNAmolecules?
HowisthestructureofDNArelatedtoitsfunction?
CanyouexplainhowtherelativesimplicityofDNAledmanyscientiststodoubtthatitcarriedthegeneticcode?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.5.2DNAReplication(p42-45)
Canyoudescribethesemi-conservativemethodofDNAreplication? CanyouevaluatetheworkofscientistsinvalidatingtheWatson–CrickmodelofDNAreplication?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.6ATP(p44-47)
Canyoudescribehowasinglemoleculeofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)isanucleotidederivative?
DrawalabelledmoleculeofATP:
CanyouexplainhowATPisconvertedtoADP?Includethetypeofreactionthatitisandtheenzymethatcatalyses it.
CanyouexplainhowATPisresynthesisedfromADP?Includethetypeofreactionthatitisandtheenzymethatcatalyses it.
WhatthreewaysisATPresynthesised?
WhataretherolesofATP?WhyisATPsuitableforitsfunction?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.7Waterand3.1.8InorganicIons(p47-48)
Drawawatermoleculeandexplainwhatismeantbydipolar:
Whatarethepropertiesthatareimportantinwater?Howarethesepropertieslinkedthethepolarnatureofthemolecule?Whatisthesignificanceofthesepropertiestolivingorganismsandprocesses?Trytousethefollowingtermsinyouranswer:solvent,specificheatcapacity,latentheatofvaporisation,cohesion,metabolite,density,transparent.
Explainhowwaterhydrogenbonds: Inorganicionsoccurinsolutioninthecytoplasmandbodyfluidsoforganisms.Eachionhasaspecificrole,dependingonitsproperties.
Canyourecognisetheroleofthefollowingions:• hydrogenionsandpH
• ironionsasacomponentofhaemoglobin
• sodiumionsintheco-transportofglucoseandaminoacids
• phosphateionsascomponentsofDNAandofATP
