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Mark Scheme
Summer 2013
GCE General Studies (6GS01)Paper 01 Challenges for Society
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Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the worlds leading learning
company. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational,occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit ourqualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk for our BTECqualifications.
Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page atwww.edexcel.com/contactus.
If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require the helpof a subject specialist, you can speak directly to the subject team at Pearson.
Their contact details can be found on this link: www.edexcel.com/teachingservices.
You can also use our online Ask the Expert service at www.edexcel.com/ask. You willneed an Edexcel username and password to access this service.
Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere
Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in
every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. Weve
been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in
100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high
standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more
about how we can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk
Summer 2013
Publications Code US035984
All the material in this publication is copyright
Pearson Education Ltd 2013
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General Marking Guidance
All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded
for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to
their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should
be used appropriately.
All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidates response is not worthy of credit according to the mark
scheme.
Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be
limited.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidates response, the team leader must be consulted.
Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
with an alternative response.
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Section A
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q1 A 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q2 A 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q3 C 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q4 B 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q5 D 1
Question
Number
Correct Answer Mark
Q6 D 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q7 B 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q8 C 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q9 D 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q10 B 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q11 C 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q12 B 1
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QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q13 B 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q14 D 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q15 A 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q16 A 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q17 C 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q18 D 1
QuestionNumber
Answer Mark
Q19 A 1
Question
Number
Answer Mark
Q20 C 1
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Section B
QuestionNumber
Acceptable Answers Mark
21 2 from
1 56 x 365/4;2 Final answer = 5110 (accept any answer between5000 and 5200;
award 2 marks for correct final answer even with nocalculation
2
QuestionNumber
Acceptable Answers Mark
22 Up to 3 marks from
1 weather/meteorology;2 space station;3 spy/espionage (not just observation);4 communications;
3
QuestionNumbe
r
Acceptable Answers Mark
23 (i) 1 mark max for
1 (international) space station;2 carbon reducing technologies (not just carbon reducing);
1
QuestionNumber
Acceptable Answers Mark
23 (ii) Accept any of following up to max 2 marks
1 LHC/(Large) Hadron Collider/CERN;2 Human Genome Project;3 Hubble (space telescope);4 ESA/European Space Agency/Ariane;5 (Nuclear) fusion (not just nuclear research)/JET/JointEuropean Torus;
Do not accept any of the following
Global warming/renewable energy/carbon
2
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reduction/sustainable or renewable energyInternational Space StationNASA/NATO/WWF/Green peaceMars roverReference to protocols or agreements
UN/UNESCO/World or International Health/CancerresearchNuclear fission/nuclear weapons/bombsAntarctic researchMillenium Seed Project
QuestionNumber
Acceptable Answers Mark
24 Up to 3 marks from following. Only 1 mark can be
awarded in each category
A Cost/financesEg. high cost projects feasible; costs reduced (foreach country); projects not limited by cost; financemore readily available
B Inputs or OutcomesEg. expertise/knowledge/resources shared; benefitsmore widely shared; faster progress; more scientists
involved;
C Relationships Between CountriesEg. improved relationships; leads to cooperation inother areas; improved status/recognition
3
QuestionNumber
Acceptable Answers Mark
25 Up to 4 marks from
A high orbit/further from Earth;B reduced risk of collision/damage;C satellite orbits/rotates at same speed/period asEarth/every 24hours;D satellite above fixed point on Earths surface/atsame position (do not accept not moving unless it isclear that this is in relation to the Earth);E example eg. communication/weather/TV/GPS (donot accept spy satellite);F orbit is equatorial/orbit is not polar;
4
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Marking Guidance
After marking the answer for AO2, assess it for communication, AO4.
A 0 2 :
M a r s h a l l e v i d e n c e a n d d r a w c o n c l u s io n s : s e le c t ,i n t e r p r e t , e v a l u a t e a n d i n t e g r a t e in f o r m a t i o n , d a t a ,
c o n c e p t s a n d o p i n i o n s .
Mark
Up to 4 marks from the following. Each separate mark A-F canonly be awarded once.
TRACKING
A enables spacecraft to avoid debris
B suitable for debris larger than 10cm/not suitable for debris
smaller than 10cm
C not available for high orbits/greater distance fromEarth/available for low orbit
SHIELDS
D suitable for small debris less than 1cm/not suitable for debris
larger than 1cm
E even small particles can cause damage because of highspeeds.
F other disadvantages eg. shields are heavy/reducepayload/interfere with signals/impede function/expense
4
Mark DescriptorAO4 :
Com m u n i c a t e cl e a r l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y i n a c o n c i se , l o g i c a l a n d
r e l e v a n t w a y .
T h e AO4 m a r k s a r e NOT d e p en d e n t u p o n t h e AO 2 m a r k s .
0 The answer is badly expressed, not relevant or fails to treat thequestion seriously, there are many serious lapses in grammar and
spelling or there is too little of the candidates own writing toassess reliably.
1 The answer is only understandable in parts, writing may be in aninappropriate form, arguments are not clearly expressed, rarelyrelevant and in places grammar and spelling inhibit
communication.
2 The answer is broadly understandable, writing is in the correctform. Arguments are on the whole coherent, mainly relevant and
grammar and spelling do not inhibit communication.
3 The answer is clear and lucid, (writing in correct form is taken as
a matter of course) arguments are coherent and well laid out, andrelevant, there are very few grammatical or spelling errors.
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Marking Guidance
After marking the answer for AO3, assess it for communication, AO4.
A 0 2 :
M a r s h a l l e v i d e n c e a n d d r a w c o n c l u s io n s : s e le c t ,i n t e r p r e t , e v a l u a t e a n d i n t e g r a t e in f o r m a t i o n , d a t a ,
c o n c e p t s a n d o p i n i o n s .
Mark
Up to 5 marks from
A Reference to possible bias OR author is unknown ORexamples are selected/limited in range
B Identifies a relevant fact (accept objective/statistic)
C Identifies a relevant opinion (accept subjective)
D Factual evidence is strong/stronger/can be checked OR
opinion is weak/weaker/cannot be checked
E Identifies argument by analogy (accept comparison orsimilarity) with chain reaction or global warming
F Discusses validity/strength/weakness of argument by
analogy/comparison
Do not credit any reference to argument from authority iesome experts (although this can be credited if identified as
representing opinion)
Do no credit reference to slippery slope argument.
5
Mark DescriptorAO4 :
Com m u n i c a t e cl e a r l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y i n a c o n c i s e , l o g i c a l a n d
r e l e v a n t w a y .
T h e AO4 m a r k s a r e NOT d e p en d e n t u p o n t h e AO 2 m a r k s .
0 The answer is badly expressed, not relevant or fails to treat thequestion seriously, there are many serious lapses in grammar
and spelling or there is too little of the candidates own writing toassess reliably.
1 The answer is only understandable in parts, writing may be in aninappropriate form, arguments are not clearly expressed, rarelyrelevant and in places grammar and spelling inhibit
communication.
2 The answer is broadly understandable, writing is in the correctform. Arguments are on the whole coherent, mainly relevant and
grammar and spelling do not inhibit communication.
3 The answer is clear and lucid, (writing in correct form is taken as
a matter of course) arguments are coherent and well laid out,and relevant, there are very few grammatical or spelling errors.
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Section C
Question
Number
28
Marking GuidanceAfter marking the answer for AO1 and AO2, assess it for communication,AO4.
Mark Descriptor
AO 1 :
D e m o n s t r a t e r e le v a n t k n o w l ed g e a n d
u n d e r s t a n d i n g a p p l i e d t o a r a n g e o f i s su e s , u s i n g
s k i l l s f r o m d i f f e r e n t d i s c i p l in e s .
0-8 Award 1 mark for each valid point, up to a maximum of 8marks, such as:
A10 examples of punishments eg suspendedsentence/fines/community order/electronic
tagging/ASBO/restraining orders/ drug treatment/loss oflicense/(un)conditional discharge (up to 4 marks forexamples) (do not credit imprisonment/custody/probation);A20 punishments linked to purposes eg imprisonment withincapacitation or deterrence, suspendedsentence/community order with rehabilitation, loss of licensewith incapacitation, community order with reparation, lifesentences with retribution (up to 4 marks). Allow any
reasonable example if it is explained even minimally.A22 general comment on link between punishments andpurpose;
The above points are illustrative only and not exhaustive.
Any other valid points must be credited, even if they dontappear in the list above.
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Level Mark Descriptor
A 0 2 :
M a r s h a l l e v i d e n c e a n d d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s : se l e c t , i n t e r p r e t ,
e v a l u a t e a n d i n t e g r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n , d a t a , c o n c ep t s a n d
o p i n i o n s .
0-8 Award 1 mark for each valid point, up to a maximum of 8 marks.
The question requires candidates to critically examine conflictingviews/alternative viewpoints. Candidates who give consideration
solely to one side of the question are limited to a maximum of 6marks.
Points should be used to demonstrate how evidence is marshalledby:
Selecting: identifying and applying relevant evidence
Interpreting: showing how evidence helps to answer the question
Evaluating: assessing the strength of the evidence in support of
the question Integrating: using evidence to develop a coherent
argument/conclusion
Note evidence can be information, data, concepts or opinions
The following areas are likely to be addressed by a majority ofcandidates, but candidate responses are not restricted to theseareas. Other valid points must be credited, even if they dont appearin the list below.
B10 Some punishments should be linked to nature ofcrime/suitability of punishments;
B12 comment about overall purpose, eg, to make people stick to therules, or to achieve justice (allow up to 2 examples);B14 recidivism/reoffending rates are high;
B16 (which may show that) prison/punishment is ineffective;B18 or that other factors are important such as homelessness, lackof work, mental health, drug addiction (allow up to 2 examples);B20 low crime rate (with high prison population) suggestspunishment works;B22 although there are other explanations eg improved livingstandards, reduced poverty, better education, changingg age profileof population (allow up to 2 examples);B24 difference between crime rates and fear or perception of crime;
B26 media portrayal/perception of punishments, particularly prison,as a soft option;
Drawing conclusionsB30 Conclusion which is simple (implicit or explicit) 1
mark
B31 Conclusion linked to limited evidence/arguments 2marks
B32 Conclusion balanced and comprehensive 3 marks
Any other valid points must be credited.
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Mark Descriptor
AO4 :
Com m u n i c a t e c le a r l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y i n a c o n c i se , lo g i c a l
a n d r e le v an t w a y .
T h e AO4 m a r k s a r e n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e AO 1 a n d AO 2
m a r k s .
0 The answer is badly expressed or fails to treat the questionseriously, there are many serious lapses in grammar and spelling
or there is too little of the candidates own writing to assessreliably.
1 The answer is only understandable in parts and maybe irrelevant,writing may be in an inappropriate form, arguments are notclearly expressed, and in places grammar and spelling inhibitcommunication.
2 The answer is generally understandable, writing is often in the
correct form. Arguments are sometimes coherent and relevant,and grammar and spelling do not seriously inhibit communication.
3 The answer is broadly understandable, writing is in the correctform. Arguments are on the whole coherent and relevant, and
grammar and spelling do not inhibit communication.
4 The answer is clear and lucid, (writing in correct form is taken asa matter of course) arguments are coherent, well laid out andrelevant, there are very few grammatical or spelling errors.
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QuestionNumber
29
Marking Guidance
After marking the answer for AO1 and AO2, assess it for communication, AO4.
Mark Descriptor
AO 1 :
D em o n s t r a t e r e l e v a n t k n o w l ed g e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g
a p p l i e d t o a r a n g e o f i s su e s , u s i n g s k i l l s f r o m
d i f f e r e n t d i s c ip l i n e s .
0-8 Award 1 mark for each valid point, up to a maximum of 8 marks,such as:
Copernicus/Heliocentric Solar System
A10 older model is geocentric;A12 Copernican/new/model is heliocentric ;A14 older model based on religion/beliefs about place ofhumanity in universe;A16 newer model based on observations of planetaryorbits/Occams Razor/principle of simplicity;
Darwin/Evolution
A20 adaptation to environment;A22 natural selection;
A24 survival of the fittest;
A26 God created the variety of life/Adam and Eve stories;A28 evolution supported by fossil record;
Big BangA30 mention of Big Bang/explosion/universe originated from onepoint;A32 universe has been expanding;A34 based on evidence eg red-shift;A36 based on evidence eg cosmic microwave background;A38 God created space and time/the universe/planets/the Earth;
The above points are illustrative only and not exhaustive. Any
other valid points must be credited, even if they dont appear inthe list above.
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Level Mark Descriptor
A 0 2 :
M a r s h a l l e v i d e n c e a n d d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s : s e l e ct , i n t e r p r e t ,
e v a l u a t e a n d i n t e g r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n , d a t a , c o n c ep t s a n d
o p i n i o n s .
0-8 Award 1 mark for each valid point, up to a maximum of 8 marks.
The question requires candidates to critically examine conflictingviews/alternative viewpoints. Candidates who give consideration
solely to one side of the question are limited to a maximum of 6marks.
Points should be used to demonstrate how evidence is marshalledby:
Selecting: identifying and applying relevant evidence
Interpreting: showing how evidence helps to answer thequestion
Evaluating: assessing the strength of the evidence in supportof the question
Integrating: using evidence to develop a coherent
argument/conclusionNote evidence can be information, data, concepts or opinions
The following areas are likely to be addressed by a majority ofcandidates, but candidate responses are not restricted to theseareas. Other valid points must be credited, even if they dontappear in the list below.
Ideas related to science
B10 Science tries to explain how (things work/rather than why);B12 Science/scientific belief is based on evidence/induction/is
empirical/can be tested;B14 Induction/testing etc does not lead to certainty;B16 But nothing is certain/can be proved absolutely/some thingsare not susceptible to proof;B18 Scientific theories change over timeB20 The questioning nature of science is a strength not aweakness;
Ideas related to religion
B30 Religion is linked to purpose/tries to explains why/teleology;
B32 Religion/religious belief is based on faith;B34 Or interpretation of texts/teachings;B36 Which cannot be tested;B38 Remain constant (to some extent);B40 Many people/faiths have accepted scientific findings/interpretscientific findings in religious context (allow 2 examples);B42 Many areas where science and religion have notclashed/examples;
Drawing conclusions
B51 Conclusion which is simple (implicit or explicit) 1 markB52 Conclusion linked to limited evidence/arguments 2
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marksB53 Conclusion balanced and comprehensive 3
marks
Any other valid points must be credited.
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Mark Descriptor
AO4 :
Com m u n i c a t e c le a r l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y i n a c o n c i s e ,
l o g i ca l a n d r e l e v a n t w a y .
T h e AO 4 m a r k s a r e n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e AO1 a n d
AO 2 m a r k s .
0 The answer is badly expressed or fails to treat the questionseriously, there are many serious lapses in grammar and
spelling or there is too little of the candidates own writing toassess reliably.
1 The answer is only understandable in parts and maybeirrelevant, writing may be in an inappropriate form,arguments are not clearly expressed, and in places grammarand spelling inhibit communication.
2 The answer is generally understandable, writing is often in
the correct form. Arguments are sometimes coherent andrelevant, and grammar and spelling do not seriously inhibitcommunication.
3 The answer is broadly understandable, writing is in thecorrect form. Arguments are on the whole coherent andrelevant, and grammar and spelling do not inhibitcommunication.
4 The answer is clear and lucid, (writing in correct form istaken as a matter of course) arguments are coherent, welllaid out and relevant, there are very few grammatical or
spelling errors.
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Further copies of this publication are available from
Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN
Telephone 01623 467467
Fax 01623 450481Email [email protected]
Order Code US035984 Summer 2013
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit our website
www.edexcel.com
Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828with its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE