1.

During an analysis of practical activities, movement can be described as linear, angular or general motion. Use a practical example to describe how angular motion could be produced. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

2.

The figure below shows a back raise exercise.

Apply Newtons 3 Laws of Motion to a strength training exercise and identify the type of motion produced in the strength training exercise. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................[4]

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3.

The figure below shows a gymnast performing a headstand and a handstand.

With reference to the centre of mass, explain why a headstand is an easier balance to hold than a handstand. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................[4]

4.

The figure below shows the position of the centre of mass whilst holding a balance. Describe how the position of the centre of mass can affect a balance.

c e

n

t r e

o

f

m

a

s s

................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................[4]

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5.

Using an example from PE or Sport explain how changes in the position of a performers centre of mass can affect performance. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[5]

6.

Many national and international sports performers demonstrate excellence. To achieve this level of excellence, they need a good understanding of the physiological, psychological and biomechanical principles that underly performance. Outline the changes that occur in the vascular system during a period of submaximal activity and explain how these changes are controlled. Identify a top performer in a sport of your choice and explain how knowledge of the scientific principle of force may help to optimise their performance.[20]

7.

Using a serve in tennis, explain Newtons three laws of motion. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[5]

1.

2 marks max: 1. 2. A force is applied off centre for angular motion to occur/eccentric force applied outside centre of mass Applied to a sporting example e.g. player hits/kicks ball at side to create spin/curve[2]

2.

4 marks maximum (no application no marks) 1 2 (Law of Inertia/Newtons 1st Law) Weight/performer will not move unless force applied (Law of Acceleration/ Newtons 2nd Law) More force applied greater weight lifted/weight lifted more quickly/athlete must apply force at end of lift to control weight/more weight lifted requires more force to be applied (Law of Reaction/ Newtons 3rd Law) Performer pushes against resistance/weight and force applied back against performer Correct identification of force from linear, angular or general[4]

3 4.

3.

4 marks max: 1. Headstand is easier to hold because of larger area of support5

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Headstand is easier to hold because of the three/more points of balance/ Handstand is less stable because it only has two points of balance Centre of mass is lower in headstand therefore more stable Centre of mass must be over base/area of support If centre of mass moves out of area/base of support balance is lost[4]

4.

4 marks in total

1 Centre of mass must be over base of support to hold a balance 2 If Centre of mass moves close to the edge of the base of support balance becomes less stable 3 If Centre of mass/line of gravity passes outside base of support balance is lost 4 The lower the centre of mass the more stable the balance 5 If more points of balance are held balance is more stable 6 Large area of support makes balance more stable[4]

5.

5 marks Sub max 4 with no example. If valid example embedded in explanation = 2 marks (see egs in list below) Accept Examples without reference to centre of mass or gravity if covered in explanation Do not accept Examples with no reference to centre of mass or gravity if NOT covered in explanation 1. (height of CofM) the lower the centre of mass or gravity the more stable or balanced / the higher the centre of mass or gravity the less stable or balanced / (low CofM) performer has higher inertia or can resist external forces (e.g.) a (rugby) player lowers their centre of mass or gravity to prepare for a tackle (line of gravity) line of gravity or centre of mass within base of support creates a balanced or stable position / line of gravity or centre of mass moving away from centre of base of support reduces balance / line of gravity or centre of mass outside base of support creates an unbalanced or unstable position (e.g.) a gymnast performing a handstand keeps line of gravity or centre of mass within base of support to remain balanced or stable / sprinter moves their centre of mass or gravity in front of the body/ close to hands in the set position to enable a faster start (base of support) a wide(r) base of support: allows greater movement of centre of mass or gravity giving better stability or balance / allows greater margin for error before unstable position reached / or vice versa

2. 3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

(e.g) in a headstand a gymnast will be able to remain stable (or not overbalance) for longer (than a gymnast in a handstand) (angular motion) by moving the centre of mass or gravity outside line of action of force a performer can create an eccentric force or rotation or spin or angular motion (e.g) a gymnast leans forward before applying force at feet (that travels outside centre of mass) to perform forward roll (linear motion) by moving the centre of mass or gravity inside line of action of force a performer can create a linear or direct force or linear motion (e.g.) a performer will apply force that travels through centre of mass to perform a vertical jump (take off) by raising the centre of mass or gravity at take off a body can remain in the air longer or gain more height (e.g.) a high jumper raises arms at take off to raise the centre of mass or gravity to gain more height / a long jumper raises their arms to raise the centre of mass or gravity to remain in flight for longer[5]

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

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6.

Sub-max 8 marks Changes 1 mark for each up to a sub-max of 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. during exercise the vascular system redistributes blood so that areas with the greatest need / skin /muscles receive more blood this mechanism can increase the volume of blood going to the working muscles fourfold and areas with low demand / liver receive less blood this is called the vascular shunt mechanism

6. 7. 8. 9.

opening and closing of the pre-capillary sphincters Increase in blood pressure (a fall in blood pressure) causes vasoconstriction / constriction of the arteries feeding the less important tissues causes vasodilation / dilation of the arteries feeding the tissues with the greatest need for oxygen pH/ blood acidity/ blood CO2 / H ions / O2 tension / blood temperature / changes in blood viscosity+

10.

Control 1 mark or each up to a sub-max of 5 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Vasomotor control vasomotor centre stimulated by changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors (in the aorta and carotid arteries) Sympathetic nervous system controls the muscular layer of a blood vessel increased sympathetic stimulation (causes vasoconstriction)

17. 18 19. 20. 21.

decreased sympathetic stimulation (causes vasodilation) Pre-capillary sphincters / ring shaped muscle at the opening of a capillary controls blood flow into the capillary bed (contraction/closed) restricts blood flow through the capillary bed (relaxation/open) increases blood flow through the capillary bed

Sub-max 8 marks (example used for illustration purposes only is football) Force 22. 23. (Newtons 1 Law) An object will remain at rest/ move with constant speed unless acted upon by an external force. an external force is needed to get an object / athlete moving (e.g. a force needs to be applied to the football to more it from the corner flag at a corner kick [or equivalent]) an external force is needed to change the direction of an object / athlete / (e.g. a goal keeper needs to apply a force to the football to send the ball away from the goal [or equivalent])st

24.

35.

an external force is needed to increase the speed of an object / athlete / (e.g. A football player will apply a greater force to the ground to enable them to accelerate towards the ball [or equivalent]) an external force is needed to decrease the speed of an object / athlete / (e.g. a football player will apply a force to the ball to stop it on the end of their foot after a pass from a team mate [or equivalent]) (Newtons 2 Law) The greater force applied the greater the acceleration of the object / athlete (e.g. the harder a football player strikes the ball at a penalty, the faster it will accelerate towards the goal [or equivalent])nd

26.

27.

28.

the direction of the force applied will determine the direction that the object/ athlete will travel in (e.g. to pass to the right wing, the footballer will kick the ball from left to right [or equivalent]) when a force is applied through a bodys centre of gravity/mass / a direct force is applied the resulting motion will be linear (e.g. when a goal keeper needs to jump as high as possible to stop an aerial ball going into the net they will apply a force that travels through their centre of mass [or equivalent])

29.

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30.

when a force is applied outside the bodys centre of gravity/mass/ an eccentric force is applied the resulting motion will be angular (e.g. when a footballer wishes to curve a free kick around a wall of defenders they will kick the ball at an angle so that the line of action of the force passes outside the balls centre of mass causing it to spin / curve) (Newtons 3 Law) when a force is exerted by an object / athlete on an external body there will be an equal and opposite force exerted by the external body on the athlete. / For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (e.g. when a footballer wants to jump for a header they apply a downward force onto the ground that applies an upward force on the footballer to allow him to jump up [or equivalent])[20]rd

31.

7.

5 marks. Sub max 2 if laws are stated but not applied. *Explanation must be clearly linked with the correct law.* Additional guidance: Serve starts when player takes position and ends when opponent hits the return or the ball hits the net 1. (N1) law of inertia or Newton 1 states a body will remain in a state of uniform motion or at rest unless an (external) force acts upon it. Candidates who write N1or law of inertia and give the example of tennis that is embedded within the definition of the law = 2 marks. 2. (e,g.N1) law of inertia or Newton 1 states (ball) the tennis ball will remain in the servers hand until s/he applies a force to the ball to toss it / (ball) the tennis ball will continue to travel vertically upwards or downwards (from the toss) until the force of the racket head changes its direction / (player) the tennis player needs to apply a force to the ground to allow them to stretch up or jump to hit the ball. (N2) law of acceleration or Newton 2 states the acceleration or rate of change of momentum or velocity of an object is proportional to the force (and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.) rate of change of speed = BOD Candidates who write N2 or law of acceleration and give the example of tennis that is embedded within the definition of the law = 2 marks. speed or velocity of ball (without mentioning change) = TV

3.

4.

(e.g.N2) law of acceleration or Newton 2 states (ball) the harder the player hits the ball the faster it will travel (in the direction it has been hit) / (player) the greater the force applied to the ground the faster or further the player will jump into the air. (for ball) the further it will travel (N3) law of reaction or Newton 3 states for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Candidates who write N3 or law of reaction and give the example of tennis that is embedded within the definition of the law = 2 marks. action reaction as explanation (e.g.N3) law of reaction or Newton 3 states (ball) the racket strings apply a force to the ball and the ball will apply an equal and opposite force to the strings or vice versa / (player) to jump to hit the ball, the player applies a downward or action force on the ground that applies an upward (reaction) force on the player / (player) to jump to hit the ball, the player applies a force on the ground that applies an opposite force on the player

5.

6.

Additional guidance: law of inertia the harder the player hits the ball, the faster it will travel = 0 marks = (N1 identified but application = N2, which has not been identified) law of inertia a body will remain in a state of rest in hand unless a force acts upon it = 1 mark for point 1 = (law identified but not applied to tennis serve) law of inertia a tennis ball remains in players hand until they apply a force to toss the ball = 2 marks = application embedded within definition of N1 hits point 1 and point 2)[5]

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