AS 2884.11997

Australian Standard

Heavy mineral sand concentratesSampling

Part 1: Moving streams

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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MN/4, Heavy Mineral Sands.It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 15 November1996 and published on 5 January 1997.

The following interests are represented on Committee MN/4:

Chamber of Mines of W.A.

CSIRO, Division of Minerals

University of Queensland

Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:

Mineral sands producer companies

Superintending companies

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards aresubject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions asnecessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latestediti on, and any amendments thereto.Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards AustraliaCatalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine TheAustralian Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications,new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of StandardsAustralia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standardshould be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 93047.

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AS 2884.11997

Australian Standard

Heavy mineral sand concentratesSampling

Part 1: Moving streams

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140

ISBN 0 7337 0872 2

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AS 2884.1 1997 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Heavy MineralSands, as one of a series of Standards for the sampling of heavy mineral sandconcentrates.

The other Standards in the series are as follows:Part 2: Sampling from stationary situationsPart 3: Preparation of samplesPart 4: Determination of precision and bias

The objective of this Standard is to provide those responsible for the sampling of heavymineral sand concentrates with standardized procedures that will ensure uniformity ofmaterial submitted for testing and analysis.The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define theapplication of the Appendices to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integralpart of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is for guidance and information only.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIAUsers of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where theCopyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writ ing fromStandards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and informationon commercial software royalt ies should be directed to the head off ice of Standards Australia.

Standards Australia wil l permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for useexclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.Standards Australia wil l also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royaltypayment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.

Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edit ion of the Standard and that it is updated whenever theStandard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or incommercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.

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3 AS 2884.1 1997

CONTENTSPage

1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ESTABLISHING A SAMPLING SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 MASS OF INCREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 NUMBER OF INCREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 MASS OF GROSS SAMPLES AND PARTIAL SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

10 MASS-BASIS SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811 TIME-BASIS SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLINGFIXED MASS OR

TIME INTERVALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113 MECHANICAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2214 MANUAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2615 PACKING AND MARKING OF SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

APPENDICESA NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28B EXAMPLE OF VARIOGRAM CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30C MANUAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33D MECHANICAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

First published as AS 2884.11997.

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AS 2884.1 1997 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian StandardHeavy mineral sand concentratesSampling

Part 1: Moving streams

1 SCOPE This Standard sets out methods for sampling free-flowing heavy mineralsands from moving streams, to provide samples for chemical analysis, physical testing anddetermination of moisture.

NOTE: Difficulty may be experienced in sampling heavy mineral sand concentrates having amoisture content above 1%. Such materials should be sampled by stopped-belt sampling orother methods outlined in AS 2884.2.

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in thisStandard:AS1152 Specification for test sieves2884 Heavy mineral sand concentrates Sampling2884.2 Part 2: Sampling from stationary situations2884.3 Part 3: Preparation of samples2884.4 Part 4: Determination of precision and bias

3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.3.1 Bias the tendency to obtain a value that is either persistently higher or persistentlylower than the reference value; in practice, the difference between the reference value andthe average result obtained from a large number of determinations.3.2 Coefficient of variation (cv) the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value,expressed as a percentage.3.3 Constant-mass division the method of sample division in which the retainedportion is of uniform mass.3.4 Cut a single traverse of the sample cutter through the concentrate stream.3.5 Divided increment the quantity of concentrate obtained by division of theincrement to decrease its mass.3.6 Division the process of decreasing the sample mass (without modification of theparticle size of the constituent pieces) whereby one or more representative parts of thesample are retained.3.7 Duplicate sampling a particular case of replicate sampling (involving only tworeplicate samples), for the purpose of estimating the average precision of sampling from anumber of lots or sampling units.3.8 Fixed-rate division the method of sample division in which the retained portionfrom individual increments is a constant proportion of the original mass.3.9 Gross sample a sample formed when all of the primary increments or partialsamples, either as taken or after having been prepared individually to a particular stage ofsample preparation, are combined in the correct proportions for preparation of alaboratory sample.

COPYRIGHT

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AS 2884.11997 HEAVY MINERAL SAND CONCENTRATES - SAMPLING - MOVING STREAMSPREFACE1 SCOPE2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS3 DEFINITIONS3.1 Bias3.2 Coefficient of variation (cv)3.3 Constant- mass division3.4 Cut3.5 Divided increment3.6 Division3.7 Duplicate sampling3.8 Fixed- rate division3.9 Gross sample3.10 Increment3.11 Lot3.12 Manual sampling3.13 Mass-basis sampling3.14 Mechanical sampling3.15 Nominal top size3.16 Partial sample3.17 Quality variation3.18 Replicate sampling3. 19 Sampling unit3.20 Standard deviation3.21 Strata3.22 Stratified random sampling3.23 Systematic sampling3.24 Time-basis sampling3.25 Variance

4 NOTATION5 PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING5.1 General5.2 Sampling errors5.3 Sampling variance5.4 Overall variance

6 ESTABLISHING A SAMPLING SCHEME7 MASS OF INCREMENT7.1 General7.2 Minimum mass of increment for falling- stream samplers7.3 Minimum mass of increment for cross-belt samplers7.4 Minimum mass of increment for manual sampling7.5 Subdivision of large primary increments

8 NUMBER OF INCREMENTS8.1 General8.2 Calculation of number of increments

9 MASS OF GROSS SAMPLES AND PARTIAL SAMPLES9.1 General9.2 Minimum mass of gross samples9.3 Minimum mass of partial samples9.4 Minimum mass of crushed gross samples and partial samples

10 MASS-BASIS SAMPLING10.1 General10.2 Sampling interval10.3 Cutters10.4 Taking of primary increments10.5 Constitution of a gross sample or partial sample10.6 Methods of division10.7 Division of increments10.8 Division of partial samples10.9 Division of gross samples10.10 Number of cuts for division

11 TIME-BASIS SAMPLING11.1 General11.2 Sampling interval11.3 Cutters11.4 Taking of primary increments11.5 Constitution of gross sample or partial sample11.6 Division of increments and partial samples11.7 Division of gross samples11.8 Number of cuts for division

12 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING FIXED MASS OR TIME INTERVALS13 MECHANICAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS13.1 General13.2 Design of the sampling system13.3 Sample cutters13.4 Mass of increments13.5 Number of primary increments13.6 Routine checking

14 MANUAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS14.1 General14.2 Choosing the sampling location14.3 Sampling implements14.4 Mass of increments14.5 Number of primary increments14.6 Sampling procedures

15 PACKING AND MARKING OF SAMPLESAPPENDIX A - NOTATIONAPPENDIX B - EXAMPLE OF VARIOGRAM CALCULATIONB1 SCOPEB2 CALCULATION OF A SAMPLE VARIOGRAMB3 CALCULATING A FITTED LINEAR VARIOGRAM

APPENDIX C - MANUAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTSC1 SCOPEC2 LADLEC3 MANUAL SAMPLE CUTTER

APPENDIX D - MECHANICAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTSD1 SCOPED2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL CUTTERS

Title: AS 2884.1-1997, Heavy mineral sand concentrates - Sampling Moving streamsTitleLink: