Aryan Race - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10/4/2015 AryanraceWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race 1/17

AryanraceFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisarticleisabouttheracialtheory.Forthefullrangeofmeaningsof"Aryan",seeAryan.Forotheruses,seeAryan(disambiguation)."Aryanism"redirectshere.FortheChristiantheology,seeArianism.

TheAryanracewasaracialgroupingcommonlyusedintheperiodofthelate19thcenturytothemid20thcenturytodescribepeoplesofEuropeanandWesternAsianheritage.ItderivesfromtheideathattheoriginalspeakersoftheIndoEuropeanlanguagesandtheirdescendantsuptothepresentdayconstituteadistinctiveraceorsubraceofthelargerCaucasianrace.[1]

Whileoriginallymeantsimplyasaneutralethnolinguisticclassification,fromthelate19thcenturyonwardstheconceptoftheAryanracehasbeenusedasaformofScientificracism,apseudoscienceusedbyproponentsofideologicallymotivatedracismandsupremacismsuchasindoctrinesofNazismandneoNazism.AryanismdevelopedasaracialideologythatclaimedthattheAryanracewasamasterrace.

Contents

1Originoftheterm219thcenturyphysicalanthropology3Occultism

3.1Theosophy3.2Ariosophy

4Aryanism4.1Nazism4.2ItalianFascism4.3NeoNazism

4.3.1Tempelhofgesellschaft5Seealso

5.1Philosophical5.2ThirdReichspecific5.3Contemporaneousconceptsofrace

6References7Sources8Furtherreading9Externallinks

Originoftheterm

Mainarticle:Aryan

ThetermAryanoriginatesfromtheSanskritwordrya,inoriginanethnicselfdesignation,inClassicalSanskritmeaning"honourable,respectable,noble".[3][4]



Theearliestepigraphicallyattestedreferencetothewordaryaoccursinthe6thcenturyB.C.Behistuninscription,whichdescribesitselftohavebeencomposed"inarya[languageorscript]"(70).AsisalsothecaseforallotherOldIranianlanguageusage,thearyaoftheinscriptiondoesnotsignifyanythingbut"Iranian".[2]

TheregionAriaasdepictedbyWaldseemullerin1507

Inthe18thcentury,themostancientknownIndoEuropeanlanguageswerethoseoftheancientIndoIranians.ThewordAryanwasthereforeadoptedtorefernotonlytotheIndoIranianpeoples,butalsotonativeIndoEuropeanspeakersasawhole,includingtheRomans,Greeks,andtheGermans.ItwassoonrecognisedthatBalts,Celts,andSlavsalsobelongedtothesamegroup.ItwasarguedthatalloftheselanguagesoriginatedfromacommonrootnowknownasProtoIndoEuropeanspokenbyanancientpeoplewhowerethoughtofasancestorsoftheEuropean,Iranian,andIndoAryanpeoples.TheethnicgroupcomposedoftheProtoIndoEuropeansandtheirmoderndescendantswastermedthe"Aryans".

Thisusagewascommonamongknowledgeableauthorswritinginthelate19thandearly20thcentury.AnexampleofthisusageappearsinTheOutlineofHistory,abestselling1920workbyH.G.Wells.[5]Inthatinfluentialvolume,Wellsusedthetermintheplural("theAryanpeoples"),buthewasastaunchopponentoftheracistandpoliticallymotivatedexploitationofthesingularterm("theAryanpeople")byearlierauthorslikeHoustonStewartChamberlain(seebelow)andwascarefuleithertoavoidthegenericsingular,thoughhedidrefernowandagaininthesingulartosomespecific"Aryanpeople"(e.g.,theScythians).In1922,inAShortHistoryoftheWorld,Wellsdepictedahighlydiversegroupofvarious"Aryanpeoples"learning"methodsofcivilization"andthen,bymeansofdifferentuncoordinatedmovementsthatWellsbelievedwerepartofalargerdialecticalrhythmofconflictbetweensettledcivilizationsandnomadicinvadersthatalsoencompassedAegeanandMongolpeoplesinteralia,"subjugat[ing]""inform"butnotin"ideasandmethods""thewholeancientworld,Semitic,AegeanandEgyptianalike".[6]

However,inaclimateofburgeoningracismitproveddifficulttomaintainsuchnuanceddistinctions.EvenMaxMueller,alinguistwhowrotein1888that"anethnologistwhospeaksofAryanrace,Aryanblood,Aryaneyesandhair,isasgreatasinnerasalinguistwhospeaksofadolichocephalicdictionaryorabrachycephalicgrammar,"[7]wasonoccasionguiltyofusingtheterm"Aryanrace."[8]SoitwasthatdespitetheinjunctionsofwriterslikeWells,thenotionofanAryanracetookrootinmainstreamculture.

Thus,inthe1944editionofRandMcNally'sWorldAtlas,theAryanraceisdepictedasoneofthetenmajorracialgroupingsofmankind.[9]ThesciencefictionauthorPoulAnderson(19262001),anantiracistlibertarianofScandinavianancestry,inhismanynovels,novellas,andshortstories,consistentlyusedthetermAryanasasynonymforIndoEuropeans.[10]

Todaytheuseof"Aryan"asasynonymfor"IndoEuropean"ortoalesserextentfor"IndoIranian"bothinacademiaandinpopularcultureisobsolete,ideologicallysuspect,andpoliticallyincorrect.Butthetermmaystilloccasionallyappearinmaterialthatisbasedonolderscholarshiporwrittenbypersons



The4theditionofMeyersKonversationslexikon(Leipzig,18851890)showstheCaucasianrace(invariousshadesofgrayishbluegreen)ascomprisingAryans,Semites,andHamites.AryansarefurthersubdividedintoEuropeanAryansandIndoAryans(theterm"IndoAryans"wasthenusedtodescribethosenowcalledIndoIranians).

accustomedtoolderusage.Thusina1989articleinScientificAmerican,ColinRenfrewusestheterm"Aryan"asasynonymfor"IndoEuropean".[11]

ThetermIndoAryanisstillcommonlyusedtodescribetheIndichalfoftheIndoIranianlanguages,i.e.,thefamilythatincludesSanskritandmodernlanguagessuchasHindi,UrduandBengali.

19thcenturyphysicalanthropology

Mainarticle:CaucasianraceSeealso:Scientificracism

In19thcenturyphysicalanthropology,representedbysomeasbeingscientificracism,the"Aryanrace"wasdefinedasthesubgroupoftheCaucasian(orEuropid)raceconsistingofthenativespeakersofIndoEuropeanlanguagesdescendedfromtheoriginalProtoIndoEuropeans,thatinmoderntimesresideinEurope,Australia,NewZealand,AngloAmerica,Canada,Russia,SouthAfrica,LatinAmerica,Iran,Armenia,Maldives,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Afghanistan,Tajikistan,NorthernIndia,andNepal.[12]

Theoriginal19thcenturyandearly20thcenturyuseofthetermAryanreferredto"theearlyspeakersofProtoIndoEuropeanandtheirdescendents".[13][14]MaxMllerisoftenidentifiedasthefirstwritertospeakofanAryan"race"inEnglish.InhisLecturesontheScienceofLanguagein1861[15]hereferredtoAryansasa"raceofpeople".Atthetime,thetermracehadthemeaningof"agroupoftribesorpeoples,anethnicgroup".[16]

WhenMller'sstatementwasinterpretedtoimplyabiologicallydistinctsubgroupofhumanity,hesoonclarifiedthathesimplymeantalineofdescent,insistingthatitwasverydangeroustomixlinguisticsandanthropology."TheScienceofLanguageandtheScienceofMancannotbekepttoomuchasunder...ImustrepeatwhatIhavesaidmanytimesbefore,itwouldbewrongtospeakofAryanbloodasofdolichocephalicgrammar".[17]Herestatedhisoppositiontothismethodin1888inhisessayBiographiesofwordsandthehomeoftheAryas.[15]



ArthurdeGobineau,oneofthekeyformulatorsofthetheoryofthe"Aryanrace"

Mllerwasrespondingtothedevelopmentofracialanthropology,andtheinfluenceoftheworkofArthurdeGobineauwhoarguedthattheIndoEuropeansrepresentedasuperiorbranchofhumanity.Anumberoflaterwriters,suchastheFrenchanthropologistVacherdeLapougeinhisbookL'Aryen,arguedthatthissuperiorbranchcouldbeidentifiedbiologicallybyusingthecephalicindex(ameasureofheadshape)andotherindicators.Hearguedthatthelongheaded"dolichocephalicblond"Europeans,characteristicallyfoundinnorthernEurope,werenaturalleaders,destinedtoruleovermore"brachiocephalic"(shortheaded)peoples.[18]

ThedivisionoftheCaucasianraceintoAryans,SemitesandHamitesisinoriginlinguistic,notbasedonphysicalanthropology,thedivisioninphysicalanthropologybeingthatintoNordic,AlpineandMediterranean.However,thelinguisticclassificationof"Aryan"laterbecamecloselyassociated,andconflated,withtheclassificationof"Nordic"amongsomearchaeologistsandanthropologists.

Thisclaimbecameincreasinglyimportantduringthe19thcentury.Inthemid19thcentury,itwascommonlybelievedthattheAryansoriginatedinthesouthwesternsteppesofpresentdayRussia.However,bythelate19thcenturythesteppetheoryofAryanoriginswaschallengedbytheviewthattheAryansoriginatedinancientGermanyorScandinavia,oratleastthatinthosecountriestheoriginalAryanethnicityhadbeenpreserved.TheGermanoriginoftheAryanswasespeciallypromotedbythearchaeologistGustafKossinna,whoclaimedthattheProtoIndoEuropeanpeopleswereidenticaltotheCordedWarecultureofNeolithicGermany.Thisideawaswidelycirculatedinbothintellectualandpopularculturebytheearlytwentiethcentury,[19]andisreflectedintheconceptof"CordedNordics"inCarletonS.Coon's1939TheRacesofEurope.

Otheranthropologistscontestedsuchclaims.InGermany,RudolfVirchowlaunchedastudyofcraniometry,whichpromptedhimtodenounce"Nordicmysticism"inthe1885AnthropologyCongressinKarlsruhe,whileJosefKollmann,acollaboratorofVirchow,statedinthesamecongressthatthepeopleofEurope,betheyEnglish,German,French,andSpaniardbelongedtoa"mixtureofvariousraces,"furthermoredeclaringthatthe"resultsofcraniology...[are]againstanytheoryconcerningthesuperiorityofthisorthatEuropeanrace"toothers.[15]

Virchow'scontributiontothedebatesparkedacontroversy.HoustonStewartChamberlain,astrongsupporterofthetheoryofasuperiorAryanrace,attackedJosefKollmannargumentsindetail.Whilethe"Aryanrace"theoryremainedpopular,particularlyinGermany,someauthorsdefendedVirchow'sperspective,inparticularOttoSchrader,RudolphvonJheringandtheethnologistRobertHartmann(18311893),whoproposedtobanthenotionof"Aryan"fromanthropology.[15]

Occultism

Theosophy

Mainarticle:Rootrace



Mme.BlavatskyandHenrySteelOlcott,alawyer,agriculturalexpert,andjournalistwhocoveredtheSpiritualistphenomena.

TheTheosophicalmovement,foundedbyHelenaBlavatskyandHenryOlcottattheendofthenineteenthcentury,tookinspirationfromIndianculture,inthiscase,perhaps,fromtheHindureformmovementtheAryaSamajfoundedbySwamiDayananda.Blavatskyarguedthathumanityhaddescendedfromaseriesof"RootRaces",namingthefifthrootrace(outofseven)theAryanRace.ShethoughtthattheAryansoriginallycamefromAtlantisanddescribedtheAryanraceswiththefollowingwords:

"TheAryanraces,forinstance,nowvaryingfromdarkbrown,almostblack,redbrownyellow,downtothewhitestcreamycolour,areyetallofoneandthesamestocktheFifthRootRaceandspringfromonesingleprogenitor,(...)whoissaidtohavelivedover18,000,000yearsago,andalso850,000yearsagoatthetimeofthesinkingofthelastremnantsofthegreatcontinentofAtlantis."[20]

Blavatskyused"RootRace"asatechnicaltermtodescribehumanevolutionoverthelargetimeperiodsinhercosmology.However,shealsoclaimedthatthereweremodernnonAryanpeopleswhowereinferiortoAryans.Sheregularlycontrasts"Aryan"with"Semitic"culture,tothedetrimentofthelatter,assertingthatSemiticpeoplesareanoffshootofAryanswhohavebecome"degenerateinspiritualityandperfectedinmateriality."[21]Shealsostatesthatsomepeoplesare"semianimalcreatures".Theselatterinclude"theTasmanians,aportionoftheAustraliansandamountaintribeinChina."Therearealso"considerablenumbersofthemixedLemuroAtlanteanpeoplesproducedbyvariouscrossingswithsuchsemihumanstockse.g.,thewildmenofBorneo,theVeddhasofCeylon,mostoftheremainingAustralians,Bushmen,Negritos,AndamanIslanders,etc."[22]

Despitethis,Blavatsky'sadmirersclaimthatherthinkingwasnotconnectedtofascistorracialistideas,assertingthatshebelievedinaUniversalBrotherhoodofhumanityandwrotethat"allmenhavespirituallyandphysicallythesameorigin"andthat"mankindisessentiallyofoneandthesameessence".[23]Ontheotherhand,inTheSecretDoctrine,Blavatskystates:"Verilymankindis'ofoneblood,'butnotofthesameessence."

Blavatskyconnectsphysicalracewithspiritualattributesconstantlythroughoutherworks:

"EsoterichistoryteachesthatidolsandtheirworshipdiedoutwiththeFourthRace,untilthesurvivorsofthehybridracesofthelatter(Chinamen,AfricanNegroes,&c.)graduallybroughttheworshipback.TheVedascountenancenoidolsallthemodernHinduwritingsdo".[24]

"TheintellectualdifferencebetweentheAryanandothercivilizednationsandsuchsavagesastheSouthSeaIslanders,isinexplicableonanyothergrounds.Noamountofculture,norgenerationsoftrainingamidcivilization,couldraisesuchhumanspecimensastheBushmen,theVeddhasofCeylon,andsomeAfricantribes,tothesameintellectuallevelastheAryans,theSemites,andtheTuranianssocalled.The'sacredspark'ismissinginthemanditistheywhoaretheonlyinferiorracesontheglobe,nowhappilyowingtothewiseadjustmentofnaturewhicheverworksinthatdirectionfastdyingout.Verilymankindis'ofoneblood,'butnotofthesameessence.Wearethehothouse,artificiallyquickenedplantsinnature,havinginusaspark,whichinthemislatent."[25]



AccordingtoBlavatsky,"theMONADSofthelowestspecimensofhumanity(the"narrowbrained"savageSouthSeaIslander,theAfrican,theAustralian)hadnoKarmatoworkoutwhenfirstbornasmen,astheirmorefavouredbrethreninintelligencehad".[26]

Shealsoprophesiesofthedestructionoftheracial"failuresofnature"asthefuture"higherrace"ascends:

"Thuswillmankind,raceafterrace,performitsappointedcyclepilgrimage.Climateswill,andhavealreadybegun,tochange,eachtropicalyearaftertheotherdroppingonesubrace,butonlytobegetanotherhigherraceontheascendingcyclewhileaseriesofotherlessfavouredgroupsthefailuresofnaturewill,likesomeindividualmen,vanishfromthehumanfamilywithoutevenleavingatracebehind".[27]

ThesecondsubraceoftheFifthorAryanrootrace,theArabian,isregardedbyTheosophistsasoneoftheAryansubraces.ItisbelievedbyTheosophiststhattheArabians,althoughassertedintraditionalTheosophytobeofAryan(i.e.,IndoEuropean)ancestry,adoptedtheSemiticlanguageofthepeoplearoundthemwhohadmigratedearlierfromAtlantis(thefifthor(original)SemitesubraceoftheAtlanteanrootrace).TheosophistsassertthattheJewsoriginatedasanoffshootoftheArabiansubraceinwhatisnowYemenabout30,000BC.TheymigratedfirsttoSomaliaandthenlatertoEgyptwheretheyliveduntilthetimeofMoses.Thus,accordingtotheteachingsofTheosophy,theJewsarepartoftheAryanrace.[28]

SamaelAunWeorpublishedabookin1967retitledin2008TheDoomedAryanRaceinwhichheassertedthattheAryan"RootRace"isdoomedtobedestroyedbyhydrogenbombsunlessthepeopleoftheAryanracelearntantricyoga.[29]

Ariosophy

Mainarticle:Ariosophy

GuidovonList(andhisfollowerssuchasLanzvonLiebenfels)latertookupsomeofBlavatsky'sideas,mixingherideologywithnationalisticandfascistideasthissystemofthoughtbecameknownasAriosophy.ItwasbelievedinAriosophythattheTeutonicsweresuperiortoallotherpeoplesbecauseaccordingtoTheosophytheTeutonicsorNordicswerethemostrecentsubraceoftheAryanrootracetohaveevolved.[30]SuchviewsalsofedintothedevelopmentofNaziideology.TheosophicalpublicationssuchasTheAryanPathwerestronglyopposedtotheNaziusage,attackingracialism.

Aryanism

Nazism

Furtherinformation:Nazismandrace

TheideologyofNazismwasbasedupontheconceptionoftheAryanracebeingamasterrace.[31]TheNaziconceptionoftheAryanracearosefromearlierproponentsofasupremacistconceptionoftheraceasdescribedbyracialtheoristfiguressuchasArthurdeGobineauandHoustonStewartChamberlain.[32]



AdolfHitler.

NaziracialtheoristHansF.K.GntheridentifiedtheAryanraceinEuropeashavingfivesubtyperaces:Nordic,Mediterranean,Dinaric,Alpine,andEastBaltic.[33]GntherappliedaNordicistconceptionthatNordicswerethehighestintheracialhierarchyamongstthesefiveAryansubtyperaces.[33]InhisbookRassenkundedesdeutschenVolkes(1922)("RacialScienceoftheGermanPeople"),GntherrecognizedGermansasbeingcomposedofallfiveAryansubtypes,butemphasizedthestrongNordicheritageamongstGermans.[34]Hedefinedeachracialsubtypeaccordingtogeneralphysicalappearanceandtheirpsychologicalqualitiesincludingtheir"racialsoul"referringtotheiremotionaltraitsandreligiousbeliefs,andprovideddetailedinformationontheirhair,eye,andskincolours,facialstructure.[34]HeprovidedphotographsofGermansidentifiedasNordicinplaceslikeBedan,Stuttgart,Salzburg,andSchwabenandprovidedphotographsofGermansheidentifiedasAlpineandMediterraneantypes,especiallyinVorarlberg,Bavaria,andtheBlackForestregionofBaden.[34]NaziFhrerAdolfHitlerreadRassenkundedesdeutschenVolkesthatinfluencedhisracialpolicy,andwithNazibacking,GntherattainedapositionintheanthropologydepartmentattheUniversityofJenain1932whereHitlerattendedGnther'sinaugurallecture.[35]

GntherdistinguishedAryansfromJews,andidentifiedJewsasdescendingfromnonEuropeanraces,particularlyfromwhatheclassifiedastheNearAsianrace(Vorderasiatische)morecommonlyknownastheArmenoidrace,andsaidthatsuchoriginsrenderedJewsfundamentallydifferentfromandincompatiblewithGermansandmostEuropeans.[36]ThisassociationofJewswiththeArmenoidtypehadbeenutilizedbyZionistJewswhoclaimedthatJewswereagroupwithinthattype.[37]HeclaimedthattheNearEasternracedescendedfromtheCaucasusinthefifthandfourthmillenniaBC,andthatithadexpandedintoAsiaMinorandMesopotamiaandeventuallytothewestcoastoftheEasternMediterraneanSea.[36]AsidefromascribingArmeniansandJewsashavingNearEasterncharacteristics,heascribedthemtoseveralothercontemporarypeoples,including:Greeks,Turks,Syrians,andIranians.[38]InhisworkRacialCharacteristicsoftheJewishPeople,hedefinedtheracialsouloftheNearEasternraceasemphasizinga"commercialspirit"(Handelgeist),anddescribedthemas"artfultraders"atermthatGuntherascribedasbeingusedbyJewishracialtheoristSamuelWeissenbergtodescribecontemporaryArmenians,Greeks,andJews.[36]GntheraddedtothatdescriptionoftheNearEasterntypeasbeingcomposedprimarilyofcommerciallyspiritedandartfultraders,byclaimingthatthetypeheldstrongpsychologicalmanipulationskillsthataidedthemintrade.[36]HeclaimedthattheNearEasternracehadbeen"brednotsomuchfortheconquestandexploitationofnatureasitwasfortheconquestandexploitationofpeople".[36]

Hitler'sconceptionoftheAryanHerrenvolk("Aryanmasterrace")explicitlyexcludedthevastmajorityofSlavs,regardingtheSlavsashavingdangerousJewishandAsiaticinfluences.[39][40]TheNazisbecauseofthisdeclaredSlavstobeuntermenschen(subhumans).[39][41]ExceptionsweremadeforasmallpercentageofSlavswhowereseenbytheNazistobedescendedfromGermansettlersandthereforefittobeGermanisedtobeconsideredpartoftheAryanmasterrace.[42]HitlerdescribedSlavsas"amassofbornslaveswhofeeltheneedofamaster".[43]HitlerdeclaredthatbecauseSlavsweresubhumansthatthe



GenevaConventionswerenotapplicabletothem,andGermansoldiersinWorldWarIIwerethuspermittedtoignoretheGenevaConventionsinregardstoSlavs.[44]HitlercalledSlavs"arabbitfamily"meaningtheywereintrinsicallyidleanddisorganized.[45]NaziGermany'spropagandaministerJosephGoebbelshadmediaspeakofSlavsasprimitiveanimalswhomwerefromtheSiberiantundrawhowerelikea"darkwaveoffilth".[46][47]TheNazinotionofSlavsbeinginferiorwaspartoftheagendaforcreatingLebensraum("livingspace")forGermansandotherGermanicpeopleineasternEuropethatwasinitiatedduringWorldWarIIunderGeneralplanOst,millionsofGermansandotherGermanicsettlerswouldbemovedintoconqueredterritoriesofEasternEurope,whiletheoriginalSlavicinhabitantsweretobeannihilated,removed,orenslaved.[48]NaziGermany'sallytheIndependentStateofCroatiarejectedthecommonconceptionthatCroatswereprimarilyaSlavicpeopleandclaimedthatCroatswereprimarilythedescendentsoftheGermanicGoths.[49]HowevertheNaziregimecontinuedtoclassifyCroatsas"subhuman"inspiteofthealliance.[50]NaziGermany'spolicychangedtowardsSlavsinresponsetomilitarymanpowershortages,inwhichitacceptedSlavstoserveinitsarmedforceswithinoccupiedterritories,inspiteofthembeingconsideredsubhuman,asapragmaticmeanstoresolvesuchmanpowershortages.[50]HitleroftendoubtedwhetherCzechswereAryanornot,hesaidinhistabletalk"ItisenoughforaCzechtogrowamoustacheforanyonetosee,fromthewaythethingdroops,thathisoriginisMongoloian."[51]ThequestionofwhetherItalianswereAryanenoughwasquestionedbytheNaziracialtheorists,HitlerviewednorthernItaliansasstronglyAryanbutnotsouthernItalians.TheNazisviewedthedownfalloftheRomanEmpireasbeingtheresultofthepollutionofbloodfromracialintermixing,claimingthatItalianswereahybridofraces,includingblackAfricanraces.HitlerevenmentionedhisviewofthepresenceofNegroidbloodintheMediterraneanpeoplesduringhisfirstmeetingwithMussoliniin1934.[52]

GermanInteriorMinistryofficialAlbertGorterdraftedanofficialdefinitionoftheAryanRaceforthenewCivilServiceLawthatincludedEuropeanAryansandAsianAryansofthesubtyperaceknownasIranoAfghanthisdefinitionwasunacceptablebytheNazis.[53]HoweverAchimGerkerevisedGorter'sdraftoftheCivilServiceLawbyremovingsuchcontemporaryAsianpeoplefromthedefinitionoftheAryanrace,astheywereconsideredtooforeigntobeconnectedwiththeAryanraceasinEurope.[53]TheNurembergracelawsof1935classifiedas"raciallyacceptable"peoplewith"Germanorrelatedblood"[53]allpersonswishingtobeacitizenoftheReichhadtoprovideproofoftheirAryanancestrybyacquiringanAryancertificate.[54]ThetermremainedinconstantfluxandnationssuchasFinnsorHungarianswereoftenexcludedbyNazisasAryans.[53]

TheideaoftheNorthernoriginsoftheAryanswasparticularlyinfluentialinGermany.Itwaswidelybelievedthatthe"VedicAryans"wereethnicallyidenticaltotheGoths,VandalsandotherancientGermanicpeoplesoftheVlkerwanderung.Thisideawasoftenintertwinedwithantisemiticideas.Thedistinctionsbetweenthe"Aryan"and"Semitic"peopleswerebasedontheaforementionedlinguisticandethnichistory.Acomplete,highlyspeculativetheoryofAryanandantiSemitichistorycanbefoundinAlfredRosenberg'smajorwork,TheMythoftheTwentiethCentury.Rosenberg'saccountofancienthistory,meldedwithhisracialspeculations,provedtobeveryeffectiveinspreadingracialismamongGermanintellectualsintheearlytwentiethcentury,especiallyaftertheFirstWorldWar.

SemiticpeoplescametobeseenasaforeignpresencewithinAryansocieties,andtheSemiticpeopleswereoftenpointedtoasthecauseofconversionanddestructionofsocialorderandvaluesleadingtocultureandcivilization'sdownfallbyprotoNazitheoristssuchasHoustonStewartChamberlain.



BenitoMussolini.

TheseandotherideasevolvedintotheNaziuseoftheterm"Aryanrace"torefertowhattheysawasbeingamasterrace,whichwasnarrowlydefinedbytheNazisasbeingidenticalwiththeNordicrace,followedbyothersubracesoftheAryanrace.Theyworkedtomaintainthepurityofthisracethrougheugenicsprograms(includingantimiscegenationlegislation,compulsorysterilizationofthementallyillandthementallydeficient,theexecutionoftheinstitutionalizedmentallyillaspartofaeuthanasiaprogram).

HeinrichHimmler(theReichsfhreroftheSS),thepersonorderedbyAdolfHitlertoimplementtheFinalSolution,orTheHolocaust,[55]toldhispersonalmasseurFelixKerstenthathealwayscarriedwithhimacopyoftheancientAryanscripture,theBhagavadGitabecauseitrelievedhimofguiltaboutwhathewasdoinghefeltthatlikethewarriorArjuna,hewassimplydoinghisdutywithoutattachmenttohisactions.[56]

ItalianFascism

Mainarticle:ItalianFascismandracism

Ina1921speechinBologna,Mussolinistatedthat"Fascismwasborn...outofaprofound,perennialneedofthisourAryanandMediterraneanrace".[57][58]InthisspeechMussoliniwasreferringtoItaliansasbeingtheMediterraneanbranchoftheAryanRace,AryaninthemeaningofpeopleofanIndoEuropeanlanguageandculture.[59]ItalianFascismemphasizedthatracewasboundbyspiritualandculturalfoundations,andidentifiedaracialhierarchybasedonspiritualandculturalfactors.[59]WhileItalianFascismbaseditsconceptionofraceonspiritualandculturalfactors,Mussoliniexplicitlyrejectednotionsthatbiologically"pure"racesexistedthoughbiologywasstillconsideredarelevantfactorinrace.[60]

ItalianFascismstronglyrejectedthecommonNordicistconceptionoftheAryanRacethatidealized"pure"AryansashavingcertainphysicaltraitsthatweredefinedasNordicsuchasblondhairandblueeyes.[61]TheantipathybyMussoliniandotherItalianFasciststoNordicismwasovertheexistenceofwhattheyviewedastheMediterraneaninferioritycomplexthattheyclaimedhadbeeninstilledintoMediterraneansbythepropagationofsuchtheoriesbyGermanandAngloSaxonNordicistswhoviewedMediterraneanpeoplesasraciallydegenerateandthusintheirviewinferior.[61]MussolinirefusedtoallowItalytoreturnagaintothisinferioritycomplex,initiallyrejectingNordicism.[61]HowevertraditionalNordicistclaimsofMediterraneansbeingdegenerateduetohavingadarkercolourofskinthanNordicshadlongbeenrebukedinanthropologythroughthedepigmentationtheorythatclaimedthatlighterskinnedpeopleshadbeendipigmentedfromadarkerskin,thistheoryhassincebecomeawidelyacceptedviewinanthropology.[62]AnthropologistCarletonS.CooninhisworkTheracesofEurope(1939)subscribedtodepigmentationtheorythatclaimedthattheNordicrace'slightcolouredskinwastheresultofdepigmentationfromtheirancestorsoftheMediterraneanrace.[63]



Intheearly1930s,withtherisetopoweroftheNaziPartyinGermanywithFhrerAdolfHitler'semphasisonaNordicistconceptionoftheAryanRace,strongtensionsarosebetweentheFascistsandtheNazisoverracialissues.In1934,intheaftermathofAustrianNaziskillingAustrianChancellorEngelbertDollfuss,anallyofItaly,MussolinibecameenragedandrespondedbyangrilydenouncingNazism.MussolinirebukedNazism'sNordicism,claimingthattheNazis'emphasizingofacommonNordic"Germanicrace"wasabsurd,saying"aGermanicracedoesnotexist....Werepeat.Doesnotexist.Scientistssayso.Hitlersaysso."[64]ThefactthatGermanswerenotpurelyNordicwasindeedacknowledgedbyprominentNaziracialtheoristHansF.K.GntherinhisbookRassenkundedesdeutschenVolkes(1922)("RacialScienceoftheGermanPeople"),whereGntherrecognizedGermansasbeingcomposedoffiveAryansubtyperaces:Nordic,Mediterranean,Dinaric,Alpine,andEastBalticwhileassertingthattheNordicswerethehighestinaracialhierarchyofthefivesubtypes.[34]

By1936,thetensionsbetweenFascistItalyandNaziGermanyreducedandrelationsbecamemoreamicable.In1936,MussolinidecidedtolauncharacialprograminItaly,andwasinterestedintheracialstudiesbeingconductedbyGiulioCogni.[65]CogniwasaNordicistbutdidnotequateNordicidentitywithGermanicidentityaswascommonlydonebyGermanNordicists.[66]CognihadtravelledtoGermanywherehehadbecomeimpressedbyNaziracialtheoryandsoughttocreatehisownversionofracialtheory.[67]On11September1936,CognisentMussoliniacopyofhisnewlypublishedbookIlRazzismo(1936).[65]CognideclaredtheracialaffinityoftheMediterraneanandNordicracialsubtypesoftheAryanraceandclaimedthattheintermixingofNordicAryansandMediterraneanAryansinItalyproducedasuperiorsynthesisofAryanItalians.[66]CogniaddressedtheissueofracialdifferencesbetweennorthernandsouthernItalians,declaringsouthernItaliansweremixedbetweenAryanandnonAryanraces,thatheclaimedwasmostlikelyduetoinfiltrationbyAsiaticpeoplesinRomantimesandlaterArabinvasions.[65]Assuch,CogniviewedSouthernItalianMediterraneansasbeingpollutedwithorientalizingtendencies.[65]InitiallyMussoliniwasnotimpressedwithCogni'swork,howeverCogni'sideaslaterenteredintotheofficialFascistracialpolicyseveralyearslater.[65]

In1938MussoliniwasconcernedthatifItalianFascismdidnotrecognizeNordicheritagewithinItalians,thattheMediterraneaninferioritycomplexwouldreturntoItaliansociety.[61]Therefore,insummer1938,theFascistgovernmentofficiallyrecognizedItaliansashavingNordicheritageandbeingofNordicMediterraneandescentandinameetingwithPNFmembers,andinJune1938inameetingwithPNFmembers,MussoliniidentifiedhimselfasNordicanddeclaredthatpreviouspolicyoffocusonMediterraneanismwastobereplacedbyafocusonAryanism.[61]

TheFascistregimebeganpublicationoftheracialistmagazineLaDifesadellaRazzain1938.[68]TheNordicistracialtheoristGuidoLandratookamajorroleintheearlyworkofLaDifesa,andpublishedtheManifestoofRacialScientistsinthemagazinein1938.[69]TheManifestoreceivedsubstantialcriticism,includingitsassertionofItaliansbeinga"purerace",asitwasviewedasabsurd.[69]LaDifesapublishedothertheoriesthatdescribedlongtermNordicAryanamongstItalians,suchasthetheorythatintheEneolithicageNordicAryansarrivedtoItaly.[70]ManyofthewriterstookupthetraditionalNordicistclaimthatthedeclineandfalloftheRomanEmpirewasduetothearrivalofSemiticimmigrants.[70]LaDifesa'swritersweredividedontheirclaimsthatdescribedhowItaliansextricatedthemselvesfromSemiticinfluence.[69]



TheNordicistdirectionofFascistracialpolicywaschallengedin1938byaresurgenceoftheMediterraneanistfactioninthePNF.[71]By1939,theMediterraneanists'advocacyofanativistracialtheorythatrejectedascribingtheachievementsoftheItalianpeopletoNordicpeoples.[71]ThisnativistracialpolicywasprominentlypromotedbyUgoRellini.[71]RellinirejectedthenotionoflargescaleinvasionsofItalybyNordicAryansintheEneolithicage,andclaimedthatItalianswereanindigenouspeopledescendedfromtheCroMagnons.[72]RelliniclaimedthatMediterraneanandNordicpeoplesarrivedlaterandpeacefullyintermixedinsmallnumberswiththeindigenousItalianpopulation.[72]

In1941thePNF'sMediterraneaniststhroughtheinfluenceofGiacomoAcerboputforwardacomprehensivedefinitionoftheItalianrace.[73]HowevertheseeffortswerechallengedbyMussolini'sendorsementofNordicistfigureswiththeappointmentofstaunchspiritualNordicistAlbertoLuchiniasheadofItaly'sRacialOfficeinMay1941,aswellaswithMussolinibecominginterestedwithJuliusEvola'sspiritualNordicisminlate1941.[73]AcerboandtheMediterraneanistsinhisHighCouncilonDemographyandRacesoughttobringtheregimebacktosupportingMediterraneanismbythoroughlydenouncingtheproNordicistManifestooftheRacialScientists.[73]TheCouncilrecognizedAryansasbeingalinguisticbasedgroup,andcondemnedtheManifestofordenyingtheinfluenceofpreAryancivilizationonmodernItaly,sayingthattheManifesto"constitutesanunjustifiableandundemonstrablenegationoftheanthropological,ethnological,andarchaeologicaldiscoveriesthathaveoccurredandareoccurringinourcountry".[73]Furthermore,theCouncildenouncedtheManifestofor"implicitly"creditingGermanicinvadersofItalyintheguiseoftheLombardsforhaving"aformativeinfluenceontheItalianraceinadisproportionaldegreetothenumberofinvadersandtotheirbiologicalpredominance".[73]TheCouncilclaimedthattheobvioussuperiorityoftheancientGreeksandRomansincomparisonwiththeancientGermanictribesmadeitinconceivablethatItaliancultureowedadebttoancientAryanGermans.[73]TheCouncildenouncedtheManifesto'sNordicistattitudetowardsMediterraneansthatitclaimedwas"consideringthemasslaves"andwas"arepudiationoftheentireItaliancivilization".[73]

NeoNazism

SincethemilitarydefeatofNaziGermanybytheAlliesin1945,someneoNazishavedevelopedamoreinclusivedefinitionof"Aryan",claimingthatthepeoplesofWesternEuropearetheclosestdescendantsoftheancientAryans,withNordicandGermanicpeoplesbeingthemost"raciallypure."[74]

AccordingtoNicholasGoodrickClarke,manyneoNaziswanttoestablishanautocraticstatemodeledafterNaziGermanytobecalledtheWesternImperium.ItisbelievedthatthisproposedstatewouldbeabletoattainworlddominationbycombiningthenucleararsenalsofthefourmajorAryanworldpowers,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,France,andRussiaunderasinglemilitarycommand.[75]

ThisproposedstatewouldbeledbyaFhrerlikefigurecalledtheVindex,andwouldincludeallareasinhabitedbythe"Aryanrace",asconceivedbyNeoNazis.OnlythoseoftheAryanracewouldbefullcitizensofthestate.The"WesternImperium"wouldembarkonavigorousanddynamicprogramofspaceexploration,followedbythecreationbygeneticengineeringofasuperracecalledHomoGalactica.Theconceptofthe"WesternImperium"asoutlinedinthepreviousthreesentencesisbasedontheoriginalconceptoftheImperiumasoutlinedinthe1947bookImperium:ThePhilosophyofHistoryandPoliticsbyFrancisParkerYockeyasfurtherupdated,extendedandrefinedintheearly1990sinpamphletspublishedbyDavidMyatt.[76][77][78]



ThesunwheelhasbeenusedasasymboloftheAryanracebysomeneoNazis,howevertheCelticcrossseemstobethemostpopularsymbolamongwhitesupremacistsNazisincluded.

Tempelhofgesellschaft

AneoNaziesotericNaziGnosticsectheadquarteredinVienna,AustriacalledtheTempelhofgesellschaft,foundedintheearly1990s,teachesaformofwhatitcallsMarcionism.TheydistributepamphletsclaimingthattheAryanraceoriginallycametoAtlantisfromthestarAldebaran.

Seealso

AnatolianhypothesisAryanIndoAryanmigrationsIndoIraniansIranianpeoplesNordictheoryProtoIndoEuropeansIndoEuropeanlanguagefamilyKurganhypothesisHaplogroupIM253HaplogroupRM420HaplogroupR1b(YDNA)RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesScandinavismWhitenationalismWhitesupremacy

Philosophical

EsotericisminGermanyandAustriaThuleSocietyGermanicNeopaganismNeovlkischmovements

Asopposedto:

SovietpeopleZhonghuaminzu

ThirdReichspecific

AryanizationAryanparagraphHonoraryAryanAhnenpassAryanGames

Contemporaneousconceptsofrace



AlpineraceArmenoidraceDinaricraceEastBalticraceIranidraceMediterraneanraceNordicrace

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U.S.A.:1994MerriamWebsterSeeoriginaldefinition(definition#1)of"Aryan"inEnglishPage662. cf.Gershevitch,Ilya(1968)."OldIranianLiterature".HandbuchderOrientalistik,LiteraturI.Leiden:Brill.

pp.131.,p.2.3. MonierWilliams(1899).4. "MonierWilliamsSanskritEnglishDictionary(2008revision)".UNIVERSITTZUKLN.RetrievedJuly25,

2010.5. Wells,H.G.TheOutlineofHistory,3rded.(NewYork:Macmillan,1921),Ch.20("TheAryanSpeaking

PeoplesinPrehistoricTimes"),pp.23651.6. "H.G.Wellsin1922ontheearlyhistoryof"theAryanpeoples"(ProtoIndoEuropeans)".bartleby.com.

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U.S.A.:1994MerriamWebsterPage6614. Widney,JosephPRaceLifeoftheAryanPeoples(https://books.google.com/books?

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16. OEDunderrace,n.6I.1.chas"Agroupofseveraltribesorpeoples,regardedasformingadistinctethnicset.Esp.usedin19thcent.anthropologicalclassification,sometimesinconjunctionwithlinguisticgroupings."



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19. Arvidsson,Stefan(2006).AryanIdols.USA:UniversityofChicagoPress,143.ISBN0226028607.20. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,theSynthesisofScience,ReligionandPhilosophy,Vol.II,p.24921. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p.20022. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,pp.195623. TheKeytoTheosophy,Section324. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,Vol.II,p.72325. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p42126. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p.16827. Blavatsky,TheSecretDoctrine,VolII,p.44628. Powell,A.E.TheSolarSystem:ACompleteOutlineoftheTheosophicalSchemeofEvolutionLondon:1930The

TheosophicalPublishingHousePages29829929. 1967ChristmasMessage19671968:TheSolarBodiesandGnosticWisdom(inSpanish),publishedinEnglish

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NewYork,USALondon,England,UK:NewYorkUniversityPress,2006.P.156.34. AnneMaxwell.PictureImperfect:PhotographyandEugenics,18701940.Eastbourne,England:UKPortland,

Oregon,USA:SUSSEXACADEMICPRESS,2008,2010.P.150.35. JohnCornwell.Hitler'sScientists:Science,War,andtheDevil'sPact.Penguin,Sep28,2004.[1]

(https://books.google.com/books?id=5bA2vTgvobAC&pg=PT68&dq=hitler+gunther+aryan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q2IYUfKYIoyayQHBmoG4Dg&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ),p.68

36. AlanESteinweis.StudyingtheJew:ScholarlyAntisemitisminNaziGermany.HarvardUniversityPress,2008.P.28.

37. MitchellB.Hart.Jews&Race:WritingsonIdentity&Difference,18801940.Lebanon,NewHampshire,USA:BrandeisUniversityPress,2011.P.247.

38. AlanESteinweis.StudyingtheJew:ScholarlyAntisemitisminNaziGermany.HarvardUniversityPress,2008.P.29.

39. Longerich2010,p.241.40. AndrMineau.OperationBarbarossa:IdeologyandEthicsAgainstHumanDignity.Rodopi,2004.Pp.3436.41. SteveThorne.TheLanguageofWar.London,England,UK:Routledge,2006.P.38.42. WendyLower.NaziEmpirebuildingAndTheHolocaustInUkraine.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,

2005.P.27.43. MarvinPerry.WesternCivilization:ABriefHistory.CengageLearning,2012.P.468.44. AnneNelson.RedOrchestra:TheStoryoftheBerlinUndergroundandtheCircleofFriendsWhoResisted

Hitler.RandomHouseDigital,Inc.,2009.P.212.45. DavidDowning.SealingTheirFate:TheTwentyTwoDaysThatDecidedWorldWarII.P.48.46. RichardC.Frucht(31December2004).EasternEurope:AnIntroductiontothePeople,Lands,andCulture.

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1929631667.52. AaronGillette(12October2012).RacialTheoriesinFascistItaly.Routledge.ISBN9781134527069.53. EricEhrenreich.TheNaziAncestralProof:Genealogy,RacialScience,andtheFinalSolution.Bloomington,

Indiana,USA:IndianaUniversityPress,pp.91054. Ehrenreich,TheNaziancestralproof,p.7055. Himmlernotedon26July1942inresponsetoRosenbergsattempttoinfluenceJewishpolicythat"Theoccupied

territorieswillbeJewfree.TheFuhrerhaslaidtheimplementationofthisverydifficultorderonmyshoulders."Evans,RichardJ.TheThirdReichatWarNewYork:2008PenguinPage271HimmlerhadbeguntheinitialpreWanseeConferenceimplementationofthefinalsolutionbyJulyandAugustof1941.Evans,RichardJ.TheThirdReichatWarNewYork:2008PenguinPage240.

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Furtherreading

TheArcticHomeintheVedasbyBalGangadharTilakArvidsson,Stefan.AryanIdols.TheIndoEuropeanMythologyasScienceandIdeology.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.2006ISBN0226028607Poliakov,Leon.TheAryanMyth:AHistoryofRacistandNationalisticIdeasInEuropeNewYork:Barnes&NobleBooks.1996ISBN0760700346Spiro,JonathanP.(2009).DefendingtheMasterRace:Conservation,Eugenics,andtheLegacyofMadisonGrant.UniversityofVermontPress.ISBN9781584657156.Laysummary(29September2010).Widney,JosephPRaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesNewYork:Funk&Wagnalls.1907InTwoVolumes:VolumeOneTheOldWorldVolumeTwoTheNewWorldISBNB000859S6O:

RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesVol.1"TheOldWorld":(https://books.google.com/books?id=okNDAAAAIAAJ&oe=UTF8)RaceLifeoftheAryanPeoplesVol.2"TheNewWorld":(https://books.google.com/books?id=s9UKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage)

ExternallinksTheAryanrace(http://www.wisdomworld.org/additional/ListOfCollatedArticles/TheAryanRace.html)IndoEuropeanLanguages(http://www.bookrags.com/IndoEuropean_languages)AryanbyKimPearson(http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/aryan.htm)IranianBranchoftheIndoEuropeanFamily(http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/IranianBranch.html)RacesandEthnicGroupsofIran(http://www.farhangsara.com/races.htm)ForensicAnthropology(http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/biology/research/forensicanthropology/)

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