Arts and Humanities Exit Exam MUSIC REVIEW. Elements of Music Rhythm Tempo Melody Harmony Form...

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Arts and Humanities Exit Exam MUSIC REVIEW

Transcript of Arts and Humanities Exit Exam MUSIC REVIEW. Elements of Music Rhythm Tempo Melody Harmony Form...

Arts and Humanities Exit Exam

MUSIC REVIEW

Elements of Music

• Rhythm

• Tempo

• Melody

• Harmony

• Form

• Timbre

• Dynamics

Rhythm

• The pattern of notes and rests

• Important Rhythm Terms– Syncopation

• Placing emphasis on the weak or off beats

– Meter• (AKA Time Signature)• 3 Types

– Simple: 4/4

– Compound: 6/8

– Asymmetrical: 5/4

Note and Rest Values• Whole Note= 4 beats

• Half Note= 2 beats

• Quarter Note= 1 beat

• Eighth Note= ½ beat

• Sixteenth Note= ¼ beat

Tempo

• The speed of the music

• Accelerando– Gradually speed up

• Ritardando– Gradually slow down

Tempo Markings

• Largo– Very slow

• Andante– Walking speed

• Moderato– Medium speed

• Allegro– Fast tempo

• Presto– Very fast

Melody

• The main part of the song that can be hummed by the listener

• Key Signature– Sharps and flats placed @ the beginning of

the music that show the scale on which the music is based.

Harmony• Two or more notes sounded together

• Consonance– Harmony that is pleasing to

the listener

• Dissonance– Harmony that is “harsh”

to the listener

Form

• The way the music is organized

• Opera Forms– Overture

• Introduction for operas and ballets

– Aria• Song for solo voice that is very melodic in character

– Recitative• Song sung in a speaking manner

Types of Forms• AB

– 2 contrasting sections

• ABA– 2 contrasting sections that repeats back to the

1st section

• Call and Response– One group performs and another group

echoes

• Theme and Variations– Basic melody performed in a variety of ways

Timbre

• The unique characteristic of sound

• VOCAL TIMBRES– Soprano

• High Female Voice

– Alto• Low Female Voice

– Tenor• High Male Voice

– Bass• Low Male Voice

INSTRUMENT FAMILIES

• Woodwind– Flute, Clarinet, Saxophone, Oboe, Bassoon

• Brass– Trumpet, French Horn, Trombone, Tuba

• String– Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, Guitar

• Percussion– Drums, Xylophone, Tambourine, Cymbals

Dynamics

• The loudness or softness of music

• Pianissimo (pp) Very Soft• Piano (p) Soft• Mezzo Piano (mp) Moderately Soft• Mezzo Forte (mf) Moderately Loud• Forte (f) Loud• Fortissimo (ff) Very Loud

Music Symbols

• Staff

• Treble Clef

• Bass Clef

• Sharp

• Flat

• Natural

Symbols, cont.

• Crescendo

• Decrescendo

• Accent

• Fermata

• Coda

More symbols

• DC- Repeat to the beginning

• DS- Repeat to the sign

• Fine-The End

Renaissance Period

• Most important composer– Giovanni Palestrina

• He utilized the

“counterpoint” system

Baroque Period

• Important Composers– George Frederic Handel

• Known for oratorios (“The Messiah”)

– Johann Sebastian Bach• Cantatas for his church services

• Fugue- An imitative style of composition developed

during this period

Classical Period

• Important Composers– Franz Josef Haydn

• “The father of the Symphony”

– Ludwig Van Beethoven• Most well known is his “5th Symphony”

Romantic Period

• Important Composers– Richard Wagner

• Known for his operas• Ride of the Valkyries • The Flying Dutchman

– Peter Tchaikovsky• Known for his ballets

• The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, Romeo & Juliet

Impressionism

• Important Composers

– Claude Debussy– Maurice Ravel

• Both composers incorporated symbolism into their music

Modern Period

• Jazz Music– Combines spirituals, blues, and improvisation

to create a new and unique style

• Improvisation– To create music

spontaneously

(“on the spot”)

American Music

• George Gershwin– Incorporated Jazz elements into classical

music– Rhapsody in Blue– An American in Paris

• Aaron Copland– Used American folk songs and ideas in his

music– Appalachian Spring– Billy the Kid

• Duke Ellington– Helped shape jazz styles in American music– Take the A Train – Mood Indigo

Purposes of Music

• Ceremonial– Music for ceremonies and rituals– Star Spangled Banner, Wedding March

• Artistic– Music used to express emotion– Ballet Music

• Recreational– Music for Fun– Dance Music

The End (FINE)