Artisanal Mining & Biosphere Reserves in Central Africa · The ASM poverty trap How to alleviate...
39
Artisanal Mining & Biosphere Reserves in Central Africa How to contribute from the Earth Sciences perspective Luc André Royal Museum for Central Africa
Transcript of Artisanal Mining & Biosphere Reserves in Central Africa · The ASM poverty trap How to alleviate...
Artisanal Mining & BiosphereReserves in Central Africa
How to contribute fromthe Earth Sciences
perspective
Luc AndréRoyal Museum for Central Africa
The ASM poverty trapHow to alleviate this viscious circleThe Congo case study› Structure the mining code and cadastral polygons› Shift ASM from illegal towards legal polygons› Improving cartographyThe Rwanda-Burundi case study› Reinforce geo-prospecting› Transboundary GeologyConclusions
The ASM The ASM povertypoverty traptrap ((HilsonHilson & & pardiepardie, 2006), 2006)
Low levels of technologyAnd poor geo-prospecting
Low recoveryLow productivity
Low income
Unskilled labour andinability to invest
In a balanced steady state: This circle might be:« the ladder that sends us to wealth »
Being 3-5 times the income of other occupationsit may contribute to poverty reduction!
The ASM The ASM povertypoverty traptrap ((HilsonHilson & & pardiepardie, 2006), 2006)
Low levels of technologyAnd poor geo-prospecting
Low recoveryLow productivity
Low income
Unskilled labour andinability to invest
Refugees
Environmentalchanges
Pressure onCommodities
Larger numbers of minersexploiting limited resources
Environmental damageDeteriorated quality
of life and health
Poverty exacerbation
Biodiversity, educational and cultural damages
Clashes
When it is destabilized!
The pressure on commodities is there and will grow
A strong pressure by refugees
A sad imposed modernity:the artisanal mining in DRC
+ Rare Earths, Platinium group, Cobalt, Germanium, U
Coltan
Gold
Copper
Diamond
Kasai/Diamond
Diamond
Ituri: Gold
Gold
Katanga: Copper
Copper
ppm
Katemo Manda et al., 2011
A rushA rush……on every on every ……potentialspotentials
A geodesic signal
Kivu: Coltan
Coltan
How to alleviate the pressure on the environment, the biosphere reserves?
Low levels of technologyAnd poor geo-prospecting
Low recoveryLow productivity
Low income
Unskilled labour andinability to invest
Improvements in the technical, environmental and socio-economic performance of the ASM sector hinge on the Formalization of miners through rights recognition
Step 1: Delineate with precision the location of the mining permitsand the reserve areasStep 2: Improve geo-prospections to delineate appropriate areas for: 1. Artisanal mining, 2.small mining and 3. industrial minings
Improved mappings› Integrate mining title maps with other information
databases (Reserves, Resources potentialities, natural and environmental risks, Range modelings,…
› Improve cartographyImprove Geology› Better prospecting› Improved formations› Exchange geological database› Transboundary integrated geology
Determine the environmental impacts
Integrated mappingCadastral mapping
and Parks and reserves
D.R.C
Delineate the permitsThe bonanza
The permits
Yangambi
Lufira
Luki
MAB reserves
Parks and MABs
The
inte
grat
ion
No or No or Very limitedVery limitedoverlappingoverlapping
Upemba&
Kundelungu
LUKI
LUFIRA
Integrated mappingWhat else?
RisksSpecies Range modeling
D.R.C
The Natural Hazards Database for Central Africa
• Number of hazards registered: >500 mega-gullies• People impacted: ~ 12.2 M
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Num
ber o
f eve
nts
repo
rted
Floods & StormsLandslides Reported hydric disasters
The Natural Disaster Database for Central Africa, on line from october 5th 2010
http://www.africamuseum.be/collections/browsecollections/naturalsciences/earth/hazard
The importance of hydrological hazards in Central Africa
Congo Peacock
Study sites (UNIKIS) in the Salonga NP and near Kisangani :Collaboration with Emile Mulotwa
Red dots: historical collection localities – georeferenced in RMCA
Improve mappingA geodesic survey is needed
D.R.C
Belgian
Geodesic surveys
Belgian
The differencebetweenRwanda,Burundi
And DRC
Coltan
New Kivugeologicalmap
RareEarth
Stepladders, handmade by wannabe refugees
« Fetish Modernity »From april 8th to september 11th
