Slide 1

Articulations 1

Slide 2

Functions of articulations Articulations Where two bones interconnect To hold bones together To allow movements of the body 2

Slide 3

Immovable joints- Synarthroses More predominant in the axial skeleton Slightly moveable joints- Amphiarthroses More predominant in the axial skeleton Freely moveable joints- Diarthroses More predominant in the appendicular skeleton Functional classification 3

Slide 4

Structural classification Fibrous joints No presence of joint cavity They are synarthroses or amphiarthroses Fibrous tissue present Suture = skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue. It is a synarthrose. Bones interlock Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments 4

Slide 5

Structural classification Synostosis = two bones completely fused. Portions of the skull Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament. Distal articulation between fibula and tibia. Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable. 5

Slide 6

6 Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses Figure 8.1b

Slide 7

Cartilaginous joints Bones connected by a pad or plate of cartilage Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage. Pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints. It is amphiarthrotic Syncondrosis= bones connected by hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal plate and articulation of the first rib with the sternum. It is synarthrotic 7

Slide 8

8 Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Slide 9

Synovial joints Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule (dense connective tissue) Synovial membrane- inside of the capsule Secretes the synovial fluid Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Resemble hyaline cartilage and covers the bone ends 9

Slide 10

The Structure of a Synovial Joint 10

Slide 11

Synovial joints Menisci or articular discs Improves the fit of the joint Minimizes the wear and tear of the joint Fat pads Bursae and tendon sheath Synovial sacs between tendons They reduce friction May or may not be present in the joint 11

Slide 12

12 Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

Slide 13

Synovial joints Reinforcing ligaments Intrinsic or capsular- it is a thickening part of the caspsule Extracapsular- outside of the capsule Intracapsular- inside of the capsule 13

Slide 14

14 Synovial Joints: Stability Stability is determined by: Articular surfaces shape determines what movements are possible Ligaments unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion Muscle tone

Slide 15

Structural Classification of the Synovial Joints 15

Slide 16

Structural Classification of the Synovial Joints 16

Slide 17

Plane - articular surface is flat or slightly curved Hinge round process of one bone fits into the concave surface of the other bone. Elbow Pivot- allows rotational movement between two bones. Condyloid convex surface articulating with a concave one Structural Classification of the Synovial Joints 17

Slide 18

Structural Classification of the Synovial Joints Saddle -one concave and one convex bone facing it other Ball-and-socket - permit rotation and other movements 18

Slide 19

Types of movements of synovial joints Gliding Flexion Extension, hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circunduction Elevation Depression 19

Slide 20

Types of movements of synovial joints Pronation Supination Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Protraction Retraction Opposition 20

Slide 21

Selected synovial joints- Knee Menisci Act as cushion Provide lateral stability to the joint Lateral and medial Bursae 21

Slide 22

Knee joint Collateral ligaments Prevent rotation during extension Reinforce the sides of the knee Medial or tibial Lateral or fibular 22

Slide 23

Knee joint Cruciate ligaments Prevent anterior-posterior displacement of the joint, overflexion and hyperextension of the joint Anterior Posterior 23

Slide 24

Knee joint Popliteal ligaments Reinforce the posterior surface of the knee Patellar ligament- from patella to the tibia Patellar retinaculum Lateral and medial Merge with the capsule Patellar and retinaculum ligaments support the anterior surface of the knee 24

Slide 25

The Knee Joint 25

Slide 26

The Knee Joint Figure 9.12c, d 26

Slide 27

Ball and socket diarthroses Acetabular labrum Circular rim of fibrocartilage. Deepens the socket Hip joint 27

Slide 28

Hip joint Ligamentum teres or ligament of the head of the femur From fovea capitis to the acetabulum. Helps to secure the femur Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament 28

Slide 29

The Hip Joint 29

Slide 30

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Between mandibular fossa and mandibular condyle Articular disc Divides the joint in superior and inferior compartment Lateral ligament 30

Slide 31

Joint Disorders Sprain Damage of the ligament by excessive stretch or tear. Slow and painful healing Dislocation Bones are forced out of their normal position Reduction 31

Slide 32

Joint Disorders Adhesion Fibrous bands between the surfaces where the bones meet Spurs Extra bone growing along the joint Bursites Damage or inflamation of the bursa by blow or friction 32

Slide 33

33 Osteoarthritis (OA) Most common chronic arthritis; often called wear-and-tear arthritis Affects women more than men More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process

Slide 34

Arthritis Gouty Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis 34