Article by Alexis A. Aronowitz – Presentation by Cindy Dehaen, July 2012.
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Transcript of Article by Alexis A. Aronowitz – Presentation by Cindy Dehaen, July 2012.
SMUGGLING AND TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS: THE PHENOMENON, THE MARKETS THAT DRIVE IT AND THE ORGANISATIONS THAT PROMOTE IT.
Article by Alexis A. Aronowitz – Presentation by Cindy Dehaen,July 2012
HUMAN SMUGGLING AND TRAFFICKING Defining the phenomenon: establishing coherent
understanding Magnitude of the problem,understanding the
reasons for its existence, identifying the root causes, analysis of the markets
National and international programs & the importance of co-operation: strategies to fight smuggling and trafficking
SMUGGLED OR TRAFFICKED?
Voluntary vs unvoluntaryAmount of money paid by the victim upon arrival in the destination countryCreating a debt bondage: most victims are women & children (used for sexual exploitation & forced labor)
Traffickers escape from prosecution: deception & coercion
The symbiotic relationship between illegal & conventional markets:use of sub-contracts => both profit of the use of smuggled or trafficked victims e.g.: textile industry, building industry, restaurants, factories, farms...
MAGNITUDE, REASONS, ROOT CAUSES=> Accurate statistics: difficult due to its clandistine nature=> Estimate by the IOM: > 4 million a year => 5 factors indicating an increasing & expanding market:
# of people living in poverty willing to take the chance lack in border control: corrupt government officials world & economy globalisation advanced technology & communication growing organized crime
The PUSH and PULL factors: the REAL CAUSES of LEGAL AND ILLEGAL immigrationPUSH:• Government corruption• Infant mortality rate• Proportion of youngsters• Food production index• Population density• Social unrest
PULL:• Easy border control (suggesting
government corruption)• Infant mortality rate• Male population over 60• Food production index• Energy consumption
Legitimate economy
Forced labor & ‘doubtfull’ markets
Criminal industry and
illicit sex industry
While some (il)legal migrants immediately end up in the third market, some start working the domestic service economy or in restaurants, often in slave-like conditions
Often includes deplorable working, living and sanitary conditions
Wanting to escape from being mistreated, a lot of (il)legal migrants end up in the illicit sex industry
MARKETS BENEFITING FROM IT (ANALYSIS)
3 LEVELS WITHIN THE ILLICIT SEX INDUSTRY1. Small-scale activities by individual entrepreneurs (brothels)2. Mid-level prostitution of clandestine operations importing and
controlling women3. Large-scale international criminal organisations linked with
domestic criminal organisations , keeping women without documentation under tight control=> PROFITS USUALLY REINVESTED IN THE LEGITIMATE ECONOMY THROUGH MONEY LAUNDERING
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES USED FOR RECRUTEMENT: THE INTERNET
Specilized sub-units
Organizations unit
Management unit
Investors
Before transport
Recruters
Informers
Corrupt public
officials
..
During transport
Transporters
Guides
Enforcers
…
Upon arrival
Debt-collectors
...
DIFFERENT DEGREES OF ORGANIZATION
Evidence byEuropol:• high degree of organization • evolved from large entities to smaller horizontal structures to co-operate in the European Union
Increased flexibility &decentralization allow a faster adaptation &re-organization in case of threats from law enforcement but also market competition& higher demand!Horizontal interpendency => diversification => expansion into other illicit markets & criminal activities: • vehicle theft• drug trafficking• trafficking in arms• money laundering
Half of the sex-industry = in hands of non-nationals
CONDITIONS FACILITATING THE PRACTICE1. Lack of legislation2. Lack of political will => corruption3. Lack of capacity: manpower & material4. Lack of co-operation nationally & internationally
CONDITIONS & MEASURES NECESSARY TO FIGHT IT1. Prevention – Protection – Assistance:
=> awareness-raising campaigns in countries of origin & sensitization campaigns in transit/destination countries=> assistance programs & effective laws=> economic measures: strenghtening educational, training & job opportunities=> training material for fieldworkers=> a range of services for victims=> better protection & more legal measures granted to NGO’s
2. Enforcement – Prosecution of Traffickers:=> obligatory existance of legislation & enforcement: eradicating corruption => enforcing agencies: allow them to take disruptive measures=> gathering & sharing of intelligence on national & international level
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
1. Exchange of information2. Co-ordination & harmonization of national policies & laws3. Bi-lateral or multi-lateral agreements4. Repatriation & reintegration assistance5. Extradition of criminals6. Training of government officials 7. More severe penalties for trafficking
=> IF NOT: THE FLOW OF ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING IS SIMPLY DISPLACED (f.e. influx illegal Chinese into Great-Britain as a result of stringent measures in Germany)
Establish:
By who?
1. NGO’s2. Governments3. International
bodies
E.g.:
The General Assembly of the United Nations:1. Convention on Transnational Organized
Crime – signed by 123 coutries2. Protocol on smuggling – signed by 77
countries3. Protocol on trafficking – signed by 80
countries
Result: nationalcoalitions &internationalco-operation
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
The Global Program by CICP & UNICRI:=> Several projects in 4 different regions of the world=> Focus on research: identifying => MODUS OPERANDI
=> travel routes => degree of organisation of criminal
networks=> Questionnaires: collecting quantative emperical data & best practices => Data from NGO’s, victims, government law enforcement & intelligence sources=> Information to better develop measures=> Better understanding of the factors fueling the problem: historical, cultural, political and economic situations (e.g. the case sof the Philippines & of West-Africa)
RECTIFYING THE ROOT CAUSES TO
PERMANENTLY RESOLVE THE PROBLEM
SOURCES
Aronowitz, A.(2001). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: the phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it. European journal on Criminal Policy and Research,9 (2), 163-195. Doi: 10.1023/A1011253129328
EUHomeAffairs (19 june 2012). Personal testimonies of victims of human trafficking [Video]. Consulted at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-021GVUiKgU&feature=related