Article #3 New York WindmillsSetbacks: Minimum distance from residence for

construction of turbines. Determined locally –

community, county, state.Typical Setback = hub height + tip

height x 1.5So….. 280 ft +100 ft x 1.5 = 570 ft

Why Setbacks?AestheticsNoiseFlicker ShadowBlade Ice

◦Tip speed = 100 mphFly Way

◦Migratory Birds/Bats

Article #4 Intro to Wind DevelopmentProject Planning/Goals page 1

◦South Dakota #4 in Potential….why? Low Population and high wind quality

◦Process is the same for all scales of operation Size just changes length (time) of development US Department of Energy Website

Maps – show wind class ( 3 or higher and clear of trees) Assessment of “possible” project

MET Towers – study quality of wind on site. $80,000 Anemometer – gives wind quality data

Radar Globe- study quality from ground. No tower needed Customer Base- does your peak production times meet

the demands of potential customers? 5pm – 10 pm

Article #4 Intro to Wind DevelopmentSite Assessment

◦Physical aspects of the property Access? Can you get heavy equipment

on-site? Is road construction required? Do current roads have to be improved?

Topography – surrounding terrain Can enhance wind flow/can also detract from

wind flow Access to transmission lines

Current costs = $1.0 - $1.5 million/mile

Article #4 Intro to Wind DevelopmentBusiness Structure

◦ Possibilities: Lease $6000.00 per/tower over 20 – 25 years.

Not much risk…..lowest payback Join Coop

More risk – requires your money for development More potential payback

Own it Yourself High risk……more potential financial return

Why? Turbine cost, construction, connection, metering, maintenance, consultation

◦ Finance Options- dependant on what your structure is Assignment- Read pages 4-6. Find current event

article on wind energy.

Article #5 “Know Your Wind”Wind Speed – MOST important variable

◦ Varies = Seasonal, Height, Time of Day Average annual wind speed “Cubic Relationship”

15mph = 3375 13mph = 2197 60%

Wind Speed Distribution◦ Flagging – Vegetation deformation due to wind

Griggs-Putnam Index of Deformity p.3

◦ Anemometer/Radar◦ State Wind Resource maps

Daily/Seasonal Wind◦ Need a “Client” You, coop, power company?

Wind Direction◦ Wind Rose Chart

Know Your Wind Con’tWind Shear

◦Typically increases with heightAir pressure and Temperature

◦Minimal effect….air density◦Regional data

Obstacles◦Trees, buildings, other turbines

Roughness◦Vegetation, terrain….SMOOOOTH=GOOOD

19 mile radius Contours

Solar Energy = Wind Energy?Sun = radiant energy

◦Earth’s Surfaces heat unevenly…water/land

◦Differing times of the day Warm air Rises= lowers Atmospheric

pressure Cooler air (more dense) is drawn in to

replace it End Result ……WIND! Isobar Map Explanation Air has mass, when in motion = Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy = mechanical energy = work

Graphic 10.1 p. 242

Energy Production UnitsWatt W Watt = volts x ampsKilowatt kW = 1000 wattsMegawatt MW = 1,000,000 wattsGigawatt GW = 1,000,000,000

wattsProduction and Consumption are

usually measured in kWh (kilowatt hours)◦kWh = 1 kW produced/consumed per

hour 50 watt bulb on for 20 hours = 1 kWh =

$.07 50 W x 20 h = 1000wh = 1kWh

USA household Energy Usage Average electrical use = 10,000

kWhSpirit Lake Elementary ... 250 kW

Turbine◦350,000 kWh/year ◦53,000 sq. ft◦Bonus $25,000/year

Utility Scale Requirements – Turbine Tour◦Minimum average of 13 mph (6 m/s)◦1 MW can produce 2.4 – 3 million

kWh/year Pay back in SD? 7 – 7.5 years

Procedure # 2 MathThe Power contained in a square

meter of air, at a given density is represented by:◦P = ½ x p x (v)3 answer will be in

watts/m2 P = Power (watts/m2) P = Standard atmosphere = 1.225kg/m3 V = wind speed in m/s (1m/s = 2.23 mph)So….how much power in a wind 3 m/s?

P = ½ x 1.225 kg/m3 x (3 m/s)3 = 16.5 watts/m2

Article #6 Know Your OptionsNet Metering

◦ In essence individuals can use electrical grid as a storage system. Excess power can be transferred to the grid. Conversely when the operations requires energy they can get it from the utility company.

◦$100,000 - $150,000 to connect to the grid PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory Policies

Act) 1978 – requires utilities to purchase energy from non-utility renewable energy producers

Know Your Options Con’tGreen Markets

◦Essential to success for renewable energy sources….especially wind. Ex. Permits, zoning restrictions, and connectivity. Two Forms

Green Pricing – utilities offer customers option of where “their energy” comes from.

Green Tags – Commodities that may be traded or sold between energy producers. Allows more traditional power plants to meet regulations compliance. 20% Wind Power by 2030 You need to know glossary terms from second

article

Article # 7 NREL ReportEstimates off shore potential of

the US coast line. 4150 gigawatts.◦Current production for all wind about

1200 gigawatts.◦Estimated using 5 megawatts for

every square kilometer of feasible area. 10 mph average wind speed. Within the 50 mile range of our coastline (includes Great Lakes).