Arthropod Identification and Management in Southeastern Small Fruits

Arthropod identification & management in southeastern small fruits

Hannah J. BurrackDept. of EntomologyNorth Carolina State University

• Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium– www.smallfruits.org

• NC Small Fruit, Specialty Crop, and Tobacco IPM– www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com

• NC Agricultural Chemicals Manual– www.ipm.ncsu.edu/agchem/agchem.html

• eXtension Community of Practice– www.extension.org/grapes– www.extension.org/blueberries

More information - Digital

The Basics: Integrated Pest Management• IPM hierarchically utilizes the tools at hand

to manage crop pests– Using the least disruptive tools first and only

using pesticides when other options have failed to reduce economically threatening damage

The Basics: Integrated Pest Management

Minimize

Monitor

Manage

The Basics: Integrated Pest Management

Minimize

Monitor

Manage

Crop & variety selection, Site

selection, Rotation, planting

date, Nutrition, Preventative

pesticides, etc.

Correctly identify damage and

responsible pests, Track injury and pests over time, Use appropriate

toolsBased on thresholds:

Cultural, Biological, Chemical

The Basics: Arthropod Biology• How do arthropods damage plants?

The Basics: Arthropod Biology

• How do arthropods damage plants?– CHEWING– SUCKING– CONTAMINATION– RASPING– EGG LAYING– VECTORING PLANT

DISEASES

• Depending on developmental strategy (hemi- or holometabolis), life stages may differ in feeding behavior & damage potential

The Basics: Arthropod Biology

• Insect mouthparts

Photos: J. Meyer, ENT 425 Photo: Washington State Univ.

Beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers & others have chewing mouthparts

Butterflies and moths have sucking mouthparts but are rarely pests

Flies have lapping, sucking

mouthparts but are rarely pests. Their offspring (maggots) may have chewing

mouthparts and can be pests. Spider mites, aphids, leafhoppers, plant

bugs, stink bugs, and others have piercing, sucking mouthparts

The Basics: Injury Identification• Determine the type of injury present

(chewing, sucking, rasping, vector-borne disease, honeydew)

• Determine age of injury– Some injury can be present long after the

insect responsible has left (leaf mines, chewing damage, disease)

– Old injury cannot be cured, management is only justified to prevent additional economic loss

The Basics: Injury Identification• For new injury, assess whether arthropods

present could have caused the injury– Assess via direct observation, sweep netting,

traps, etc.– Management is effective only if the potential

culprits are still present in the crop

Key Arthropod Pests of Small Fruits: Choose Your Own Adventure

Crops and Categories

•Caneberries•Strawberries•Blueberries•Grapes•Invasives

Caneberries: Key Pests

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

TSSM (see Strawberries)

Green June Beetle/Japanese BeetleThrips (?)

Stink BugsRaspberry Crown Borer

Cane BorersStrawberry Clippers

Dormant Bloom Fruiting Harvest Dormant

Strawberries: Key Pests


Dormant Bloom & Fruiting Harvest Transplant

CutwormsThripsSap BeetlesLygus Bugs

Corn EarwormsStrawberry Clipper

Aphids AphidsTSSMTSSM

Blueberries: Key Pests



Fruitworms

Fire AntsThrips

Sharpnosed Leafhoppers

Blueberry Maggot

“Other” blueberry pests

Blueberry Flea Beetle

Grapes: Key Pests



Leafhoppers/PD

TSSM

Vine borers

Grape Berry Moth

JB/GJB

Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles

Climbing Cutworms

Grape Flea Beetle

Grape root borers

Grape Phylloxera

Bees & Wasps

Invasives: Key Potential Pests


Spotted Wing Drosophila

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug


A threat to soft skinned fruit

• Why are spotted wing drosophila such a great threat?


Host RangeCapable of infesting virtually any soft skinned fruit, both crop and non cropWhether SWD actually infests this wide range is unclear

Infestation Timing

Preferentially infest ripe and ripening fruitThere are limited insecticides that can be used during harvest in commercial crops, and we prefer not to use insecticides during harvest whenever possible

DamageDamage is difficult to see until larvae are nearly mature, eggs and small larvae may be missed during sorting

Environment SWD are predicted to thrive in the eastern US

Crop

Total CA farmgate value

($1,000s)

Potential yield loss (%)

Potential CA losses

($1,000s) Blueberries 49,140 40 19,656 Caneberries 179,520 50 89,760 Cherries 194,534 33 64,196 Fresh Strawberries

1,404,678 0 0

Processed Strawberries

140,008

20

28,002

Spotted Wing Drosophila:Potential Commercial Losses in California

http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/extension/update/articles/v13n3_2.pdf

Economic information and analyses provided by Frank Zalom and Rachel Goodhue, University of California, Davis

• Host rangeCrop: Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Grape, Peach, Nectarine, Pear, Plum, Apple, Fig, Persimmon, and possibly other soft skinned fruitNon crop: Pokeweed, thimbleberry, mulberry (Suspected)

Spotted wing drosophila: Host Range

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Range• Current Range

– First detected in central California in late 2008– Rapidly spread throughout the west coast &

western Canada– Detected in Florida in late 2009– Detected in South Carolina, North Carolina,

Louisiana, Utah, Kentucky, Michigan, & Wisconsin in 2010

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Range• Current Range

– NC, SC, and VA monitoring network supported by the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium

CLIMAX ecological modeling by Martin Damus, Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Known and predicted native range, based on temperature thresholds

CLIMAX ecological modeling by Martin Damus, Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Potential range, based on temperature thresholds

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Males

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Males

(Some) Native Drosophila spp.

Drosophila suzukii

Native Drosophila spp. Drosophila suzukii

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Females

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Females

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Tools

Adult Monitoring Methods Larval Monitoring Methods

Apple cider vinegar baited trap

Sugar test

Yeast & sugar baited trap Salt test

Sweep net Floatation test

Bug Vac

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Methods

• Liquid lures– Apple cider vinegar– Yeast & sugar– 6 - 12 oz liquid

• Checked weekly– Sticky card optional

• Various trap types being tested– Homemade traps– McPhail-type traps– Other commercial traps


4-8 holes 3/16 to ¼ inch in diameter

Yellow sticky card (optional)

Lure (Apple cider vinegar + 1-2 drops dish soap)


Placement:SWD prefer shady, cool areasAvoid direct sun

Check traps at least weekly!

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Checking traps

• Male flies are (relatively) easy to see in traps, females are more difficult

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Identification

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling

Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling

• Larvae cannot be identified easily to species– Sample only sound fruit– Monitor for adults– If using sugar test or dissecting fruit, hold larvae & pupae at

room temperature until they emerge as adults and identify

Spotted Wing Drosophila: 2010 Action Plans

• Monitoring - NCSU monitoring will continue, grower & volunteer monitoring (with NCSU support) encouraged

• Sanitation - Dispose of culls off site even if SWD has not yet been detected

• Monitoring and ID workshops to be held in NC, SC, and VA in early summer– First workshop 24 March at the Piedmont Research station– Contact Hannah for more information

For more information…

• SWD*IPM at Oregon State Universityhttp://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu/

• NC Small Fruit, Specialty Crop & Tobacco IPMwww.smallfruitsipm.blogspot.com

• Hannah [email protected]

Return to Invasives

• Currently found in NJ, PA, VA, MA, MD, DE, NC

Invasives: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Photo: Debby Wechsler

• Wide reproductive host range• Tree fruit widely attacked• Possible caneberry damage

observed in 2010


• Identification


• Pest status in caneberry unclear

• Control will be difficult• NCSU led project beginning in

2011


Return to Invasives

Strawberries: Spider Mites

• Twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) are the most common economically important pest of strawberries in the southeast

Adult Female Diapausing Adult Female

Adult Maleand Eggs

Strawberries: Spider Mites

• TSSM are also economically significant pests of caneberries & grapes

http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1959e/eb1959e.pdf

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/comhort/nooksack/ipmweb/Insec_4_Sheet.html

Strawberries: Other Mites• Cyclamen mites(Phytonemus pallidus) and

Carmine mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) may also occur in NC– Distribution in SE not clear

Cyclamen mites Carmine mites

Strawberries: Spider Mite Management

Strawberries: Spider Mite Management with thresholds

b

a

Strawberries: Spider Mite Monitoring

• Monitoring– Sample 10 mid tier leaflets/acre for

fields < 10 acres, 5 leaflets/acre for fields > 10 acres

– Observe with 10x hand lens or use mite brush/microscope

• Thresholds– CA research

• 5 mites/leaflet, early season• 10 mites/leaflet, fruiting

– FL research• 2 mites/leaflet

Return to Strawberries

• Several species of stink bugs may be present in SE blackberries– Brown SB– Green SB– Brown marmorated?

• Direct feeding damage & contamination

Caneberries: Stink Bugs

• Brown, green, and other stink bugs can be present• Acrosternum hilare (green)• Euschistus servus (brown)• Nezara viridula (SGSB)

• Fruit damage unclear, contamination


• No threshold or scouting procedures

• Only broad spectrum insecticide registered/recommended


Images from Laura Maxey & Doug Pfeiffer, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic University


Images from Laura Maxey & Doug Pfeiffer, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic University

Caneberries: Stink BugsReturn to Caneberries

Raspberry cane borerRed necked cane borer

Caneberries: Cane Borers

Raspberry cane borer• Adults appear in June, eggs hatch

in July, larvae overwinter in cane

• Girdling 1/2 apart, 4-6 inches below growth point

• Tips wilt

• As the larvae moves down the cane, the entire cane can die

Red necked cane borer• Adults feed and mate on

leaves and lay eggs only in primocanes (May-June)

• Larva girdles cane• Girdling produces gall in July-

August• Larvae overwinters in pith• Gall predisposes canes to

winter injury

Caneberries: Cane Borers

Rednecked Cane Borer (RNCB)• Adults feed and mate on leaves and lay

eggs only in primocanes (May-June)• Larva girdles cane• Girdling produces gall in July-August• Larvae overwinters in pith• Gall predisposes canes to winter injury

Damaged

RNCB Management• When not to treat for cane borers

– During winter, if < 5% galled canes • Prune off galled commercial canes and nearby wild

canes at ground and burn canes to kill RNCB larvae– Mid June, at end of RNCB egg laying period

• Cut off blackberry primocanes at the soil surface (Walton 1951)

– Reduced galling by > 83 percent

Methods: cultural control confirmed

• Hypothesis: avoid galls on primocanes emerging after RNCB egg laying during May and June

• Date primocanes pruned to ground:• May 15• June 15• July 15

• Record number of galls at leaf drop (Nov.)

RNCB Galling Differs By Cane Removal Date for Primocane-bearing Blackberries

Cane removal date No. RNCB galls/plot Yield

May 15 3.1a Fruit

June 15 1.4b Fruit

July 15 0.6c No fruit

Prob. F > P < 0.0001

Source: Johnson and Rom, unpublished data

Return to Caneberries

Raspberry Crown Borer

Raspberry Crown Borer

Pupal skin emerges in Sept. - Oct.

Eggs on underside of leaves

Larva overwinters in cane below soil

(WSU photo)

Adults mate

Laying egg

Raspberry crown borer• When to treat for RCB• Late fall & early spring• Scout for RBC damage in July and adult moths in

September (on primocanes)

• What are we treating in fall & early spring?

Return to Caneberries

Japanese beetles feed on both foliage and fruit.

Injured plants are more attractive.

Beetles feed from top of plant down (keep in mind while scouting).

Conventional materials provide good control, but can flare other pests (mites).

Caneberries: Japanese Beetle

Images from Donn Johnson, grapes

Caneberries: Japanese BeetleReturn to Caneberries

Arthropod Identification and Management in Southeastern Small Fruits

Documents

Transcript of Arthropod Identification and Management in Southeastern Small Fruits