http://www.jstor.orgArtemis of TroyAuthor(s): H. MattinglySource: Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 7, No. 2, (Oct., 1960), pp. 114-116Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/641541Accessed: 24/05/2008 14:38Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable thescholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform thatpromotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.ARTEMISOF TROY ByH.MATTINGLY ANYattentivereaderof the Iliad and the Odysseywill have been struckby somerreryoddfeaturesof Homer'sreligion the sudden shiftfromreverenceto frivolity,for example.WhatI wantto glanceat in this articleis somethingratherdifferent.The gods and goddesses worshippedby the Trojansarecalledby Greeknames. Somedeitiesare definitelypartisan-Heraand Poseidon,for example,for the Greeks; Apollo,Artemis,Aphrodite,and Ares for the Trojans while Zeus is strictlyimpartial.But, if the Trojanswere,as we arealwaystold, of a racedistinctfromthe Greeks,Trojangodswill havebeentranslatedout of a nativeidiominto a Greek. Wheneveryou translate,mistakesin renderingarepossible;I wantto suggestone particularmistranslation here. Artemis,asthe sisterof Apollo-his eldertwin-isonthe Trojanside. Likehim,she is knownanddreadedas the senderof the shaftsof pesti- lenceanddeath. Apollomaybe mentionedwithsometouchof dislike, neverwith contempt.Thereshouldbe an Artemisof like qualityand stature;but whatfainttracesof suchan Artemissurvive!Thinkof her in the battleof the gods,slappedby Hera,andrunningto be comforted by herfather!I raisethe question:wherehasthe trueArtemisof Troy gone? The chief god of Troy is Apollo,the chief goddessAthenaof the citadel. Logic requiresthat she shouldratherbe Artemis.Has there been a mistranslationhere? It wasbecauseshewascertainlycity-goddessthatshe bearsthe name Athena.But Artemis,too, couldbe a city-goddess;the hymnof Kalli- machosshowsherreceivingfromherfathernot dogsandhuntingspears only,but citiesas well. Manycitiesin AsiaMinorcountedAmazonsas theirfoundresses,andArtemiswasthe goddessof the Amazons.The goddessof the citadelis also a goddessof war. But why shouldnot Artemistoo be that? I cannotprovethe caseon the Greekside,but can quotevery strongevidencefromthe Roman.To the Roman,hunting was the peacefulcounterpartof war; the samegoddesscould appro- priatelystandfor both. Diana,withMars,waspatronessof gladiators. As goddessof warshe is hiddenbehindherspecialname,Bellona,'lady of war'.The factis quitebeyonddoubt. Re-readyourVirgilandregard Camilla,the'warlikevirago',votaressof Diana,aliento the colicalathique ARTEMISOFTROYII5 of Minerva,but trainedto endurehardbattles. In one passage,where the contextimperativelydemandsBellona,OvidwritesDianainstead. Bellona,Virtus,Roma,when(as often)representedas an Amazon,are all essentiallythe same goddess. Sarcophagiwhich show Hippolytus goingto the huntplaceas his companiona figurewhohas alwaysbeen labelled'Virtus';but we all knowwhothe patronessof Hippolytuswas. It maybe questionedhowfarit is fairto arguefromRomanuseto Greek. Perhapsit is not too muchto claimthatthe casefor a warlikeArtemis is not hopeless. Admitfor a momentthe possibilitythatAthenaof Troyshouldreally be an Artemis.Let us measureup certainfactsagainstthis possibility. Firstly,we are relievedof the strangedifficultyof findingAthena fightingso strenuouslyfor bothsides. We all knowthe curiousturnsby whichlaterwritershavetriedto smoothout this perplexity.But how muchsimpler,if the two Athenaswereoriginallydifferentpersons! Secondly,we can now explainhow Cassandrain Ovidcan be called 'priestessof Phoebus'- tractatacomisantistitaPhoebi nonprofecturastendebatadaetherapalmas. (Met.xiii.4IOff.) Virgil's'PhoebiTriuiaequesacerdos'tellsthe sametale. Herearetraces, quiteinconsistentwiththe usualversion,of the worshipof the brother and sisteron the citadel. Thirdly,look at the comingand going of the Greeksfrom Troy. Artemisdeniesthe Greekfleet its desiredwindsat Aulis. The reason givena longpastoffenceof Agamemnon seemsrathertrivial. Surely it is as the championof TroythatArtemisdemandsthe priceof blood. The great chorusin the Agememnonof Aeschylusshows the bitter enmityof the goddessagainstthe mercilessaggressors.Then look at the sequel. Sanguineplacastiuentoset uirginecaesa thatwas at the firstcoming. Sanguinequaerendireditus -thatis, when you wish to returnhome. Whodemandsthe priceof blood? Athenaof the citadel. Yes; but how muchthe storygainsin consistencyif the bloodtaxbothon comingandgoingis reallydemanded by the samepower! Fourthly,lookat the Palladium,stolenby the Greeksfromthe citadel and finallylodgedin Romeas one of the pignoraimperzi,and at that 1 I6ARTEMISOFTROY otherfatefulimage,the imageof ArtemisTaurica,stolenby Orestesand Iphigeneiaandultimatelycomingto restin the groveof Dianaat Aricia. There are certainlytwo images;but do they not looklike doubletsof one andthe sameoriginal? Finally,thereis a vasepaintingof Athenaof Troywith a stagas her blazon.(I canvouchforthe existenceof the evidence,but cannotlaymy handson the reference;perhapssomearchaeologicalfriendcan supply the omission.)The stagis obviouslyappropriateto Artemis,notAthena; and such blazonsarenormallyallottedto theirpropersubjects. But how do you know,somecriticmayask,thatthe Athenaof Troy had not some functionsand attributesnotsharedwith theGreek Athena? My answerwouldbe thatI fullybelievethatshe hadandthat that is why the nameArtemis,ratherthanAthena,shouldhave been givenher;but shewas rroAlaSand,therefore,as it seemedby definition, an Athenato the Greeks. Well,pEXplTOU6?pETOVOpCO'l?0V;hereourexperimentinretranslation shall end. Athenathe goddesshas been named,and Athenashe will remain;butI trustthatI haveuncoveredsufficienttracesof heroriginal character-andthat was not Athena,but Artemis.