ART_Ashkali and Egyptians in Kosovo_2013

7/27/2019 ART_Ashkali and Egyptians in Kosovo_2013

1/33Romani Studies 5, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2013), 2959 issn 15280748 (prt) 17572274 (ole)do: 0.88/r.0.

Clauda Lchofky Reearch ad Teachg Atat at Ittute of Htory, epartmet ofEater Europea Htory, Jutu-Lebg-Uverty Gee, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10, D-35394Gee, Germay. Emal: [email protected]

Ashkali and Egyptians in Kosovo:

New ethnic identications as a result o exclusion

during nationalist violence rom 1990 till 2010

C C

Rm, Egpt re tree eprte rege ette v. Teb mjrt, tg, regr tree grp Gpe. Egptreer t Mm, b peg tg -b ppt tetemeve rm te Rm. Bt grp trt tw eret rg rrtve:Egpt Per repetve. Te tr tt betwee te tw mmte,tg, vge eve mg member te grp ete Egpt,

w regr te ter ett prt ter w. Trg rt terprett ewpper rte, eg met tervew, te rte e te re rett wt e grp r ter. rge ere tt te e te etmepe t tr eree bt rter ex rm te mjrt, regte, preeree r trt etm eret trteger rvv pt-wr v.

Keywords: , Egpt, v

1. Introduction

M bee pbe bt te rmer erb prve v teet te experee tere. rg te 990, te t betwee teb mjrt te rg erb mrt w te bjet mer- b, em rte m rgt reprt. er te -tervet 999, te ge t te -b ppt v, g te w pe b bt re t rege b b te mjrt t pereve temeve b. Teeet ett ve bee pb e b mmt mem-

ber rege b te ttt te Repb v. mg

T rte t prt m P reer t Jt-ebg-vert Gee, perveb Pr. r. Mr er. w t wrm t m, be tre ever member te wrg grp ette Eter Erpe, w be t te Grte Cetre te t Ctre (GCC) te Gee Ceter r Eter Erpe te (GZ) rmmet erer ver t rte.


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te mrte re Rm,1 Egpt. tree tem re eMgjp r Gbe (Gpe)2 b te b-peg mjrt Cgb te erb/B-peg mrt v. ter t r,B, Gr erb, te t ve e reerve et e tev emb3 bt re e et wt e ter. T re gget ttRm, Egpt ve metg mm w tgetem rm te ret te ppt. mt reprt bt v q gge, te tree grp re mete tgeter bt grpetgeter bbrevte RE (Rm, Egpt). e tetree grp e t be e RE we bt te re r mp-g te tree mmte t e grp te regr temeve treett ette.

Te re r pttg tem t tree grp te bjet ebte we. te e , Egpt tr t er te tem-

eve rm Rm. Te rge tt te ve eret rg bt -eret gge: Rm tve gge Rm , terere, r, V mgze r Rm re brt pbe Rm. teter , tgg betwee Egpt t tt er,eter r repreettve te tw mmte r r pt m rgt grp. Te evepmet Egpt ttet grp t be regre eprte rm te tr ptevet v ver te t twet er. Te vet ex tze te prve, mbe wt tzgt prpg w t pt r

evepg ew et ft. ew r ve te te eree ret betwee Rm,

Egpt. me r w expt met Egpt regrtem Gpe/Rm (rbet 005; Ber 007) we ter ggt tebre betwee Rm Egpt (jzg 000; Mrv et. 00; Mrv Ppv 00) bt reer t bt grp Gpe.Exept r Mrv et ., w regr Egpt ew et

. te etgrp tertre v, Rm re ve t ever bgrp wt

eret et. Mt r, tg, regr Egpt be Rm,w e t meet te e-ert te member. beg Rm v, ee (009).. term r grp pepe re pte regre weter te re f regeetm Rm r q emt e Gpe. t wt t jgew term f wrt beg pte r t. t rte te term Gp w bee we reerrg t re r perept b ter. t regr Gp pprpr-te term r pepe. e Egpt t wt t be me Rm, t tbe e r tem eter. Gp ver vge pe term r eret mmtewt ever me eret gge. Te ppt w e Gpe t t mge.. Te prmet v e te v emb.


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ette, prev reerer etrte Egpt ew pem-e vere te prtgt ett pt v.

re mete mt ew etee b Gpe rmw Egpt re rerte (jzg 000: 45), grp mr tEgpt bt wer eve err (eejv 005: 0, ) r m r Mgjp bgrp te mt mprtt grp Gpe (Ber 007: 5.). Ber regr tem mmt w vetre t epe te rete mge Egpt e 999 (Ber 007: 5,579).

Egpt re regre Gpe w re trg t v te teretpg Gp Rm, w ve terere tre te term Egpt(rbet 005). m-rgt reprt eter bme Rm(Mtter 009: ) r met tt grp, ext t Rm Egpt. ee, r, we vr tert pt,

te mrte be te t tt te mjrt ee tree grp Gpe.

Mt tertre Egpt te ereebetwee Rm, Egpt te repetve ret betweetem ter et grp v, epe b. wever, tebre betwee Rm, Egpt temeve re t eqtrg r we ggete. Egpt gree ter eree et te rm Rm e t gt tr eree.Terere, t rte e t g bme Egpt er

Rm Rm te mtrx, tg etg reer tre-e te mm etre te be Gpe/Rm. rg reer tetp, ert tt te bre betwee Rm e /Egpt, te ter, re qte er. Te tter ve eret tr et ft v m mre mm wt te bmjrt. Te eree betwee Egpt, tg, t ttbv, eter r te b mjrt pt r r prtgt te mmte temeve. Bt grp reer t Mm, b pe-g pepe bee Gp. , te regr te ter mmt

prt ter. T peme te we regr te eett rg-mett bt grp te et grp t te evr-met. Te qet w mee ete wt e mmt t teter w te bbg r bt term w rt ppr ert per t were. T w be vetgte b g te ett

4. Rm pe Rm (tg tere re pepe etg Rm w tw Rm) we Egpt pe b tve gge. tree m-mte t Mm wt ew exept mg Rm.


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rrtve te get temeve. Te rte te t t temem ex Egpt b ve verbt te ex Egpt b te b mjrt v.

2. Teoretical and methodical approach

Te reer be r wrtte eg-met. Te r metre prbem-etre tervew rg t Wtze (000) wt repreet-tve Egpt v Germ betwee 008 0. m wre te t tt r tr re re t tt bt bjet-ve t te wt ppee bt w pepe terpret evet tept (Gree 99: 45). Te tervew mete betwee per memr wr (brm 00: 7). Te e r tervew te prt-

ptg bervt be, te e , pr reqremet ee tr, te ter , ert te reerer re:we trtg experee e reer t text, etgrp wrt-g et pe trteg trt te reerer pper terepreettve trt (Cr 98: 0). te, te e r tr-etre ppr et te get te et grp pe wegett ge t ppe be e b bt re me b m we(te 00: 57). get t terpret tt e te gverm r mevrg t brg ter pt betwee te tw mre

pwer get v: erb b ete. reerer rmte te mmt, te m tervewee er t eer tem w et grp t pt tem. Te m t t vetgtewt te re re bt w te regr temeve, w te rge w t epe te rmte trtege reeree rme.

Te tervew were e m erb, Eg Germ tetervewee re tt per r prte G w re regtere t mrte grp, te Et-pt Mp te ErpeCetre Mrt e (ECM) prt trg tt ter rep-

reettve. Te wrtte eg-met re pe etter, ttemet, rte ter re wrtte erb b b Egpt repreettve. ter re re rte b erb ewpperrm 990 008, we m rgt reprt ttt bt etft.

rg t Brt, et grp t t t pepe wregr temeve member tt grp bt ee t be reg-e b ter (Brt 969: ). Te regt b ter t ver we te te t be ee Gpe r Rm b te mjrt v


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ppt. Te e-ett, tg, t tt trg eter tebre betwee Egpt re .

Brber bjet t te e te term grp t be grebt te term w be e ere tegr prx. Reerrg t Brber, tegrp-mg Egpt w be regre prjet (Brber004: 4). tg te get ett pt Egpt eett tegr prx, t rte w t e ett tegr e t t eett, mbg tt (Brber Cper000: 8). te, w e ett r t empe te pre ree t me xe, eet ett w everb ee pee. ett w be e ere we reerrg t get r rg te term.

3. Egyptian organisation in Kosovo between Serbian and Albaniannationalism

We b Mev, te preet te Repb erb, ev tm wt te Repb erb Mr 989 (Mm998: 44), te b peg ppt beme e te mrte te Repb erb wt te t eer Repb gv.Bee te ree t rege te erb regme, g te bt b pb etr, 90 per et te b pp-t t ter jb te pb etr. Te erbt V, tetre

brre w pre (mtt 008: 4). Te b teer pr-er, w t ter jb, evepe ergr et tem.Eemetr were t we t e pb bg bt eret w be t prvte e (Cr 000: 96). Pt, w bee remve rm te emb, rme w gvermet, weme rge pre et re tem (Mm 998: 48 .). Teb peg ppt btte te eet, te e te p-t tem v w er repre b erb pepe re. erb, w were rve t Crt b te Crt rm

mmer 995, were ette v. Tee etter trbte t te rre etg v wt eve mre vee ggre. erb pr-mtr trp e te r (ej Rtv), mmtte trtegt te b peg ppt (mtt 008: 5).

ew Rm w were m vg erb mte re wett erb t ree t g te t ert t te meerb repb. Terere, mt tem ept ter jb r eve repe

5. te me tme, Rtv w ept r Prt te emb te Repb erb.


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b. tze, me t te prt mtr t.Pre t tee et, te rgt te Egpt te egbr-g Repb Me pre t v. Te bbg r Egpt tegr te e 99 w gt betwee erb btm. get te Egpt rgt v t e wtbt grp.

ever gge we ve e r mre term r Gpe w erverm Egpt (e.g. Gpe, Mgjp, Evgjt, p, ter) r rmtg (e.g. Cg, Zgeer, gee, g). Te erb et-grper mr Vv gve ever ppet r eGpe w re e gv: pt, Gpt, Gpter, r r (Vv 98: 748). We te rt grp term r Gpereer t Egpt Gpe were te wt t e te Me ge, tee grp term prbb tem rm tg, te Bzte wr

r tbe r rm eret et (rem 008: 0). Bt term retrte wt Gp r Rm em tertre. me gge,we ve bt term e Greee were tere re g, btgrp regre Gpe b te Gree mjrt bt regr temeve Rm bt tg temeve begg t e grp r te tergrp (Meg 98).

Te rt ttve t beme rege tt et grp trte te b peg mmt trg, Me. v Me were t tt tme t prt te t gv Repb

gv t te brew gv 99. Te mete m-mt w e (Gjp) b ter egbr bt e Evgjt rter e ttrbt (Egpt Mem 0: 5). e 97, te ve beeerg r e pejrtve term t e ee bee te gve everb w ree t e wtever etm e r e wte(jzg 000: 40). Te were bbg t tre Egpt t-egr te 99 e. T term w ve bee rege mg te x

6. Greee, tg, te tt trr t te tt v: bt grp pe

Rm (p. 6) g regr temeve eetr tte t Gree trewe te regr G m peg ev gge (p. 656).7. Me r Gp. pt Egp gr, p Egp pr.Mgjp, pt ter prev mete wr r Gp eret ggeerve rm te wr Egpt te Me ge bt were er tt rm te t Egpt Egpt te v gge.8. Evgjt e ter b etm r te w m te veEgpt rg. Te term m t Jevg Cetr b Mgjp rterb (Preetr e Bertt 00: 478).9. We etm e ere, t reer t te me et grp we membermge temeve prt et grp wt etr mm mrer gger reg.


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t, te tte ter et grp (Jr 0: 5) w vrerm repb t repb me p p t 4 t tegre be v e (rem 996: 9).

Te e Mgjp v ree, tt te re t regre reb we t me t jb erg. Te er bt wemete ttve zm r rm trg t rge Egp (erb.) rEgjpt (b.) v (bz Egpt tervewee 0: ). tber990, te t Egpt v Met (b. qt eEgjptve t v erb. reje Egp z tm pr-j v Metj) w e regtere Prt Mr 99.

er egtt wt ttt te eer eve, Egpt bemete f e et grp te e. t w e Mteegr,erb, v, Vjv Me 99. Te e, wever, wbtte b te mjrt b v t rebe pp-

t ttt t prt te we vr ppt (jzg00: .). Te ret w 5,88 Egpt v p 0 Cetr erb 6 Vjv (vezg zv z ttt br. 4-0-/, me Zem 00: 44). Me ,07 ere temeve Egpt(rem 996: 90).

Te Egpt mvemet v ever e get, w pbe gt r ter rgt t ere temeve Egpt. , mt tevr get te rt geert ve erb, Germ wtzer:Qerm bz, te eretr te t, w br 950 er erzj/

rev wre wer Prt. e beme mter wttprt te prv prve emb v (w w erte re te Repb erb) rg te 990 (Zem 00: 50). eee beg Rm r Gp me wt e te t epte b epte peg b. e ree tt r (b e ) er rm te wte b ( e pereve ter -r).

Repreettve te Egpt Emb Begre were mprtt rrepreettve te Egpt rgt, tg emb f

t er pprt erg mmgrt t Egpt pb (bz Egpttervewee 0). Trg te prer rb gge, Re Bv, Rbert r, te gter zm r rm trg, te Egptt rm gv etbe tt wt te emb. rte rb wre t te emb Egpt Begre (Egpttervewee Mem 0: ). Bt t et Qerm bz w vte Egpt repreettve r te reept te t Egpt t teEgpt emb Begre 990 99 (jzg 000: ) we 000 (Zem 00: 6 .).


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Begre, ew et grp v w weme te tme r-g tm erb v e pr tt v mt-et t b mte prve erb. Te trt Egpt rw te ttet w rm te t betwee b te erb regme pt te b eprtt te eem erb. e te erb regme w terete ereg te mber b v te Egpt ere temeve bbere, t pprte te trt t ew tegr (jzg 000:4). erb ewpper, Egpt were ptve erbe per-tve pepe w g t mqe rtx Cr, pe te gge,re mte em we- em ter rgt tere temeve Egpt te ext e (zv -Prev990: 56). T trt wt te prtr b Me v.

rg te 990, we te b peg ppt w errepre b erb pt, b rme pt prte eeet 4 M 99. b we r, v peg Mm ew erb Mteegr t prt. Te emrt ege v (), e 989, w 76 per et te vte. e te erbregme prevete te emb rm wrg, te gvermet, gPrme Mter Bjr B te reg mter, w re t ee twtzer (mtt 008: 8). Te etrte rete gt teerb regme bbe r epeet vr tte. Egpt

repreettve Qerm bz rge, t t tme b repreettve weret pe r egttg te pt mrte v. Te wpreer t ever b peg per b (bz 009: 7).Te mre pepe w ere temeve t be b, te mre pwer egtmt w ve.

er er e -vet rete v, 998, terr b gerr v bert rm () grew trger ge mre pprt mg te ppt (tre 00: 90). Te e terme t b epe t rm te : 600,000 m rm ee

p te v (Pzev ze 005: ). Te tbetwee te erb pe te erb rm prmtrtrp ete. te Ctt Grp ee pee eree Rmbet Pr ebrr Mr 999 (Petrt et . 999:059). t gter t prt egtt prter te e te b eegt (tre 00b: 480). Te Egpt repreettveQerm bz w member te gv eegt te repreettve Egpt v. e w t, wever, te repreettve mrtmmte: repreete te Rm mmt, Re ev


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te Mm (w e B), Zejeb rej repreete ter mmt, br Vt Gr, Jr j ewere eegte tw eret et b prte w t re teeprtt pt (BBC ew 999). Te m te gv eeg-t w t w tt te t t betwee erb b bt ttever ter et grp re vg v w ve te rgtt egtte (Petrt et . 999: 79).

998, bz tte tervew tt Egpt re t ter -tr, we t erb gv (Btv 998). er te er ter,bz mtte tervew r Glas Egipana, te Egpt mgze Begre, tt e e t t Egpt were Mev pepe e ter trm te t Egpt v were e erb. 998, e w r b w pprte te t btever rege tem Egpt , eqet, e trte pprtg

te erb p reg te mber b v. Terere,e gt r te regt Egpt tte te gvermet erb. erb pt met wt repreettve te Egpt ver vg re e meetg wt erb, b, r Gr. bz ree tt eter erb r b were ep t temmt (Glas Egipana 009: 5).

epte te t tt prtpt pert wt te erbregme t g e we, e e me b, we , t m te term Egpt erb vet, w e t te

retg Egpt rg te wr, we er t, 999. te p- repreettve, Egpt were ever t beg rgg Egpt we Mev e v tm bee te were prv-ege gt p mt b te erb regme (Qerm 0: 6). Qermprbb reer t te t tt jev, te mter te emb v t tt tme, ppte bz ept te emb v(Glas Egipana 009: 5). ept, e w te pr te erb tte,w r pt tte erve. Weter te tme rgg Egpt w eberte e t e wt t et t r t

weter pmet w te mtvt r t, t m beg p berb prt e re r b ger twr Egpt. , te begg te 990, member te b t

were rmte gt r t beg re b were erg r ew etm, e w te wt te pejrtve ppet Mgjpbt better tt. Te e te Me -t Egpt w re ee vr Egpt gtGjp. Eve te eer eve, te were e wt trg terft te e 99. Bt v te mewe, te qe-


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t etg b, erb r eret, w re g pt-. m mrte re, te were gt w ptbetwee erb b. e t te wge mg b,Egpt perte wt te erb regme e beg e trtr brtr er b ge pwer 999.

4. New ethnic identications through exclusion

w, b tr mt prt v exept te erb m-te rter re wt te mpte epv, Zb Pt Zve.1 b ve bee pertg wt tert ttte 999. rmer er ve bee tegrte t te v prtetrp, te pe v erve me p e tr epte tev emb (tre 00b: 48).

er te 9989 wr v, Rm, Egpt were pere-te b b tt er te ee preet R ( trp).Te m trget w te erb peg mmt w w pereve teeem te b t. Rm Egpt, bt w mr r b, were te bjet peret e t rmr tt ew Rm were ppret ee tg prt prmtr t, tgbe e epg brg te rpe te b eb erb re (met tert 00; Etr em EERC 005;er 006; ter). Te were trppe betwee b erb

tm we were prt mpte b te erb regme (Crwe000: 0).

Egpt w were pereve brtr wt te erb regmebee bz prtpt Rmbet ve bee te trget te,t. b tt bre w Rm, Egpt e.M were rpe tretee p, ret, mt e te -tr (C 999: ). bz e bq w bre w 999 (Zem00: 5). e w re t eve v je w were v-g ter Germ (Glas Egipana 009: 5; bz Egpt tervewee

0). b peg Mm, w were e Gpe b te mjrtbee rt perept, t e wt te pt-wr, tt t-t. ew evepe trtege t m te rgt t be prt te vret er 999.

Vet ex retve evet pt-wr ete prtve r te perpetrtr (Beee 00; 005). Ever tte t-bg ete wt vee exp ter grp

0. b: epvq, Zb Pt Zve.


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(pe 00). Bt te e v, we ree ter peme we: te ger w t rete t te erb ppt bt Mgjp.ever me ve reprte bt vee gt Rm, Egpt. b were tg Tere pe r Gpe v(v te 999; Z 999 ter).

te pgrm gt Rm, , Egpt erb mmt 999 004, te b mjrt t erette te treegrp tem Mgjp (Gpe) r Gbe (m Gp). Eve, w ve wt b wt ter b egbrrg erb t, t epe peret er te wr. Te perep-t Rm, Egpt eret et grp, w rerBrt erte pret r et grp (969: ), w t t gve b te b mjrt v. r te beg te trget et tre ee brtr, tere w ee t m prxmt

wt b rer t epe peret. re te e Egpt (Shqiptar i dors s dyt) e te mg te w etwt te mmt. T expre ppe t w ftwt b, tg v te terpret t e- b(v te 999).

Te w re e Mgjp bt rge Rm, ve r, mg-ze ttve gge e t e te 970, we te ter-t Rm mvemet beg. Te Egpt trte mg ter wet tegr wtt mg ter w gge. rt er te wr

999, te tert mmt, m rgt grp, reererbeme wre et grp. Erer etgrp tertre met tem be Mm Cg (Vv 966: 0)tg Vv me evetee er ter tt re Rmpeg m Rm v, w re e Gbe. T mt vebee wrg eve t te tme (Vv 98: 8). t, Ger jzgbt Vv bervt regr tem be eetr Rmrm w Egpt were rerte (jzg 00: 5).11 Rm tvt regr te Rm rm te vge w ve wt b

(Rm tervewee Przre, ept. 008). Te Egpt tvt bz m(r te b ver ) t be term e b Rm rte w ve r bt tr t p b (bz 009: ).

Etgrper bv pprt te mpt tt re Rm btwe t be re weter t ter tem rer r te e-ett t te tme ter etgrp te. t, tg, wreer t temeve b we tg bt te tme bere te wr.

. Te me e r (987: 5) Bretz (00: 9)


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, , te pepe e t [te -etm] eve bere 999, bt t m.rt, bee we were eeg tt we re b. We ve me tre, -gge, , evertg me. (. . .) Tere were me pepe. . . me, ttvett ere metg ee. Bt we t wt t. We t wt. . . Bee ttrte te betwee b erb we trte t r ett t

te tme, we w ve e prbem wt te b mmt. Betwee b mmt. (. . .) te, er pepe me b rm. . . er te wr, me, t te e - m e were bre, m e were pe te b mmt t e, t ept mre te m tgbt w. wt pepe eve te mjrt tem w ev wt b 999 m tem retre te w, tt te ere pe r etre r pepe were e t te e. (. . .) , e ttmmet . . . me pepe trte t ere mre te ett. Te ete pt prt te trt t gt r ett, r te rgt. . . . tt w we trte t t. ( tervewee Prt 00: )

ter tervewee rm Prt regr t ver mr:We ever w te re t ere reve eret. W? We te rgt tpp r jb, we te rgt t trt t. We rgt b bere 989.M te vert, te er . tem e pr-mr w w mpr. ( tervewee Prt 00: )

ew tervewee reer t tre te er bt er pepe tem we te were rte wt beg e Gp. Te grpr-et te me tt te re eter b r Rm bt wtb gge (Qerm 0: ). tee reprt tervewee bt ter

eter wt er pepe w reer t , te tre tt tete er te me r te rt tme ( tervewee bq 00: 90).Te te me twr Rm tee reprt ppret t eeg perr twr Rm.

Te term bv exte bere te wr 998/99 bt w tm e jt mete rm tme t tme we reg te pejr-tve ppet Mgjp. We r me tt w e etm we tervewee tt reer t temeve beg bbere. r we regr bgrp Rm we ree

et wt Rm. Bt we et ee e mg eve bere te 990 beg eret rt b. Te eemt ber eeg errt twr b, e tervewee rmPrt exp:

Te w t be mrtbe t g t b me. ve ee, epewwt b m t eeg mrtbe (. . .) te re vg prtr metg, ee, tt g, te ter w t me eret. t me. Te w eve t m ee, te w eret, t er m, w, t ee. (. . .) t t mre bee te wr. Te tg ppee,


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tte bt, e. Tere were w preje, tere were w preje bt er tewr, er te wr m mre. er te wr t w e tt meemrre b. t, t w e. ( tervewee Prt 00: 6)

Te preje rm b twr were preet eve bere tewr - w te ppet Mgjp - bt e tree tt t ree erte wr bee wt ppee t . e ee mrtbe t vtte b prt te brer m bt epe bee e er begregre eret b b te mgt rege re-tve -b we meetg m.

g b bt te term, we ve eret perept we:Rexep mj (br 947) rm te em rt ee v vert etrer re te 980, me 999 tt e w

te term rm pret e w t regr t reeree tpepe wt rer bt tegr e e w wt b r (Cewg 999). t t, jrt rm Bt e Re Zr remember beg e eemetr Prt 969 emt b b bt w ter w te e . e m te b w t ve e t b me e w tbe e Mgjp b b bee t term w reerve r Rm (t 0).

Brber m tt vee e prt, rter t ve ver,

gve te t exmpe: Te e tt -tertt rp ree grpe mg bt v b v erb 998 (Brber 004: 4). We te te me reegrpe te exmpe : te were bjet vet tt bb e mre bt t et b. Peret ex rm te b mmt eem t be te t pt rrgg er te ew etm. T be ee et verr vtr tt wtg (Ewert 995: 6).

repreettve rm Prt m tt t er te wr bt

rg te 990, we b trte pre , et re tem w gvermet, eter v were exe. Te weree t temeve. Ete e te tr t Me, erb Weter Erpe rg te 990 ( tervewee Prt 00: ).

Te tvt t ee te ee t ere temeve t be -eret rm b bere te 990 bee te gree te ge reg te mber b ppt t te erb ppt.Te te me rgt b , e t te t wtte erb regme, tere w t te tme t vert mg te


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claudia lichnosky4

b peg ppt ( tervewee Prt 00: ). TeEgpt m te me t: te were b bere 999. vg m te et e tem gv, t w t ve bee ver we tere temeve t be eret rm b bere te 990 t pp r jb e tere were gve qt r rege et te (Mppe-ee 005: 85 .). w t rege et grp t tt tme erg w t ret prvege.

evertee, e tervewee rm Prt remember tt te e 98, te pper w ere temeve t be b weremre -b bee te were ee Gpe. e terprett et pr tt were ever epte b b reb ( tervewee Prt 00: ). T pereve re-gt b prt te eptm erve eer tgg betwee b . eqee, te ex-

e trte t evep ptve e we te exgt eve vet.

ter Egpt tervewee rm ter rmt bter b ewme we, eve bere te wr v. tgte et b bere 999, te were e Mgjp rm tme t tme.er 999, reerrg t tr et grp eve mg vg te metre wt te b mjrt, mgt ve epe t v te egtveteretpe bt Gpe.

r Erpe tzgm,12 Gpe re regre te ter

te t eve te pe te mjrt gge mter tge. We Erpe te bg terrtr tte beg, te m, w wereregre bere Crt pgrm, were e te pereve vgb beggr w re eme t trmp wtt reg ter(erzg 996: 4). tg tere re m Gpe v -mre, te teretpe pepe wtt ter t et.t t tg tt te ex tem e wt te begg te vr tte t bg. Weever rmr bt ttmpe pre pre-mer Erpe, Gpe were er p te re

pete vg brte wt te eem. tme t, v rg te 990, te emrt eew te exter ter eem . Te bgger te emrt betweet, te bgger te vert emrt wt t (erg 008: 5). t-eter Erpe, tzgm pretr: rg tettm Empre, Gpe (Mm Crt) t p p tx (cizye)

. tzgm term w bee e Germ e te 980 rer t mete teretpe te mjrt et twr te w te mjrt pereve Zgeer(Gpe). Eg t e t-Gpm.


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te Crt bt t te Mm ppt te Empre. t w et tt te Crt Gpe bt t te were bv pete tbeg re Mm regre e mmt, extg Crt Mm Gpe (G 004: 8).

Te mvemet wr mr t te Egpt e bt t tve pbg jr b Egpt v Germ. ve ew get, mt wm re vg te v: erb,Germ r wtzer. e e get bt Rm rm brv, ererzj/rev, w e te prt eember 999 (t we b emrt Prt v (P), t te tme)(Ber 007: 59). Te me e t e te trteg t g te trt b (v te 999). e Rm e w te eer te br brv (Ber 007: 5). Te e mgt ve beeep r tt wt b pt wr ete w pprte te ew

e P. e 007, Rm member prmet mrebee e e embezzg me rm prt member (tre 00; Rexep 006). 00 te prt me w ge t Prtemrte e v (P, emrt Prt v)(Ber 007: 59). e te te ve epte te v emb.ppret Rm w rg t e tervewee rm Pej Qerm bz member te Egpt t bere (Egpt ter-

vewee Pej 00: bz Egpt tervewee 0). Te Egpttervewee e m vg e te prt bee

e ere pt te Egpt prt r mptg pr,ete pepe te Et w t w tg bt ter rg e beeve bt Rm. bz, tg, regr Rm trteg ret t te tt v 999 ee er mtve rrgg (bz Egpt tervewee 7..0).

Te e e get Bert Qerm rm pj, w ve Germ Getwrer r rt er ree er te wr tt e metg r te e ee e t (Qerm, M 0: 8). e me ever ere me t be Rm bee e e t pe Rm.

Qerm ere me t be b bere rg te 990 bee te gge ee gt eree betwee b :te r (Qerm, M 0: ). We e w tve te v-b b Rj M, e p per et me tte w gvermet rg te 990. Ever v-b w p-pe t p t tx, v we br, rer t e tepre tem (J 008: 7; Cr 000: 0). e e w retre, e mre tme t pe v te preet te v-be P.Qerm empe te trg ret betwee b rg


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claudia lichnosky44

te 990 prve t b wg reept tx pmet ptrewt m Rgv, te rm preet v rg tt tme. T, tg, trr t te ttemet te tervewee rm Prtw me tt were t e te pre tem. Te remgt epe Qerm pr tt.

Te tr e get r p, w w br Prt955 wet t eemetr Prt bt e g v , erb. e w e Matica Akalija/Amza e Ashkalive (efe ) v (Ber 0). p bbg m erb r tt et grp, tg reeree v. te mepge Mt j/mz e ve v e temter 13 (Mt j ..) e te e w pbe btte rg rge wt Egpt repreettve bt te reetm. te trtg pge, rg ee rm te vtr tt

Qerm bz terte mptg pepe (Mt j ..). em tt Egpt re ret Gpe, w Rm, bee tewere e me reerrg t Egpt (p ..). e reer t te emtertre bt Gpe Rm te erer term wt tt Egpt. Te beme trte t Gp te rret e termRm. rg t g, te w reer t tee erer term mt be Rm rg. ppret, e e t regr pt r te RmCgre Prt v t t et 004 (Erpe Rm Rgt Cetre004) trr t rgmett.

Te prt emrt Prt v (P) e tve webte r re tere pb w ete v w wrteregr. te ew e Prt r tegrt (P) mepge were te reer ptve t te er P, te bet btRm t Per rg we(Prt ve pr tegrm 0).

em em1 rm Pjev eem t be b pprter te (Ber 007: 5). e w te pt peper t999. T vew pprte b reprt bt em emg eg tr eqt r Rm t eree Mtrv 004

( 004). , e te w re e Gpe b te mjrt wbeme exe rm te t tme t bg, te me p-pee t e Gpe v, epeet ter e-ert b ter tve gge beg b. T mmpeme tzgm Erpe. er Rm Egpt were

. v t ve. v eme b: v.4. em e Me v bee g rret, wt me rpt, gv pr rm te 960 t te 990.


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rete etm er 999 e t te perept beg b-rtr wt te eem, me pepe remembere te er er r-gtte grp me . Cert e get rm v prbt G prte bt tree prxmt wt te b mjrt.Trg pt wr vee, t te perpetrtr bt te vtm veree ter grpe. T te re we ve t tree grp wre pereve Gpe: Rm, Egpt. Bt te brebetwee te mmte rge rm trg t we.

5. Competition o ethnonym and origins

we Egpt te temeve rm Rm bee tegge me tr eree w re t rter e ere.e exmpe te eebrt V tber, te erb ew er

(Egpt tervewee Pej : 4). e t reg , t m be ee-brte b rtx Rm. ter exmpe t. Gerge (rev, e eerez) w prme eebrte 6 M b Rmr te wr. ter tervewee, tg, tte tt t. Gerge w eebrte b eve b b te begg prg(Egpt tervewee Pej : 8). T me, te t tt mee eebrtet. Gerge e t me b Rm.

Te tt betwee Egpt, tg, t tt e:te re te me gt reg mrer ve te me exper-

ee wt ex Gpe b te b mmt. Terere, wrter e w repreettve bt mmte rge r eret-t. t w be w tt pert wt ter et grp e tw eer te e w were w et 4, bve. prt pt, reg bre be trger t tr ret tert mmte.

Beet er ept mge mmte (98) epr ertg. tg e reer t t, ter be ppet et grp we. mg m et mmte, member te

ete mgt w e ter bt pereve te pepe t wm te ret mr prt ter mge et grp. metme te regrpepe member te me mmt epte te t tt te e terett.

Gerg Ewert ept we-grp term r mmte et-g t r et grp ep t ert te trt et grp w re t prmr bt ve t be rete trg e-erpt (Ewert 989: 446). e rete, e rge ter pper, pepere t be t e tt we-grp bt ve eret et


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claudia lichnosky46

ette tt wt betwee grp, metme eve v-tr (Ewert 995: 6). e pte t tt wtg betwee eret grp mm pre w trt te perept eep rte tr-t tbt, w me b te tr bt e pte breerer (Ewert 995: ).

Et t we-grp regr temeve pepe teme rg (Ewert 989: 44). Egpt ve better-evepe rrtve rg we tr t eep p wt tem. Bt, Egpt,tr t get r te Rm/Gp tgm t wt t be tewt tem. t, e te t pe Rm, ett wtRm rgt t ver ttrtve. Rm rgt regr te tr rg reer t gt reer, w trte wtJ.C.C. Rger (Rger 78) Grem (787) te egteet etr.e gt ve vere tt Rm gge (Bretz

00: 97), te mpt tt Rm mt ve tr et twt w Pt wtt bt. Egpt re wrg te pr tt te re rm Egpt ter etm gget. e v te pe te me gge te b mmt, te pr tt te er r reg re bt te erpreee Egpt t-eter Erpe. Wt te term Egpt t eer t reer t Egpt t wt t reer t extg tr. Tet Egpt rm Me rw t e rm Rme (79 ) v exer te Gret (56 ) t te Cpt (extg

e 45 ad) eet r re r te extee Egpt teB (Egpt tervewee Mem 0). Te rt re tt metGpe ppere te rteet etr Egpt w w trte Cg (Gp) (Petrv 975: 4).

t br, tg, t vetgte te rg ppttt ve bee preet tr r etre. We t tre te r-g ever pepe, tere re r ever grp, r we w Rm ve mewere ee bere ever pe ter gge tRm. Te we t bt e rg, e gge e eet

gget tt grp pepe re t egm ever mxr tert wt ter grp. We berve tt te be wt rg reevt te bt Rm/Gpe terere rme reeree r te w re bme Rm r Gpe. rer t m ereet te mjrt ert rgt er beg exe rm te mjrt, te e wr t tte t m beg member erett rg.

ter et t grp t-eter Erpe , Rm Egpt rge bt te qet w w rt v: Qerm bz


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tte tervew t tt ter me e rb rm Egptbt tt e t rm em b bt te m erer rrv Egpt te B pe t Rm. T me r m ttEgpt re tgeter wt r te et pepe tere (Btv998). t-eter Erpe trgrp, e r exmpe te Gree,b Me, me ert t prve tt te re te etpepe te reg. Me we Gree reer t exer teGret. Te w r Egpt t prve ter tr mpreeve te t-eter Erpe text. w e tt Egpt be ppe etm t tem, rge tt tere Egpt bt rb t Egpt t be e t r etm (QermM 0).

Te rrtve rg t we evepe tt Egpt,w mgt be e t te t tt t m eer t et Egpt wt

Egpt t wt extg pe te v. ppret, btet grp ee pe te t-eter Erpe t reer t rer t

jt ter extee. Te rrtve m tt te re eetrm te r (Per. ), e Prter, w re preet- r prt te rrg tre rm 50 t bt 6 AD(Epe r 0). T pte mpe wt gt terebt Rm, vg ve Per bere te m v te tetr (erev er 004: 7 .). Bt te pte et prve tt rm Rm. Erer rrtve tte t rg t

me te memberp r te reje je (t ) rm 998 (Egjptet ..). , be p reer t r-et tre e Per, , Mr ter rb te r-g (p ..: ). me tervewee re t t re mete we (w re) ptet rg, bt t eem ttte rrtve bt Per rg w t, t et mg te ete tew re wrg te trt mm rg.

pr Per rg, Bert Qerm, we be p, reert t Per wr b pr t tt Per ee

b bt tt t mt ve bee te w brgt Perwr t te B (Mt j ..). t pre trtgrg vetg trt, me g mte ppe we m tt te t ter gge pte b we brg-g m t v. e repreettve rm bq exp ttertr exge e tt: b were Ct we werew Mm. We b v re w m Mm, t bee te t m rm we t b tergge. ( tervewee bq 00: 9). e gre te t tt ver-


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claudia lichnosky48

v t pe rg te ttm Empre rer t trt tt tr tr trbt . e te m terrve te B te rt etr, t w ve ppee twetre bere Mmm brt (Mrv Ppv 00: 475).

r Egpt, t tbe rrtve rg mg te mm-t pr te vet mmt w re, te p Egpt, rmer Egpt w were re b b t ere t be er 999. Qerm bz bme t be trtr w wterm Egpt t rer t v rmt er e t prt Rmbet Egpt te ve bee ee terere brtrwt te erb regme (bz 009: ).

er vg erbe te eret rrtve rg te ert tprve t, we expet tt repreettve bt mmte beeve tee rg bt we re tgt terwe: g bt te eree

Egpt, te wer te extee tw eretgrp r pt re rer t reeve ter reerve etr Egpt te emb r e t mpett et grp ge-er. Tee rgmet t ve ver wt Egpt w m tt re te me bt bee rm tert mmt, twmpetg et grp ve evepe (Egpt tervewee Gjv 00: 4). e tervewee eve ee eree t exept te bee eret rg:

tt erett betwee Egpt: t w te vebee ere t be Egpt: bee te Egpt mmt t tt te r-gte rm Egpt. Te mmt eret p: tt te rg-te rm r. t t tt betwee tee tw mmte. (tervewee Prt 00: 7)

T ttemet mgt be g, tg t t tt bt mm-te rge t bt te qet rg e e ter begRm (p ..) r g te wrg etm (Zem 00: 4). Teqte w tt te rg t qte vg r eve mg

te member te mmt ee qet bee. t ter,te m te bve qte tervewee ere temeve t be Egpt w tve te t Egpt v t 999. T mgtexp te ret rg bee. w, te terveweee t Egpt we ter, e te ver rt Egpt, ereme t be we (bz Egpt tervewee 7 J. 0).

tg Egpt t m t be t t reer t ertterrtr, we ver t bg. Egpt v re ver weete wt Egpt rm te egbrg tre e Me,


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b, erb Mteegr. Te ve emr r tbe tget-er, pre prmt mter bt te rg tre Egpt. tervew te tre te extee Egpt ter B trewe mg tt te term e v. T gve pr tt t te rret etm r te Mm, bpeg grp w e Gp b te mjrt (Egpt terveweePej 00: 4). T e t te mpt tt Egpt etm mrettrtve t te w rter wt t be prt trt grp wext egbrg tre we.

6. Geographical diferences and loyalties as a key or identication and

party politics

Te reg w te Egpt ve eem t be mprte

t te qet ett eter r Egpt. Te rt geer-t Egpt, w e v 999, w rm bt prt v(Zem 00: 9.). e Egpt re ee brtr wt te erbregme, we w ve prbb expete tem t ve erb eve, Ber (wrg) m (Ber 007: 5) bt te trr: te re er vg te mre mge be wet.1 Egpt Gr member R re tve te Et w et mre eter-gee wt mt te erb mte re v. wgBer, te -e Gpe were e tegrte t b et

te Et t te Wet, wt exept erzj/rev Pjev/Pjev (Ber 007: 5). er te wr, et te te ger te Et t te Wet (Egpt tervewee Pej 00: 0).

eter v, Rm ve m re we mjrt erbwe re b mte re te Et (wt te exep-t pj/pj), t t te erb reg. Egpt mtexve ve te Wet wt ver ew mber erzj/rev teeter prt: te get peretge Gjv/v (5%) t/tg(4%); e/e re mre Egpt (0.6%) t Rm (0.%) we

(.6% Egpt, .4% , 0.% Rm). Pej/Pe, tg,w e te Egpt etre, Rm ttte bgger prt te ppt (e %) t Egpt (%). evertee, te Egptprt R eem mre ttrtve gt .4% te vte Pej/Pe t

5. Rr gjt te weter prt v w e Metj erb;Rr v te eter prt, e v pje erb. v pje teerb me r te t e v b te pe te btte vpje. rer t t e t m, w e te wet r weter v r Rr gjt te et r eter v r Rr v.


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claudia lichnosky50

te Rm prt PREB wt 0.6%. Gjv/v, Egpte mprtt pt te mpt e Mp Cmmtfer, Cmmt e fer, Cmmt evepmet fer ept Crm te Mp emb (ECM Et-pt Mp00).

Rm, we Egpt get gree tt te bgget Rm ette-met re Przre (weter v) Gj (eter v), te getmber Egpt re Pej, tg Gjv (weter v) tt ve ter etre erzj v ( eter v).T me tt Egpt re w premt te weterv we re m vg eter v. T rme bte Et-pt Mp ECM (ECM Et-pt Mp) w pbete etmte mber r te v ppt ter et ft mpte v 008 00 (ECM Et-pt Mp).

Egpt tervewee m tt te eree betwee Egpt t te reg w te ve (Egpt terveweePej 00: 5).

tg re vg b mte re Rm erb mte re, we t e, tg, tt were wvg wt b Rm w wt erb. Te qet weter tet wt e r ter grp epe te rrg mjrt.mg erb, Rm ve better tg t Egpt. Te t me, tg, tt Rm re trete better b te erb ppt:

tg te mjrt tee P re Rm, ter prmr gge eb - mg tem trget be rmet rm erb r tert. tv, ever Rm were bete tretee wt g er 00. Rm m w te; te mter w rte p. ezm g, gg erb t ve te Rm. (B prjet 00)

b peg Rm re regre, ter b peer we, ptr1 (pejrtve r b). te erb mte rter prt v, te tvt Qerm regr t be re t eretemeve t be Rm w re mre epte t (Qerm 009).

re r vtr, te w temeve Rm te erb m-te rter prt Mtrv, tere re get w mt tt te t pe Rm bt e b t me erb e. teg tt betwee Rm, Egpt mmte, tew beg t te r Egpt mmt bt tre temeve

6. iptari erve rm te b wr r b: Shqiptar, tg erb t Albanci. t w egtve tt tg gv trte e t t te960 rer t tg v-b rm b b. t e tt re.


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Rm. B t exmpe, we e tt et ft Rm r epe we te err etm te reg teet ft te rrg mjrt.

r Egpt, te reg eem t be mprtt r et-t wt e grp epe we te err et ft: te Wet, te term bv te me egtve tt Mgjp te Et, Egpt repreettve rm te Wet tre. te Wet ter term ext: Gbe (b. m Gp) w Egptregr te term r Rm. Rm repreettve rm Przre e terett (Rm tervewee Przre ept. 008). Qerm bz, etr per te Egpt t v, er (r) t be term e b Rm r mte, b peg r-e pepe w re mre tegrte t te b et (bz 009:). Gve tt vew egtve ttrbt b b te

Wet, t mpreebe tt t pt r e-ttrbt.Te w re e Mgjp te Wet preer te e-ttrbt Egjpt(Egpt). T exp te extee Egpt weter v.

te Et, tg, m tt etr termr te w pe b bt w re ee Gpe. Bert Qermexpe 999 tt Rm rje (Cewg 999). rje b-grp Rm erve rm te r wr er w Crtetrte wt tt et t t Egpt/ we(Crte 00: 5). T trt te extee Rm grp Przre

r exmpe, tg m rje Rm. Mgjp regre b - rm te Et ttrbt r Rm we reerve rb peg Gpe. We re me tt eve bere te wr v, e mg Egpt beg eretrm Rm exte. Te extee tw eret egtve term, Mgjp Gbe weter v Mgjp eter v, -rm te mpt. Vv w mete j 98, t Ejp term r Rm Me bt e t e Egp rEgjpt te temeve w (Vv 98: 848).

Te gegrp t vbe te prt pt te mrtprte. ve rret tw prte te emb: te emrtPrt v (P) wt e ept, em, te Prt tegrt (P) wt Etem r, rm pj (Repb v emb 00). Erer, rm 007 t 00, r w ept rP, tgeter wt em ze j (Repb vemb 007).1 rm 00 t 007, bt Rm repreete te P

7. P ge tree et 007. Te te et, te et r eter ,Egpt r Rm ter e trg g eetr ret.


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claudia lichnosky5

(rm 00 t 004 P, tgeter wt Mr). Wt em ew prt te prmetr grp wt te erb epeet berPrt (), te erb emrt Prt v Metj (M) te Gr prt Grj tv Gr (GG). w r,w ept P, e te grp, w e grp. Teter tw prte ( B) t te mp eve ge et 009 erzj, tme pj (ECM Et-ptMp).

Te pert wt te erb Prte , trtr, g ttr ret wt b. Te w e 006 geve et te emb te 007 eet (Repb v emb00). Te t t te rget prt repreetg erb v. te eet 009, te prt eve te mjrt vte tree m-pte wt erb mjrt: Gr/Gr, trp/trpe

t/t. epte te emb re rm erb mtere we (Repb v emb 00). Te erb ber Prtm t prtet te teret te erb mmte v-Met bte t rege v epeee (B gt 00). e 00,te prt prt te vr gvermet (Repb v emb00) prve tw mter (B gt 00).

Te Egpt prt te vr emb te ew emrtttve (R), w bee prmetr grp wt te er te tre v () e 00 (Repb v emb

00). ept r R w bee Xevet ezrj (rm 004 t 007,tgeter wt Bm t). e 00, tere bee e Egpt prt,te ege Egpt v (E) w, trt wt te R,e Egpt prt te prt me. Te er Bm t, rmerept R. tg t mpge te eet 00, t tg et te emb.

Te w e b Rm rj, rmer mmer. ter prte we, t w rter t, be rjgret pprt te Wet rg te wr (Zj et . 008: ). rj

beme prme mter eember 004 rege Mr 005 wee w e wr rme b te tert Crm rb r termer gv, C (ew r me 008). pprter re m te Wet, were e me rm, bt e w t e wt prgrete t re (B gt 00). ber wr ve mt teprt member re rm . rj repreet trg tm te e gre te prt (Zj et . 008: ).

Berg m tt Egpt were ee brtr wt erbb b, te pert betwee te tw prte mgt be rpr-


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g. Egpt repreettve exp te pert b reg bre:rj rm te Wet were mt Egpt prt member Gre vg. Te P prme mter, T, rm re, te regwere w e. e w, terere, t re r te Wet (Egpttervewee Gjv 00: 7). rm pert wt rj, Egptexpet pprt r ter e btt te weter reg.

e, bee te ert t prve reg rg Egpt r ,te eree betwee Egpt re t reevt, eve r temember te grp, we ve me re ree bee te reg. retg rrtve, te Rm Egpt exmpe tr t gt pr we. Regrg te reg,Egpt Egpt G re m te te Wet we ettemet G re m te Et. bv, te pprt teetm epe te reg v, bt te err term

r Gpe mg te mjrt ppt. Bee reg te expett prtet, Egpt prte perte wt temmte wt w te re t regre e: te prt Pe t perte wt b bt wt erb prte, we te EgptR e t perte wt erb bt wt b prt.

7. Conclusion

rg t Brt Ewert, b t r etbg et

grp te ett b ter member te ett. b erb ve t et rege Egpt ever etg te term re e te vr ttt. T ett be mre e-ttrbt t ttrbt b ter. Te et-t wt e r ter grp te regt te ter grp tmpete eter mg te mmte temeve. Bt et grpregr te ter e prt ter w. T me tt te bre ret er te re me t be we ete Egpt, we te ttt v, pe tw eret mmte. epte

tee brer, repreettve bt grp re wrg perrtve rg, e t mmte t-eter Erpe. Tebee rg te e te etm eem t be te eree.

We berve te me tzgm teretpe Gpe t begprt te t, v everwere Erpe. e Gp pejrtve tt member te me grp wt t be prt et we, ew et grp re beg evepe. W term ree epe te err te extg me te pre trt-eg: te w vr g extg term w mr ter et


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claudia lichnosky54

t v, w g r . Te w preer beg prt trtetwr w g r Egpt.

Te err ppet we te prt pt epe tereg wt v. Te t ve t be gret wt te meprxmt wt ter mmte: tg Egpt re regre beger t b, te perte wt te prt b wr veterwe , w tre ter ft wt b, perte wt erbprte.

evertee, we prve te geer mpt tt Egpt v rt ete Rm te beme Egpt , tg we w exmpe Egpt erbw ere temeve Rm r me tme te ee r r Egpt. T bee t be Rm erb mre ttrtve t tbe r Egpt, e Rm re pereve perr t

Egpt. erb te erb prt v, te tt tt Rm gt eret, tt rgg Rm ttrtve r Egpt, t. Te bre betwee Rm /Egpt remre et t v ( 0: 89). t, te Rmett pe r pepe w t pe te gge. Bt v, Rm, Egpt ve mm te ttrbt bter Mgjp. T e t me, tg, te ete Mgjp rRm bere.

eem t ve bee term wt better reptt t Rm,

eve bere te wr. b evrmet, mrte wt teb gge tre te b et erre re mremprtt t wt te erb. Terere, we me r w e-te Egpt bere 999 wte betwee tee tw grp, we betwee b r Egpt, bt t tt m betweeRm r Egpt.

Te w re e Gpe b te mjrt t t eret rmte ter mmte w. Weter v v tem-eve B r Gr, erb r Mteegr weter mee

Vjv ete Crt r Bjev, Rm r V bjet te me ebte trtege te e Egpt. Te t te tt te perept grp t-eter Erpe et term prevet rm perevg ter bre et-t. Cerg v, Mgjp eem t be et-t rter t et. wever, rg te t te 990 tewwr pt ter ex rm te b t, member t mmt ter e t g te rme ette t rer t gt r te rgt ter extee m beg.


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