ATM Concepts for very low level operations

ART WS on RPAS, 24/09/15

Thomas Dubot, Patrick Le Blaye, Claude Le Tallec© Star Wars

Presentation of ONERA

ONERA in a nutshell: 2100 employees incl. 1500 engineers and researchers, 7 sites, 240 M€ budget, 55% contract-based.

ATM direct involvement: Associate partner of the SESAR JU (ATM FUSION, INNOVATE), SESAR affiliate to the DSNA, member of ASDA

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Context

The airspace below 500ft/150m is not empty Small RPAS VLL operations (below 150m) already raise

safety/security/privacy concerns National regulations and European harmonization on-

going The anticipated increase of these RPAS VLL operations

(commercial + hobby) requires further actions The majority of RPAS airspace integration efforts over

past decade have focused on integrating medium or large unmanned aircraft systems into non-segregated airspace

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ATM stakeholders’ involvement needed

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Approach operations

Airport intrusions© T. Dubot

© T. Dubot

Civil protection and emergency operations

© Veisar

© P. Le Blaye

The road metaphor

Road traffic management VLL traffic management

Regulation, rules of the road Rules of the Air, UAS regulation (national + harmonization)

Cars’ safety standards, certification Certification, safety

Driver’s license + training Requirements for commercial activities, not for aircraft models. Coming soon?

Identification with cars’ license number Projects on-going

Road police to fight reckless or malevolent drivers

Army or police force inadequately equipped?

Infrastructure: roads, lanes, stop signs… Airspace design, airspace management systems?

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US initiatives – the NASA view

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© NASA

US initiatives – the Amazon view

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© Amazon

US initiatives – the Amazon view

Airspace design: segregating the airspace with buffers, such as the « High-Speed Transit » airspace Delegation of responsibility, e.g. ATC service Automation: Highly-automated vehicles + operators Best-equipped, best-served approach

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© Amazon

The road metaphor (update)

Road traffic management VLL traffic management

… …

Road police to fight reckless or malevolent drivers

Army or police force inadequately equipped

Infrastructure: roads, lanes, stop signs… Airspace design, airspace management systems ?

Highways “High-Speed transit” airspace

Emergency lane “No Fly Zone” airspace

Autonomous cars with self-separation capabilities

Highly-automated vehicles with self-separation capabilities

Highway private operators Delegation of responsibility (e.g. ATC service)

Access to road under equipment conditions. Ex: snow chains

Equipage requirements to access airspace

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US initiatives – the Google view

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Towards automated RPAS• UAS-to-UAS collision

avoidance

Airspace Service Providers (ASPs)

As possible, all aircraft equipped with ADS-B• Ultra low cost ADS-B• Requirement for

helicopters

EUR initiatives: EASA regulatory framework

EASA “Introduction of a regulatory framework for the operation of drones” (A-NPA 2015-10)

Risk-based approach:• ‘Open’ category (low risk)• ‘Specific operation’ cat.

(medium risk)• ‘Certified’ cat. (high risk)

Some proposals:• automatic limitation of the

airspace (geo fencing)• capability to react to

interrogations (identification)

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© vlloc.global © EASA

EUR initiatives: the VLLOC example

SESAR SWIM Master Class 2014 “Best in Class Awards” Luciad, Flight Plus and VITO have developed the RPAS Very Low

Level Operations Coordination (VLLOC) Platform, a SWIM-based service-oriented architecture to define, exchange, regulate and monitor VLL RPAS operations.

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© vlloc.global

Solutions

Solutions in strategic phase… Airspace design, scheduling,

trajectory definition and sharing, Flight Plan filing/refining,…

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…but also in tactical phase Separation management,

emergency procedures, dynamic geofencing, weather avoidance,…

© Latas

© Latas MIDCAS© aip-drones

ONERA competencies• Regulation expertise. Ex: JARUS and EUROCAE working groups

• claude.le_tallec@onera.fr

• Fast-time simulations. Ex: ATM architecture to manage C2 link loss, using 4D contracts with geofencing capabilities• Antoine.Joulia@onera.fr or Thomas.Dubot@onera.fr

• HITL experiments. Ex: evaluation of C2 link latencies • patrick.le_blaye@onera.fr

• Human factors. Ex: design of HMI for Unmanned Traffic Management• patrick.le_blaye@onera.fr

• Design of aircraft systems: detection and neutralization of anti-drone solutions (optics, electromagnetic, aircraft design)• Thierry.Lefebvre@onera.fr

• Design of architecture. Ex: development of a LLRTM (Low Level RPAS Traffic Monitoring) system• patrick.le_blaye@onera.fr , claude.le_tallec@onera.fr

• Flight tests. Ex: general aviation/RPAS interactions• claude.le_tallec@onera.fr

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ONERA PROPOSALSShort-term solutions

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LLRTM system provides a set of capabilities: All traffic monitoring & RPAS traffic management in uncontrolled airspace All traffic monitoring & coordination with ATC in controlled airspace Ground based detect and avoid functions

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LLRTM (Low Level RPAS Traffic Management)concept

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G

Controlled airspace

Uncontrolledairspace

LLRTM manager coordinates with ATC and relays ATCOs instructions to

RP, RP usesLLRTM system information

for collision avoidance

RP executes LLRTMmanager instructions and uses

LLRTM system informationfor self-separation and

collision avoidance

Low Level RPAS Traffic Management (LLTRM )

Ground-based system to manage RPAS operations below 500 ft (class E/G) Using a combination of

sensors:• Airborne collaborative

alerting system• Ground sensor to detect

non-cooperative traffic

Role of human actors:• Remote pilot• Operation manager

HMI design

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© LLTRM

Candidate cooperative sensors

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Certified Cost # in serviceMode A / C Y $$Mode S / TCAS Y $$$ > 105

PCAS* Y $$ADS-B Y $$$$ >104 ?LPAT** Y/N $$ 0 ?Flarm N $ > 20000GSM N ? 0 ?

* Portable Collision Avoidance System** Low Power ADS-B Transmitter

Human centered design of HMI for UTM: detect & avoid by the remote pilot

Preliminary development of an HMI for remote pilot alerting Some issues:

• Frame of reference, orientation• Filtering & timing• Alerting philosophy & modality• Resolution aids

Future work:• Complete the integration• Testing in simulation & inflight

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© ONERA 2015

Human centered design of HMI for UTM: RPAS traffic manager

Preliminary development of an HMI for in support of the RPAS traffic manager Some issues:

• Integration of flight planning and ATM information

• Management procedures vs the remote pilots

• Link and coordination with ATC(where present)

Future work:• Refine the role & procedures• Testing in simulation & inflight

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© ONERA 2015

General aviation/RPAS interactions

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© C. Le Tallec 2014

ONERA PROPOSALSLong-term solution

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Using 4D contracts with geofencing capabilities

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EC FP7 METROPOLIS – Tubes concept

EC FP7 4DCo-GC – Moving bubbles

© METROPOLIS

© 4DCo-GC

Using 4D contracts with geofencing capabilities

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© METROPOLIS

© 4DCo-GC

ONERA PROPOSALSSide issue: security

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Anti Drone System : Ex: Nuclear power plant protection

Restricted area to protect (1 km diameter) On ground detection for intruders in higher range (5 km = regulation)

5 km

1 km

Design of Anti-Drone solutions

© ONERA 2015 2013© ISAE-ONERA 2015Net gun

Radio jammer Operator

Some issues: Drone(s) design Interception strategies Regulatory aspects

Interceptor

Sentinel

Resource mutualization

Applicability to various operators: electricity transmission system operators, railway companies, airports, nuclear power plants, highways, …

Resource mutualization and need of interoperability

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© ONERA Eole

© RTE

Resource mutualization

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Conclusion & perspectives

The increase of RPAS VLL operations requires efforts of the whole ATM community to complement the regulation with an infrastructure to accommodate these new airspace users.

The RPAS VLL architecture can be seen as an opportunity to experiment present and future ATM principles, but also new concepts/approaches: 4D contracts, high automation, best-equipped/best-served approach, positioning and alerting systems…

Some solutions already exist but more research is needed (safety evaluation, non-nominal situations, infringement management, human-system integration…).

ONERA perspectives: national and European projects, incl.• AAVROP (ATM Architecture for VLL RPAS OPerations)• DISCOLA (Distributed control concept of operation for low altitude operations

management of highly automated vehicles)

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Sources

NASA UTM Fact Sheet NASA briefing: « Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace » Google UAS Airspace System Overview Amazon white paper « Determining Safe Access with a Best-Equipped, Best-

Served Model for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems » Amazon white paper « Revising the Airspace Model for the Safe Integration

of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems » EASA Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment 2015-10 DGAC Decree relative to the design of unmanned aircraft, the conditions of

their use and requirements for operators (2012)

Websites: sesarju.eu, utm.arc.nasa.gov, dronelife.com, vito.be, flightplus.aero, aip-drones.fr, veisar.com, aip-drones.fr, vlloc.global, 4dcogc-project.org, rte-france.com, legifrance.gouv.fr, developpement-durable.gouv.fr, aerobuzz.fr,

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Questions?

?

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© NASA © welcomia