Art of Reflexology Vol.1
Transcript of Art of Reflexology Vol.1
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Appendix 2. Foot reflexology procedures
Reflexology sequence outline
The researcher follows Farnsworths method, taught to the researcher at the
Australian College of Tactile Therapies. This method is similar to Inghams method.
We will start at the right foot as follows:
Relaxing techniques
1. Ankle stretch under2. Ankle stretch over3. Ankle loosening4. Side to side5. Spinal stretch6. Metatarsal knead7. Diaphragm relaxer8. Toe rotation (Farnsworth, p 11-4)
Working the spine
1. Toe walk up sacral-coccyx zone
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Working the lungs
1. Diaphragm relaxer then toe walk from medial metatarsal upwards fromdiaphragm to base of toes
2. Do five plantar zones in between metatarsals, repeat other hand, back to startmetatarsal knead
3. Finger walk dorsal five zones in between metatarsals with thumb in fist medial tolateral
4. Change hands, repeat lateral to medial
Working the toes
1. Toe walk sideways over throat-thyroid reflex both ways2. Finger walk cervical while stretching toe with holding fingers3. Toe walk down large toe plantar side latched onto fingers, work medial to lateral
all toes latched onto fingers, work medial to lateral all toes to their roots
4. Repeat other coming back to start (use other hand)5. Hook in and back up on pituitary with medial thumb6. Working the brain7. Toe walk the ridge (eye and ear reflexes) both ways using lateral aspect or edge
of thumbs pulling down padding
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Working the digestive system
1. Toe walk waistline to diaphragm, cross hatch in both direction with foot indorsiflexion
2. Wring out with thumbs3. Toe walk waistline to heel line, cross hatch in both directions with foot in
dorsiflexion and wring out with thumb
4. Work the adrenal gland5. Work the ileocecal valve reflex hook in and back up right foot6. If on left foot cross hatch plantar heel zone working the sigmoid flexor three
ways with thumb then hook in and back up
7. Side to side relaxer (Farnsworth, p 11-5)
Working the lateral and medial heel areas
1. Finger walk lateral hip, knee, leg reflex zone2. Change hands and finger walk same reflex from dorsal side to plantar side3. Finger walk hip, sciatic reflex around external malleolus4. Change hands and finger walk same reflex going opposite direction underneath5. Change hands pin pointwith index finger rotate clockwise on lateral
reproductive reflex
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Details of each procedure are described below. Before using the procedures, the
reflexologist has to understand how to hold the clients foot and how to use thumb
and fingers effectively.
Basic holding technique
The heel of the holding hand will be placed firmly on the metatarsal pad of the foot
with the fingers relaxed over the toes and the thumb on the medial edge of the great
toe or the small toedrop the wrist slightly to relax the longitudinal tendon of the
foot, this gives you control over the foot and allows you to push the foot back or to
bring it forward using the natural spring of the ankle joint (Byers 2001, p 27).
Picture 1
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Basic thumb technique
The inside (medial) edge of the thumb is the used part, walk the thumb by
slightly bending and unbending the 1st
jointit will creep forward in this natural
positiontaking tiny biteslike a snail who leaves a steady, even trail (Byers
2001, pp 28-29).
Leverage
This technique helps you to put effective pressure on each area of the foot.
place the fingers of your working hand firmly underneath [each area] for
leverage in opposition to your thumb and do the walking motion with your thumb,
letting the fingers follow along as you move (Byers 2001, p 28).
Picture 3Basic thumb walking technique
Picture 2Position for the basic thumb technique
Inside medial
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Basic finger technique
The same as the thumb technique, taking creeping motions by smaller and smaller
bites and exerting a constant and steady forward pressurethe finger always moves in
a forward direction, never backwards or sidewaysthe index, third and fourth fingers
can walk individually or togetherwe use [this technique] to work certain areas
which could not be worked as effectively by using the thumbs (Byers 2001, p 30).
Hook-in, back-up technique or bumblebee action
Using the thumb techniquebend the 1st
joint of the thumb slightly and exert
pressure with the medial (inside) corner of the thumbon the reflex point, push in
and bend the thumb to approximately a 90angle as you drop the wrist(Byers
2001, p 31).
Picture 5Basic finger walking technique
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Pivot point technique
[This] technique is a valuable aid in working particularly tender areasuse the
basic holding position with the holding hand and flex the foot slowly onto the
thumb, flex several times; this gives increased pressure at the reflex point(Byers
2001, p 32).
Relaxing Techniques
Ankle stretch under
Support the right heel with the left hand with your thumb around the outside of the
ankle, just below the ankle bonegrasp the top of the foot in your other hand and
gently rotate it a few times in one direction, then a few in the other (Lidell 1984, p
137).
Picture 7Pivot point technique
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Ankle stretch over
Place the [right] hand with the fingers together over the dorsal side of the foot
with the webbing between the thumb and fingers over the ankle joint where the foot
is joined onto the leg; the rest of the fingers are wrapped around the leg, place the
heel of the[left] hand on the plantar surface of the footpush the foot back
firmly with the heel of the hand and let it return, in a slight oval motion, via its own
natural spring (Byers 2001, p 35).
Ankle loosening
Place the heel of the hands below the anklebone, one on the medial side and one on
the lateral side, then move the hands rapidly back and forth, the hands will be going
in the opposite direction from each other, the foot will shake from side to side
(Byers 2001, p 34).
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Side-to-side (back and forth)
Place the center of the palms of the hands, one on the medial side on the 1st
metatarsal head and one on the lateral side on the 5th
metatarsal head, with the
fingers relaxed, and then move the hands rapidly back and forth (Byers 2001, p 33).
Spinal twist/stretch
Place the hands together with the palms facing down and index fingers touching
each other; the thumbs will also be down, with the foot tipped out, place the hands
as a unit firmly around the foot, with the webbing between the thumbs and fingers
placed in the spinal reflex area and the thumbs on the plantar surface of the foot, the
center of the two hands will be placed on or slightly above the pelvic guideline,
Picture 10
Sideto-side
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heel stationary and firm at all times, continue this process until the hand nearest the
toes is over the great toe (Byers 2001, p 34).
Metatarsal kneading
Place the fingers of the right hand (holding hand) on the dorsum of the foot from the
medial side, with the index finger placed just below the base of the toes and the
thumb in a vertical position resting in the medial edge of the footwith the left
hand make a fist with the flat part placed against the plantar surface of the foot
(metatarsal area) directly opposite the right hand, first push the fist against the
metatarsal pad, then knead with the holding hand release a little pressure with the
fistkeep both hands in contact with the foot at all times[and] repeat several
i ( 2001 33)
Picture 11Spinal twist
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Diaphragm/solar plexus tension relaxer
Starting on the medial side of the foot, place the slightly bent working thumb on the
base of the metatarsal head, grasp the foot at the base of the toes with the holding
hand, making sure the thumb and index finger are placed around the great toe; it is
important that the holding hand is placed squarely over the toes and not to the side,
lift the foot with the holding hand and then pull the metatarsals onto the thumb
(applying extra pressure with the thumb); the pressure of pulling fingers should be
on the dorsum of the foot at the base of the toes; when pulling the toes onto the
thumb the heel of the holding hand should come slightly away from the plantar
Picture 12Metatarsal kneading
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Toe rotation
Hold the base of the toe you wish to rotate firmly with the thumb and fingers of the
holding hand, the thumb on the plantar surface and the fingers on the dorsal surface,
take the thumb and 1st
two fingers of your working hand and place them over the toe
all the way to its base, with a slight lift, rotate each toe, first in one direction several
times, and repeat in the opposite direction (Byers 2001, p 37).
Picture 13Diaphragm/solar plexus relaxation technique
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Working the spinal reflex
Start by working the sacral/coccyx area, roll the thumb over the edge of the heel
(often a callused area) and walk up approximately one half inch towards the
legthen start by using the right thumb and begin to walk up the sacral/coccyx
reflex from the base of the heel to approximately the pelvic guideline or as far as the
hand can reach, repeat several times on a slightly different path, covering all sides of
the reflex and never losing contact with the foot, work the lumbar reflex by placing
the fingers over the top of the foot and the thumb remains approximately on the
pelvic guideline, walk up the lumbar reflex to the waistline guideline and then
continue walking the thoracic reflex until reaching the 7th
cervical reflex, located
below the base of the great toerepeat several timesuse the index finger when
working the cervical reflex for an extra fine treatment, start by supporting the foot
with the fingers of the left hand which are placed over the toes and hold the great
toe firmly with the thumb and index finger, the working hand then supports the foot
with the thumb and the 3rd
, 4th
and 5th
fingers while the index finger walks from the
base of the great toe to the base of the nail, repeat this several times[after that]
working down the spinal reflex by supporting the foot on the metatarsal pad with
the fingers pointing upwards and bent at the knuckle joints, use the thumb of the
working hand to walk all the way down the spinal reflex, repeat several times using
a slightly different path each time (Byers 2001, p 53-55).
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Cervica
T oracic
SacralCoccygeal
Picture 15Curves of the spine and foot
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar(5)
Lumbar
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Picture 17Working across the sacral~coccyx reflex
Picture 18Working up the sacral~coccyx reflex
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Lung reflex
First, work the plantar surface of the footuse the basic holding position, tilt the
foot slightly outwards and gently spread the toes, using the right thumb, apply the
basic thumb technique, work up the grooves formed by the bones between each toe,
starting with the groove between the great toe and the 2nd
toeseparate the great toe
and the 2nd
toe with the holding hand in order to open the grooves properly, after
Picture 21Working up the cervical reflex
Picture 22Working across the cervical reflex
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metatarsal padding of the foot, then place the thumb of the working hand on the
index finger of the holding hand for leverage and work down the dorsum of the foot
with the medial corner of the index finger, work in the groove between the great toe
and the 2nd
toe, making sure the fist is pushing the foot back as this will spread the
region while working, line up the 1st
knuckle of the fist with the groove you are
working, this enables the working finger to line up with that groove, work this area
several times and then move to the following grooves repeating this procedure with
each groove, change hands and repeat this procedure in the opposite direction
(Byers 2001, pp 102-103).
Picture 24Working the lung/breast reflex (dorsal surface)
Picture 23Working the lung reflex
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Thyroid and parathyroid gland reflexes
Since the thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck area, the reflex area will be
located at the base of the great toe, to work this area effectivelyuse the thumb of
the holding hand to spread the great toe so that it may be worked on effectively by
the thumb of the working hand on those of the holding hand; using the basic thumb
technique, make several passes, walking across the base of the great toe from the
medial side to the lateral side, change hand and come back in the opposite direction
in the same manner; this, of course, is done in order to completely cover the
comparatively wide reflex area for the thyroid gland reflex; working several passes
in one direction and then changing hands to work in the opposite direction will give
you complete coverage of the thyroid reflex area; this will also include the
parathyroid gland reflex since they are buried in the thyroid gland (Byers 2001, p
145).
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Sinus reflexes
Starting on the right foot, use the right hand as the working hand and the left as the
supporting hand, place the fingers of the supporting hand horizontally across the
dorsal surface of the toes, with the index finger level with the tip of the toes, place
the fingers of the working hand over the outside of the supporting fingers; the first
two fingers of the working hand should be over the first two knuckles of the
supporting fingers for leverage, using the basic thumb technique and starting with
the great toe, work down the middle and lateral edge of each toe from its tip to its
base, the working hand and the holding hand move together as a unit as you move
from toe to toe; remember, the first fingers of the working hand should be over the
first two knuckles of the supporting fingerswork each toe several times and take
about 6 to 10 small bites down the toe, then change hands and repeat this process
with the left thumb, starting on the small toe, always work down the middle and
then the medial edge of each toe to its base(Byers 2001, pp 104-105).
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Pituitary gland reflex
To pinpoint the pituitary reflexalways look for the widest point on both sides of
the great toe and then draw an imaginary line from point to pointthe pituitary
reflex will be found at the midpoint of this hypothetical linethis midpoint should
be close to the center of the great toewhen working on the right foot that you use
the right hand, and on the left foot you use the left hand; the holding hand will be
used to support and protect the great toe, always cover the toes with the fingers of
the holding hand, use the fingers of the working hand for leverage; the leverage
fingers are always on the outside of the holding hand; this is done to prevent any
injury or unnecessary pain to the top of the great toealways use the medial corner
of the thumb of the working hand by utilizing the hook-in, back-up
techniqueremember the bumblebee who sits down and backs upmaking 3 or 4
working contacts with this area(Byers 2001, p 143).
Picture 30Locating the pituitary gland reflex
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Working the brain
Hold the right great toe with the thumb and index finger of the right hand, the 1st
joint of the index finger of the left hand will be resting on the tip of the thumb, this
stabilizes the index finger which is used to work across the tip of the great toe in a
rolling motion with the wrist, start with the lateral edge of the tip of the index finger
and rill across the tip of the great toe, pick up the index finger and move to where
Picture 31Working the pituitary gland reflex
starting position
Picture 32Working the pituitary gland reflex hook in,
back~up technique
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Eye and ear reflex
Start on the right foot with the right hand as the working hand, the fingers of the left
hand (holding hand) are placed on the dorsum of the foot opposite the thumbflat
against the metatarsal area along the plantar surface of the foot, place the right
thumb of the working hand on the ridge making sure to use the lateral edge of the
thumb, the ridge is formed where the base of the small toes meet the metatarsal
paddingthe thumb will walk from medial to lateral in a forward motion across this
ridge starting at the base of the second toe and continuing to the lateral edge of the
footthe walking motion must be one in which the thumb walks all the way across
the base of the small toes, is picked up, comes back and starts overwith the
f h h b d d d d h h l l i
Picture 33Working the brain reflex
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Stomach reflex
The largest part of the stomach reflex is going to be found on the left footlocated
below the diaphragm guideline of the foot and above the waistline guidelinestart
with the left hand on the left foot and work from the waistline guideline in a criss-
cross motion up to the diaphragm guideline and cover the entire region, use the
basic holding technique, then change hands and cone back in the opposite direction,
giving the criss-cross effect (Byers 2001, p 117).
Picture 34
Working the eye and ear reflex medial to lateral
Picture 35Working the eye and ear reflex lateral tomedial
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Liver reflex
The liver reflex is on the right footthe reflex area covers the space from the
waistline guideline to the diaphragm guideline from the medial to the lateral side of
the right footstart with the right hand and work the area towards the diaphragm
guideline using the basic holding techniquethen come back over the area, change
hands, and walk across the area in the opposite direction angling towards the
diaphragm guideline (Byers 2001, p 118).
Gallbladder reflex
Generally, the gallbladder reflex will be around the 3rd
or 4th
zone above the
waistline guideline approximately a third of the way to the diaphragm guideline;
simultaneously, while working the liver reflex you are going to be working the
gallbladder reflex, the gallbladder reflex can also be located on the dorsal surface of
the foot just opposite the reflex site on the plantar surface (Byers 2001, pp 118-119).
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Pancreas reflex
The reflex area for the pancreas is found on both feet, but mainly on the left foot
and is located slightly above the guideline to the waist to approximately half way to
the diaphragm guideline; to work this area, use the basic thumb technique with the
left hand, in tiny caterpillar bites, while using the basic holding technique with the
right hand; after several slow and complete passes from the medial to the lateral
side, change hands and work in the same manner from the other direction; on the
right foot the reflex will be slightly below the waistline guideline (Byers 2001, p
119).
Picture 41Working the gallbladder reflex (dorsal surface)
Picture 40Working the liver reflex
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Adrenal gland reflex
The adrenal gland reflexes are located in the area halfway between the waistline
guideline and the diaphragm guideline, on the medial side and next to the protruding
tendon; work the adrenal gland reflex by holding the foot with the heel of the
holding hand in the metatarsal padding and the thumb on the great toe, which, when
pushed back, extends the tendon for a landmark; use the right hand to work on the
right foot and the left hand for working on the left foot, using the basic thumb
technique, walk slowly from the waistline guideline toward the diaphragm
guideline; when approximately halfway up this area, you will find a very sensitive
area (adrenal gland reflex) on the medial side of the foot right next to the protruding
tendonyou may also use the pivot rotation technique to work this all important
reflexhold the thumb on the exact reflex area and then flex the foot back and forth
on the pivot of the thumb; be careful not to exert too much pressure initially, rather
work up to the desired pressure (Byers 2001, p 146).
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Small and large intestine reflexes
Start on the right foot with the left hand using the basic holding position, working
the area from the waistline guideline to the pelvic guideline for both the large and
small intestines, work across this area first with the right hand and then the left hand
with the basic thumb technique using the criss-cross method (Byers 2001, p 121).
Ileocecal valve reflex
The ileocecal valve reflex is always worked by using the hook-in, back-up
technique; this reflex area is found on the plantar surface-lateral side (little toe side)
of the right foot, below the waistline guideline. To locate this reflex, use the basic
holding technique with the right hand and use the left thumb as the working hand,
run the thumb down the lateral edge of the right foot between the waistline
guideline and the pelvic guideline into the deepest part of the curve which is about
halfway between the two guidelines; once located, place the thumb in a horizontal
position, roll it from the edge of the foot straight around into the reflex, make sure
the thumb is bent at the first joint and use the wrist to hook-in, back-up; this reflex
will be fairly close to the lateral edge of the foot on the plantar surface between the
4th
and 5th
zones (Byers 2001, p 121).
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Sigmoid colon reflex
The way to locate the sigmoid flexure, a pin-point reflex, is to begin on the medial
side of the left foot where the heel guideline and the spinal reflex intersectfrom
this point, angle down at approximately 45 to where the 3 zone line intersects that
angleuse the basic holding technique, tip the foot out with the right hand, the left
thumb will walk down the 45 angle from the pelvic guideline to where the lines
intersect (3 zone line) and apply the hook-in, back-up techniqueafter working
the whole line downward and using the left thumb for the hook-in, back-up
technique, change hands and place the heel of the left foot in the palm of the left
hand; tip the foot out in a comfortable position and put the fingers of the working
(right) hand around the ankle for leverage, making sure the index finger is placed
under the anklebone; this prevents contortion of the thumb joint; starting on the
medial point of the pelvic line, walk the thumb down at a 45 angle to this pin-point
reflex, stop, hook-in, back-up and then repeat the process several times(Byers
2001, pp 122-123).
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Pelvic reflex
Work the pelvic area by keeping the foot back and straight, using the basic holding
technique, place the thumb of the working hand on the heel for leverage, using all
fingers, work the entire pelvic area in many directions by changing the angle of the
wrist (Byers 2001, p 57).
Picture 50Working the sigmoid flexure
with the right hand, starting position
Picture 51Working the sigmoid flexure,
hook-in, back-up technique
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Knee/leg reflex
To work this reflex, the fingers can be used very effectively and thus save the thumb
form overuse, use the basic holding technique, place the fingers of the left hand on
the lateral edge of the dorsal surface and the thumb on the heel area for leverage,
walk the fingers in several directions by changing the angle of the wrist, use the
Picture 54Working the pelvic area using the
pivot rolling technique
Picture 53Working the pelvic area using
the pivot rolling technique
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Hip/sciatic reflex
Place the heel of the right foot on the 3rd
and 4th
fingers of the left hand with the
index finger resting underneath the lateral side of the anklebone and the thumb on
the bottom of the heel for leverage, place the holding hand on the metatarsal
padding, keeping the foot back and straight, walk with the index finger in a forward
motion angling at an approximately 45 angle into the anklebone, go approximately
one quarter to one half inch, stop, lift up, come back and start over, repeat this
process several times, change hands, then place the right heel on the palm of the
right hand with the 3rd
finger resting under the anklebone on the lateral side of the
foot, walk it toward you, about one quarter to one half inch, this time the left
Picture 55Working the knee reflex
Picture 56Working down the knee reflex
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The ovary and the testicle reflex
The ovary and the testicle reflex is found on the lateral side of the heel (little toe
side); find the high spot on the anklebone, square off the back of the heel and draw
an imaginary line; divide this line in half; this is where the ovary/testicle reflex is
found; it is best to use your left index finger on the right foot, place the finger on
this spot where the lines cross and use the slight circular motion, repeat this on the
Picture 57Working up the sciatic reflex
Picture 58Working downhip sciatic reflex
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The uterus or prostate reflex
The uterus or prostate reflex is located on the medial side (great toe side)
approximately halfway from the high spot on the anklebone to the back corner of
the heel at the base of the ridge of the tendon; to work this reflex on the right foot,
tip the foot out and support firmly with the holding hand, place the right hand a few
inches above the ankle, with the medial edge of the thumb on the inside of the ankle
between the bone and the Achilles tendon, walk the thumb down this groove
continue until you reach the high point of the ridge; this is the uterus/prostate reflex;
keep the thumb firmly on the reflex while rotating the foot in an outward direction,
k h i fi b i h l i f h kl j i hi fl i
Picture 59Working the ovaries/testes reflex
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Groin reflex
Picture 60Uterus/prostate reflex
Picture 61Working the uterus/prostate reflex
Picture 62Working the chronic prostate/uterus reflex
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The fallopian tube and the seminal duct reflex
To work this reflex, hold the foot back and straight, work with the index finger of
the right hand and walk from the medial side starting just under the anklebone to the
lateral side finishing just under the anklebone, take at least 20 to 25 bites, change
hands and walk from the lateral side to the medial side of the anklebone(Byers
2001, p 153).
Picture 64
Working thegroin reflex lateral to medial
Picture 63 .
Working thegroin reflex medial to lateral
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Diaphragm-deep breathing
Place the ball of the thumbs in the center of the diaphragm/solar plexus reflex in
both feet at the same time, allowing the fingers to comfortably support the dorsum
of the foot, ask your client to take a deep breath and maintain it each time you press
on this reflex, push in to this reflex as they take a deep breath and maintain the
pressure while they hold their breath for a short time, as they slowly exhale, you
should slowly let up on the pressure about halfway, do this 4 or 5 times gradually
increasing the time you hold the pressure and they hold their breath, always
maintain about half the pressure while they slowly exhalethis technique is
generally reserved for the end of a session (Byers 2001, p 37).
Picture 66
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Appendix 3. Light foot massage procedures
Light foot massage sequence outline
In this research, light foot massage is used as placebo reflexology. Accordingly, it
avoids putting pressure on specific reflexology areas. The light foot massage
procedures are as follows:
1. Ankle stretch under2. Ankle stretch over3. Ankle loosening4. Side-to-side5. Spinal twist6. Metatarsal kneading7. Toe rotation8. Put oil on your hand and enfold foot9. Hand-over-hand circulation for the Achilles tendon10.Thumb stroking to the plantar surface of the foot11.Palm stroking to the plantar surface of the foot12.Stretching toes apart13.Pulling toes
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Enfolding foot
Place one of your hands on[the] sole and the other on the top of[the] foot
slide your hands in a warm enfolding stroke slowly along top and bottom until your
fingertips slide off the tips of[the] toes; repeat a few times (Thomas 1989, p
42).
Hand-over-hand circulation for the Achilles tendon
Lift[the] foot, and pull toward yourself with the flat part of each hand, press up
into the tendon as you pull; as you pull down with your hands, be sure the foot is
well supportedpull not slap at the tendon (Inkeles 1987, p 117).
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Thumb stroking to the plantar surface of the foot
The thumbs are placed at the base of the toes, the right at the inner border, the left at
the outer border of the plantar surface; the fingers rest lightly on the dorsum of the
foot; the thumbs stroke firmly in opposite directions from the borders of the foot,
passing in the center; the stroking progresses from the base of the toes to the
heelreturn to the starting position with a superficial stroke, do this movement two
times (Wood 1981, p 66).
Palm stroking to the planter surface of the foot
The left hand on the dorsum of the foot gives support; the ulnar border of the right
hand is placed firmly on the plantar surface at the base of the toes (the hand is in
supination); as the hand strokes firmly down to the heel with deep pressure, it is
pronated and made to fit well into the arch, finishing with the palm flat on the table;
do this movement four times (Wood 1981, p 66-67).
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Stretching toes apart
Hold two adjacent toes between the thumbs and fingers of your hands and slowly
pull them apart from each other, stretching the web of skinstretch all toes in this
way (Thomas 1989, p 89).
Stroking the toes
Anchor the middle of the foot with one hand, and pull up the sides of each toepull
rapidly, almost snapping your fingers off the tip of each toeput pressure on the
sides of the toe without actually pulling hard on the toe itself (Inkeles 1987, p 118).
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The toe press
To do this, you need to press almost straight down from the toes without bending
the whole foot back and flattening the arch[support] one hand below the
anklekeep your fingers together, and press down over[the] toes, bending them
all the way back to the point of resistance; as you press down on the toes, the foot
will arch gracefully under your fingers[hold the stretch for a few seconds, then
release] repeat this movement three times (Inkeles 1987, p 117).
Foot circulation
Cup your hands so they fit the contours of[the] footand press one down the foot
from the base of the toes to the calf above the ankle; you can go even higher if you
like; when you reach the top position, begin at the toes with your other hand
pressing up the same way; as the second hand begins to ascend, the first hand
returns to the starting position (Inkeles 1987, p 120).
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Appendix 4. Demographic data questionnaire
Number of questionnaire
Part I Demographic Data
Name
Contact
number
1. Gender male female
2. Age.years
3. Marital status single couple
divorced/separated/widowed
4. Education no formal primary school
secondary school university/college
5. Financial difficulty? no yes
6. Period of hypertension 1-5 years 6-10 years
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.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
8. Period of treatment for hypertension
1-5 years 6-10 years
10-15 years more than 15 years
9. Which of the following medical conditions have you had diagnosed by a doctor?
(please tick one or more boxes)
heart disease diabetes
stroke kidney disease
others.
none of the above
10. How often do you have/take
- Fat/salty foods never
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- Smoking no yes how many a day?................................
quit when.
11. Levels of blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride
Date Blood pressure (mmHg)
before/after
LDL
cholesterol
(mg/dl)
Triglyceride
(mg/dl)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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F 1
FF
1.
2. .
3.
//
4.
/
5. ?
6. 1-5 6-10
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7. ?
/
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
8.
1-5 6-10
10-15 15
9. F? (
)
/ (stroke)
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10. /?
- /
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11. , F
( )
/
LDL
(/)
F
(/)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Appendix 5. The World Health Organization quality of life
questionnaire: BREF
(English Thai version)
WHOQOL-BREF (English)
Your general quality of life
Please read each question, assess your feelings, and circle the number on the
scale for each question that gives the best answer for you.
1. How would you rate your quality of life? (Circle one number only)Very poor.1
Poor..2
Neither poor nor good..3
Good.4
Very good.5
2. How satisfied are you with your health? (Circle one number only)Very dissatisfied...1
Dissatisfied...2
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Please circle one number on each line.
Not
at all
A little A
moderate
amount
Very
much
An
extreme
amount
1. To what extent do you feel that
physical pain prevents you from
doing what you want to do?
1 2 3 4 5
2. How much do you need any
medical treatment to function in
your daily life?
1 2 3 4 5
3. How much do you enjoy life? 1 2 3 4 5
4. To what extent do you feel your
life to be meaningful?
1 2 3 4 5
Please circle one number on each line.
Not
at all
A little A
moderate
Very
much
Extremely
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Not
at all
A little A
moderate
amount
Very
much
Extremely
2. How safe do you feel in
daily life?
1 2 3 4 5
3. How healthy is your
physical environment?
1 2 3 4 5
Please circle one number on each line.
Not
at all
A little Moderately Mostly Completely
1. Do you have enough
energy for everyday life?
1 2 3 4 5
2. Are you able to accept
your bodily appearance?
1 2 3 4 5
3. Have you enough money
to meet your needs?
1 2 3 4 5
4. How available to you is 1 2 3 4 5
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Not
at all
A little moderately Mostly Completely
5. To what extent do you
have the opportunity for
leisure activities?
1 2 3 4 5
3. How well are you able to get around? (Circle one number only)Very dissatisfied...1
Dissatisfied...2
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied..3
Satisfied4
Very satisfied5
The following questions ask you to say how good or satisfied you have felt
about various aspects of your life over the last two weeks.
Please circle one number on each line
Very Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very
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Please circle one number on each line.
Very
dissatisfied
Dissatisfied Neither
satisfied
nor
dissatisfied
Satisfied Very
satisfied
2. How satisfied are you
with your ability to
perform your daily living
activities?
1 2 3 4 5
3. How satisfied are you
with your capacity to
work?
1 2 3 4 5
4. How satisfied are you
with yourself?
1 2 3 4 5
5. How satisfied are you
with your personal
relationships?
1 2 3 4 5
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Very
dissatisfied
Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very
satisfied
8. How satisfied are you
with the conditions of
your living place?
1 2 3 4 5
9. How satisfied are you
with your access to health
services?
1 2 3 4 5
10. How satisfied are you
with your transport?
1 2 3 4 5
The following question refers to how often you have felt or experienced certain
things in the last two weeks.
4. How often do you have negative feelings such as a blue mood, despair,anxiety, depression? (Circle one number only)
Never.1
Seldom..2
Quite often 3
(WHOQOL BREF)
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(WHOQOL-BREF)
1
(G1)
1 2 3 4 5
2
(G2)
1 2 3 4 5
FFFFF
3
(F1.4
)
5 4 3 2 1
4
(F11.
4)
F
5 4 3 2 1
5
(F4.1
)
1 2 3 4 5
6
(F24.
2)
1 2 3 4 5
7
(F5.3
)
1 2 3 4 5
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FFFF
F
F
10
(F2.1)
1 2 3 4 5
11
(F7.1)
1 2 3 4 5
12
(F18.1)
1 2 3 4 5
13
(F20.
1)
1 2 3 4 5
14
(F21.1)
1 2 3 4 5
FFFFFF
15
(F9.1)
1 2 3 4 5
(F6 3)
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(F6.3)
20
(F13.
3)
1 2 3 4 5
21
(F15.
3)
1 2 3 4 5
22
(F14.
4)
1 2 3 4 5
23
(F17.3)
1 2 3 4 5
24
(F19.
3)
1 2 3 4 5
25
(F23.3)
1 2 3 4 5
FFFFFFFF
26 5 4 3 2 1
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Appendix 6. Approvals, consent form and information sheets
(English and Thai)
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Approvals from Flinders Clinical Research Ethics Committee (FCREC)
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Approvals from Phramongkutklao Clinical Research Ethics Committee
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Consent form (English)
FLINDERS MEDICAL CENTRE
FLINDERS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
CONSENT TO PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH
I, request and give consent to my
first or given names surname
involvement in the research project:
Effects of reflexology on reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension
(short title of research project)
I acknowledge that the nature, purpose and contemplated effects of the research
project, especially
As far as they affect me have been fully explained to
mysatisfaction by and my consent is given
voluntarilyfirst or given names surname
I acknowledge that the detail(s) of the following procedure(s):
- Randomisation
- Complete QOL and demographic questionnaires.
- Have BP taken before and following reflexology or light foot massage.
- Undergo 30-50 minutes of reflexology or light foot massage twice a week for 4weeks.
- Have approximately 5 ml of blood drawn on two occasions.
has/have been explained to me including indications of risks; any discomfort involved;
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I acknowledge that I have been informed that should I receive an injury as a result oftaking part in this study, I may need to start legal action in order to receive
compensation.
I declare that I am over the age of 18 years.
Signature
of research
participant:
Date:
Signature of Witness:
Printed Name of Witness:
I, have described to
the research project and the nature and effects of the procedure(s) involved. In my opinion
he/she understands the explanation and has freely given his/her consent.
Signature: Date:
Status in project:
Consent form (Thai)
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F ( 4)
F
F
FF
FF
F
F F
FFF
F
FFF
F
F F
..................................................................................F
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(.......................................................................... )........................................................
.....................................................................................
(....................................................................... )
........................................................
FF
F....................................F
.....................................................................................
(..................................................................... )
........................................................
F
.................................................../
( )
........................................................
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Information sheets (English)
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Participant Information Sheet
Effects of foot reflexology on reducing blood pressure in patients with
hypertension
You are invited to take part in a study exploring the effect of foot reflexology on
reducing blood pressure. High blood pressure occurs in populations worldwide,
particularly in developing countries such as Thailand. High blood pressure can
contribute to heart disease, heart attacks, stroke and renal failure inducing death.
This study will explore the potential for reflexology to assist in the treatment of
patients with high blood pressure.
This is a research project, and you do not have to be involved. If you do not wish to
participate, your medical care will not be affected in any way.
If you choose to participate, you will be asked to read and sign a consent form to
confirm your commitment to being involved in the study. At the first day of trial,
you will be asked to answer some general questions about your living circumstances
and complete a quality of life questionnaire. This will take approximately 15
will be measured again. The levels of lipid in your blood (LDL cholesterol and
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triglyceride) will be measured on the first day and the last day of treatment by
nurses staff at the medical-outpatient department. This means approximately 5 mls
of blood will be drawn each time. Risks associated with drawing blood include minor
pain, the possibility of bruising and rarely infection. On the last day of the trial, you
will be asked to complete the quality of life questionnaire again. The investigator
will pay the costs of lipid measurements.
Reflexology is not harmful therapy. However, it may rarely cause some
disadvantages. The side effects are thought to be caused by the bodys effort to
eliminate toxic substances. The symptoms are fever, rash, sweating, light diarrhoea
from more frequent bowel movement, flatulence, increase of urination with darker
and stronger smell, increase of mucus in the nose, mouth, and bronchials, disturbed
sleep, increase of vagina discharge, tiredness, headaches, depression, and worse
pre-symptoms.
Your participation in the study is entirely voluntary and you have the right to
withdraw from the study at any time. If you decide not to participate in this study or
if you withdraw from the study, you may do this freely without prejudice to any
treatment at Phramongkutklao Hospital.
All records containing personal information will remain confidential and no
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information that could lead to your identification will be released to anyone outside
the research team.
Should you require further details about the project, either before, during or after the
study, you may contact Ms Jeranut Somchock at this phone number: 09 2316898 or
this e-mail address:[email protected]
This study has been reviewed by the Flinders Clinical Research Ethics
Committee. Should you wish to discuss the project with someone not directly
involved, in particular in relation to matters concerning policies, your rights as
a participant, or should you wish to make a confidential complaint, you may
contact the Administrative Officer Research, Ms. CarolHakof, on (08) 8204
4507 or at the department of the ethical committes of Phramongkutklao
Hospital, on 02-2460 066 ext. 93681.
FLINDERS MEDICAL CENTRE
FLINDERS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
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FFF (3)
foot reflexology
F
F F F
FF F
FF
FFFFF F
F FF FF F
F
FFF
F
FF
FFFF
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FFFFFFFFFF
F F
F
FF
F F
FF
F
FF F 25F 5 F ..
2530 ( 2546).
,
F FF F (
F diastolic FF 130-150
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(stroke), ,
(Brien et al 1995, pp 37).
F 54.7
4.9 100,000 .. 2534 ( 2546).
FFFFFF
F
FF
.. 2546 F 50.3 351.8 .
FF 2536-2537 F 831
199 (Mathers and Penm 1999, p6).
FFF
FF
FF
fl l
foot reflexology
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F
foot reflexology light foot
massage
FFF- ( systolic FF 140
diastolic FF 90
) F(hyperlipidaemia)
- 18 F- - F
FF
- (thrombotic disease)- (ulcers), (foot infections), F
(foot surgery)
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F
128
F
F 2 4 8
F
FFF
FF 2 FF F 64 F F
light foot massage F light foot massage 30 2 4 FF foot reflexology
F foot reflexology 50 2
4 F
F
F F
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/FFF
F foot reflexology FF
FF
FF
foot reflexology FF , , ,
F, , ,
, ,
F, , ,
F (Dougans 2002, pp 125; Kowalak 2003, pp 285).
foot reflexology FF
F
- FF
FFFFF
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50
F F
F FF
FF
F FF
() 09 2316898
F
F () 09 2316898
FF FF
02 2460066 F 93681
Flinders, Australia (the Flinders Clinical Research
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Ethics Committee)
FFF
FF
FF
F F ,
F, , ,
F
FFFF
FF
Appendix 7. Tables
Table 1 Other co morbidities of the two study groups
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Table 1. Other co-morbidities of the two study groups
Medical Conditions Foot Reflexology Group
(n = 64)
Light Foot Massage Group
(n = 64)
Paralysis
Asthma
Bells palsy
Thyroid disease
Prostate enlargement/CA
TB lymph node
Hernia
CA breast/rectum
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Psoriasis
Spondylosis or
Spondylolisthesis/with
Dysuria
Peptic ulcer
-
-
1.6
3.1
1.6
-
-
1.6
-
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.1
-
4.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.1
1.6
-
1.6
-
Table 2. Other medical treatments of the two study groups
Medical Treatments Foot Reflexology Group Light Foot Massage Group
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gy p
(n = 64)
g g p
(n = 64)
Peripheral vasodilators &
cerebral activators
Muscle relaxants
Anti-rheumatic, anti-
inflammatory analgesics
Oestrogens & progesterones &
related synthetic drugs
Antacids & antiulcerants
GIT regulators, antiflatulents &
anti-inflammatories
Gout preparations
Anti-depressants
Other agents affecting
metabolism
Agents affecting bone
metabolism
Minor tranquilisers
Vitamin B
Nootropics & neurotonics
Anti-asthmatic & COPD
preparations
1.6
-
9.4
1.6
12.5
9.4
3.1
1.6
-
1.6
3.1
7.8
6.3
1.6
3.1
4.7
7.8
1.6
10.9
3.1
4.7
3.1
1.6
3.1
4.7
4.7
1.6
-
Table 3. Other medical treatments of the two study groups (continued)
Medical treatments Foot Reflexology Group Light Foot Massage Group
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gy p
(n = 64)
g g p
(n = 64)
Thyroid preparations
Calcium/with vitamins
Anti-emetics & antivertigo drugs
Neurodegenerative disease drugs
Antihistamines & anti-allergics
Multivitamins
Cough & cold remedies
Analgesics & antipyretics,
anticonvulsants
Anti-anemics, pre & post natal
vitamins
Quinilones
Laxatives, purgatives
Cardiac drugs
Other drugs for genito-urinary
system
Vitamin E
Anticonvulsants
3.1
1.6
6.3
4.7
1.6
-
1.6
3.1
6.3
-
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
-
3.1
1.6
3.1
1.6
3.1
3.1
-
1.6
4.7
1.6
1.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.6
Table 4. Other medical treatments of the two study groups (continued)
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Medical treatments Foot Reflexology Group
(n = 64)
Light Foot Massage Group
(n = 64)
Androgens & related synthetic
drugs
Calcium carbonate or calciumacetate
Arthritis drugs
-
7.8
-
1.6
7.8
1.6
Appendix 8. Participants comments
Additional comments on each treatment from participants
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Additional comments on each treatment from participants
Comments Foot reflexology
n 54 (84.4%)
Light foot massage
n 48 (75%)
Satisfied with treatment Very much: 43 (67.2%)
Average: 11 (17.2%)
Very much: 42 (65.6%)
Average: 6 (9.4%)
Feel comfortable 22 (34.4%) 17 (26.6%)
Feel relaxed 15 (23.4%) 12 (18.75%)
Relieve fatigue, numbness,
cramp
15 (23.4%) 9 (14.1%)
Walk easier 6 (9.4%) 5 (7.8%)
Feel relaxed/light in feet 6 (9.4%) 1 (1.6%)
Want to have more of this
treatment in the hospital
5 (7.8%) 8 (12.5%)
Lower blood pressure 4 (6.25%) 5 (7.8%)
Sleep well 3 (4.7%) 5 (7.8%)
Like it very much 3 (4.7%) 0
Would like more time 2 (3.1%) 5 (7.8%)
Relieve stress 2 (3.1%) 1 (1.6%)
Additional comments on each treatment from participants (continue)
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Comments Foot reflexology
n 54 (84.4%)
Light foot massage
n 48 (75%)
Brain relaxed 1 (1.6%) 0
Warmer feet 1 (1.6%) 0
More confident to go out 1 (1.6%) 0
Feel fresh 1 (1.6%) 2 (3.1%)
Relieve feet pain 1 (1.6%) 1 (1.6%)
Relieve feet oedema 1 (1.6%) 0
More sex ability 1 (1.6%) 0
Better than taking medicine 1 (1.6%) 1 (1.6%)
SBP increase 1 (1.6%) 0
Prefer harder 0 1 (1.6%)
More energy 0 1 (1.6%)
Heart beat regularly 0 1 (1.6%)
Dizziness disappeared 0 1 (1.6%)
M l l d 0 1 (1 6%)
Additional comments on each treatment from participants (continue)
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Comments Foot reflexology
n 54 (84.4%)
Light foot massage
n 48 (75%)
Stronger urine colour and
odour
0 1 (1.6%)
Follow BP once a
month/every two months
0 1 (1.6%)
Light music 0 1 (1.6%)
Body massage 0 1 (1.6%)
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