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SUPPORTING INFORMATION

ANTIBIOTICS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: A REVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN SCENARIO

Isabel T. Carvalho, Lúcia Santos*

LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and

Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465,

Porto, Portugal

*Corresponding author: Tel.: +351 22 5081682, Fax: +351 22 508 1449, e-mail address:

[email protected]

Table S1. Overview on the occurrence of antibiotics in European environmental aqueous matrices.Study (Reference)

Matrices (location)

Antibiotic classes:Active agents

Concentrations (ng L-1) Analytical methods

Analytical parameters (ng L-1)LOD LOQ

Austria(Clara et al. 2005)

WWTPI; WWTPE (South-East)

Macrolide: ROX

Mean WWTPI: ROX=25-117

WWTPE: ROX=nd-69

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS ROX=10 ROX=20

Sulfonamide: SXZ

SXZ=nd-145 SXZ=nd-91 SXZ=20 SXZ=20

Belgium(Vergeynst et al. 2015)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Aalst; Schilde)

Amphenicol:CRP

Mean WWTPI:CRP=nd

WWTPE: CRP=nd

SPE-HPLC-(IT)HRMS

CRP=11-13 CRP=36-44

β-lactam: Penicillin AMX

AMX=nd AMX=nd AMX=9,023->25,000

AMX=>25,000

Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

TMT=111 TMT=34 TMT=28-59 TMT=93-197

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=24 MND=nd MND=12-25 MND=40-84

Quinolones: FluoroquinolonesBSF; CPF; ERF; FMQ; GTF; LVF; MXF; NLA; SRFOther quinolonesFMQ; NLA

BSF=nd; CPF=342; ERF=nd; GTF=nd; LVF=413; MXF=317; SRF=nd; FMQ=nd; NLA=nd

BSF=nd; CPF=45; ERF=nd; FMQ=nd; GTF=nd; LVF=45; MXF=281; NLA=nd; SRF=nd

BSF=38-60; CPF=31-75; ERF=50-76; GTF=23-52; LVF=20-57; MXF=11-35; SRF=25-41; FMQ=59-159; NLA=86-198

BSF=128-201; CPF=102-250; ERF=166-252; GTF=76-175; LVF=68-189; MXF=35-118; SRF=83-137; FMQ=195-529; NLA=287-661

Sulfonamides:SDX; SMX; SMZ

SDX, SMX, SMZ=nd SDX=nd; SMX=54; SMZ=nd SDX=17-18; SMX=26-50; SMZ=46-73

SDX=55-61; SMX=86-168; SMZ=154-243

Tetracyclines:OXT; TTC

OXT=nd; TTC=1,371 OXT, TTC=nd OXT=592-1,119; TTC=161-295

OXT=1,974-3,731; TTC=539-985

Croatia(Senta et al. 2013)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Belisce; Bjelovar; Cakovec; Karlovac; Novi Zagreb; Osijek; Rijeka; Slavonski Brod; Sisak; Split; Varazdin; Vinkovci; Velika Gorica; Zadar; Zagreb)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=35-3,442

WWTPE: TMT=924-1,352

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na na

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; RXT

AZT=77-1,129; CTR=112-300; ERT=24-420; RXT=nd-50

AZT=38-784; CTR=25-113; ERT=15-163; RXT=nd

na na

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF ; ERF; NOF

CPF=nd-2,610; ERF=nd-16; NOF=nd-2,937

CPF=11-201; ERF=7-12; NOF=24-1,185

na na

Sulfonamides:SDZ; STA; SPD; SMZ; SMX

SDZ=2-132; SMX=210-11,555; SMZ=2-175; SPD =80-931; STA=1-4

SDZ=1-18; SMX=119-1,207; SMZ=nd; SPD=48-784; STA=nd

na na

Table S1. (Continuation).Study (Reference)

Matrices (location)




(Babić et al. 2006)

WWTPE (pharmaceutical industry)


WWTPE:TMT=nr

SPE-HPLC-DAD TMT=10,000 TMT=30,000

Quinolone:FluoroquinoloneERF

ERF=23,700 ERF=100,000 ERF=1,500

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SGD; SMZ

SDZ=111,400; SGD =211,100; SMZ=107,100->500,000 SDZ=10,000; SGD =40,000; SMZ=10,000

SDZ=20,000; SGD=60,000; SMZ=20,000

Tetracycline:OXT

OXT=nd OXT=10,000 OXT=30,000

Czech Republic(Golovko et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (České Budějovice)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=120-530

WWTPE:TMT=83-440

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na TMT=3

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT

AZT=14-510; CTR=310-3,090; ERT=20-300

AZT=8-220; CTR=210-2,310; ERT=30-350

na AZT=7; CTR=3; ERT=6

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; LVF; NOF

CPF=80-860; LVF=5-69; NOF=130-1,330

CPF=8-190; LVF=4-18; NOF=20-250

na CPF=3; LVF=3; NOF=3

Sulfonamides:SMX; SPD

SMX=43-490; SPD =18-660 SMX=31-260; SPD=14-200 na SMX=5; SPD=3

(Tylová et al. 2013)

WWTPI; WWTPE (6 different localities)

Lincosamides:CDM; LCM

Min-max WWTPI:CDM=nd-150.7; LCM=nd-32.7

WWTPE:CDM=nd-102.1; LCM=nd-46.4

SPE-UHPLC-(TOF)MS

na CDM=4.36; LCM=4.23

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; RXT; TLS

CTR =79.0-1,287.9; ERT=nd-248.6; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

CTR =61.0-794.2; ERT=nd-204.2; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

na CTR =4.06; ERT=4.34; RXT=8.34; TLS=6.47

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; NOF; OFX

CPF =nd-640.6; ERF=nd; NOF=nd-377.4; OFX=nd-485.0

CPF=nd-133.6; ERF=nd; NOF=nd 24.2-63.0; OFX=nd-283.0

na CPF =3.68; ERF=3.99; NOF=3.75; OFX=7.81

Sulfonamides:SDD; SDM; SDZ; SMX; STA

SDD=nd-177.1; SDM=nd; SDZ=ndSMX=nd-796.2; STA =nd

SDD=nd; SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMX=nd-681.1;STA=nd

na SDD=8.43; SDM=8.80; SDZ=10.43; SMX=8.68; STA=8.75

Tetracyclines:CTC; DXC; OXT; TTC

CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd na CTC=18.07; DXC=17.33; OXT=8.22; TTC=8.27


Matrices (location)




(Seifrtová et al. 2010)

HWWTPI; HWWTPE (University Hospital, Hradec Králové); RW (Elbe River, Hradec Králové)


HWWTPI:CPF=2,468.70; ERF=nd; NOF=38.11; OFX=20.27; PEF=nd

HWWTPE:CPF=38.06; ERF=nd; NOF=25.69; OFX=nd; PEF=nd

RW:CPF, ERF, NOF, OFX=nd

SPE-UHPLC-FL-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CPF, ERF, NOF, OFX=12.5-125

Finland(Vieno, Härkki, et al. 2007)

RW (Vantaa River) Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOF; OFX

Min-max RW:CPF=<LOQ; NOF=<LOQ; OFX=<LOQ-5

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CPF=24; NOF=24; OFX=2.6

(Vieno, Tuhkanen, et al. 2007)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Aura; Helsinki; Hyvinkää, Joensuu; Jyväskylä; Lappeenranta; Nurmijärvi; Oulu; Riihimäki; Tampere; Turku; Vaasa)

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOF; OFX

Min-max WWTPI:CPF=nd-4,230; NOF=nd-960; OFX=nd-350

WWTPE:CPF=nd-130; NOF=nd-110; OFX=nd-30

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CPF=29-163; NOF=24-78; OFX=5.8-18

(Vieno et al. 2006)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Riihimäki; Hyvinkää, Kalteva; Nurmijärvi, Klaukkala); RW (Vantaa and Luhtajoki Rivers)


Min-max WWTPI:PF=200-450; NOF=<LOQ-180;OFX=30-130

WWTPE:CPF=<LOQ-40; NOF=<LOQ-40; OFX=<LOQ-10

RW:CPF=<LOQ-25; NOF =<LOQ; OFX=<LOQ

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CPF=24-163; NOF=24-78; OFX=2.6-18

France(Jeanton et al. 2014)

RW (Allier River) Tetracycline:DXC

Min-max RW:DOX=nd-1.8

SPE-RRLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na DOX=1

(Pasquini et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Nancy)

Macrolide: ERT

Mean WWTPI:ERT=150-200

WWTPE:ERT=100-200

SPE-LC-MS/MS ERT=50 ERT=100

Quinolone:FluoroquinoloneOFX

OFX=300-600 OFX=100-500 OFX=50 OFX=100


Matrices (location)




(Dévier et al. 2013)

DW (bottled natural mineral water, EVIAN and VOLVIC factories)

Amphenicols:CRP; TAP

DW:CRP, TAP=nd

SPME-RRLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=5; TAP=5 CRP=5; TAP=10

β-lactams: Cephalosporins CLX; CPD; CRX; CTF; CTXPenicillins AMP; AMX; CXC; DCX; OXC; PNG; PNV

CLX, CPD, CRX, CTF, CTX, AMP, AMX, CXC, DCX, OXC, PNG, PNV=nd

CLX=8; CPD=2; CRX=2; CTF=3; CTX=3; AMP=3; AMX=10; CXC=0.4; DCX=0.7; OXC=0.4; PNG=0.5; PNV=0.5

CLX=10; CPD=100; CRX=10; CTF=100; CTX=10; AMP=10; AMX=80; CXC=10; DCX=10; OXC=10; PNG=10; PNV=10


TMT=nd TMT=0.7 TMT=1


CDM, LCM=nd CDM=0.2; LCM=3 CDM=5; LCM=5

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; SPR; TLS

AZT, CTR, ERT, JSM, RXT, SPR, TLS=nd AZT=11; CTR=0.4; ERT=3; JSM=2; RXT=1; SPR=13; TLS=3

AZT, CTR, ERT, JSM, RXT, SPR, TLS=5

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd MND=0.4 MND=2

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; MBF; NOF; OFXOther quinolonesFMQ; OXA; PPA

CPF, ERF, MBF, NOF, OFX, FMQ, OXA, PPA=nd CPF=3; ERF=2; MBF=1; NOF=2; OFX=0.8; FMQ=0.1; OXA=0.1; PPA=2

CPF=5; ERF=5; MBF=5; NOF=5; OFX=2; FMQ=2; OXA=5; PPA=5

Steroid antibacterial:FSA

FSA=nd FSA=10 FSA=15

Streptogramin:VGN

VGN=nd VGN=4 VGN=10

Sulfonamides:SDM; SDZ; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SNL; SPD; STA

SDM, SDZ, SMR, SMT, SMX, SMZ, SNL, SPD, STA=nd SDM=0.1; SDZ=0.4; SMR=0.5; SMT=0.4; SMX=1; SMZ=0.2; SNL=37; SPD=0.5; STA=0.4

SDM=1; SDZ=15; SMR=1; SMT=1; SMX=1; SMZ=1; SNL=150; SPD=1; STA=1


CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd CTC=2; DXC=0.9; OXT=1; TTC=0.7

CTC=5; DXC=3; OXT=2; TTC=5

Others: MNN; SLN

MNN, SLN=nd MNN=27; SLN=70 MNN=2; SLN=1,400


Matrices (location)




(Dinh et al. 2011)

RW (Seine, Charmoise, and Prédecelle Rivers)

β-lactams: CephalosporinCTXPenicillin AMX

Min-max RW:CTX=<LOQ; AMX=<LOQ-68

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CTX=13.7; AMX=12.0

CTX=45.6; AMX=39.2

Diaminopyrimidine:OMT; TMT

OMT=<LOQ; TMT=<LOQ-254 OMT=1.9; TMT=1.5

OMT=6.2; TMT=4.8

Glycopeptide:VCM

VCM=<LOQ-90 VCM=2.0 VCM=6.7

Macrolides:ERT; TLS

ERT=<LOQ-131; TLS =<LOQ 2.8 ERT=0.8; TLS=0.6 ERT=2.5; TLS=1.9

Nitroimidazole:OND

OND=<LOQ OND=4.3 OND=14.1

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ENX; ERF; LMF; NOF; OFX; SRFOther quinolonesFMQ; NLA; OXA; PPA

CPF=<LOQ-135; ENX=<LOQ; ERF=<LOQ; LMF=<LOQ; NOF=<LOQ-75; OFX=2.3-231; SRF=<LOQ; FMQ=<LOQ-4.6; NLA=<LOQ; OXA=<LOQ-23; PPA=<LOQ

CPF=1.0; ENX=2.2; ERF=3.3; LMF=3.3; NOF=2.1; OFX =0.5; SRF=1.1; FMQ=1.1; NLA=1.3; OXA=1.7; PPA=5.0

CPF=3.3; ENX=8.7; ERF=11.0; LMF=11.0; NOF=7.0; OFX=1.7; SRF=3.6; FMQ=3.5; NLA=4.3; OXA=5.7; PPA=16.5

Sulfonamides:SMX; SMZ

SMX=3.6-1,435; SMZ=<LOQ SMX=0.6; SMZ=1.4

SMX=2.0; SMZ=4.7

Tetracyclines:CTC; TTC

CTC=<LOQ; TTC=<LOQ-7.4 CTC=2.3; TTC=1.8 CTC=7.7; TTC=6.0

(Felizzola and Chiron 2009)

RW (Arc River) Macrolides: AZT; CTR

Max RW:AZT=nd; CTR =nd-2,330

SPE-LC-MS/MS na AZT, CTR=4-150

Quinolone:FluoroquinoloneCPF

CPF =nd-9,660 na CPF=4-150

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd na SMX=4-150

Tetracycline:OTC

OXT=nd na OXT=4-150


Matrices (location)




(Tamtam et al. 2008)

RW (Seine, Marne, and Oise Rivers)


Max RW:TMT=16-45

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na TMT=10

Nitroimidazole:OND

OND=<LOQ-58 na OND=10

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DIF; DNF; ENX; ERF; LMF; NOF; OFX; SRF Other quinolonesFMQ

CPF=<LOQ; DIF=<LOQ; DNF=<LOQ-19; ENX=<LOQ-11; ERF=<LOQ-10; LMF=<LOQ-10; NOF=13-163; OFX=<LOQ-55; SRF=<LOQ-10; FMQ=13

na CPF, DIF, DNF, ENX, ERF, LMF, NOF, OFX, SRF, FMQ=10

Sulfonamides: SMX; SMZ

SMX=72-544; SMZ=<LOQ na SMX, SMZ=10

(Andreozzi et al. 2003)

WWTPE (Lyon) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max WWTPE:TMT=20-40

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS na na

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ENX; LMF; NOF; OFX

CPF=60; ENX=10-30; LMF=180-190; NOF=50-80; OFX=330-510 na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=70-90 na na

Germany(Baumann et al. 2015)

WWTPE; RW (Bavaria)

Macrolide:CTR

Min-max WWTPE:CTR=110-460

RW:CTR=4-100

SPE-LC-(QqQ-IT)MS/MS

na CTR=2

(Maier et al. 2015)

WWTPE (Langwiese); RW (Schussen andArgen Rivers)

Sulfonamide: SMX

Min-max WWTPE:SMX=380-510

RW:SMX=17-64

SPE-LC-MS/MS na SMX=10

(Rossmann et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Dresden; Kaditz)

β-lactams: Cephalosporins CRX; CTXPenicillinsAMX; PNV; PPR

Min-max WWTPI:CRX=49-6,196; CTX=nd-492; AMX=nd-1,270; PNV=nd-252; PPR=nd-2,603

WWTPE:CRX=nd-1,957; CTX=nd-217; AMX=nd-187; PNV=nd; PPR=nd-1,205

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRX=29.7; CTX=10.6; AMX=2.8; PNV=2.3; PPR=3.0

CRX=99.0; CTX=35.2; AMX=9.3; PNV=7.7; PPR=9.9


TMT=22-372 TMT=25-554 TMT=3.1 TMT=10.2

Glycopeptide:VCM

VCM=nd-664 VCM=nd-348 CDM=0.4 CDM=1.4

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=11-163 CDM=20-882 VCM=75.3 VCM=245.1

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; RXT

AZT=50-946; CTR=42-1,525; RXT=nd-771

AZT=nd-956; CTR=18-1,800; RXT=nd-181

AZT=0.2; CTR=0.5; RXT=1.1

AZT=0.8; CTR=1.6; RXT=3.8


Matrices (location)




Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; LVF

CPF=78-1,570; LVF=25-2,247 CPF=19-920; LVF=28-836 CPF=2.2; LVF=1.4 CPF=7.3; LVF=4.8

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=12-2,204 SMX=18-8,263 SMX=5.1 SMX=17.1

Tetracycline:DXC

DXC=nd-2,393 DXC=nd-1,110 DXC=8.8 DXC=29.2

(Nödler et al. 2010)

WWTPE; RW (Leine River, Göttingen); SeaW (Baltic Sea, Ahlbeck)


WWTPE:TMT=681

RW:TMT=95

SeaW:TMT=nd

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na TMT=2.5-15

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; RXT

CTR=520; ERT=173; RXT=509

CTR=77; ERT=22; RXT=16

CTR=14; ERT=nd; RXT=nd

CTR=7.5-18; ERT=7.5-29; RXT=9.5-115

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=509 SMX=93 SMX=7 SMX=2.6-14

(Christian et al. 2003)

RW (Southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Greater Cologne-Bonn;Eastern Westphalia; region Lower-Rhine; region Rhine-Sieg)

β-lactams: Penicillin AMP; AMX; BZP; CXC; DCX; FCX; MTC; MZC; OXC; PNX; PPR

Min-max RW:AMP=nd; AMX=nd-6; BZP=nd; CXC=nd; DCX=nd; FCX=nd-7; MTC=nd; MZC=nd; OXC=nd; PNX=nd; PPR=nd-48

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS na AMP, AMX, BZP, CXC, DCX, FCX, MTC, MZC, OXC, PNX, PPR=5


TMT=nd-50 na TMT=2

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=nd-32 na CDM=1

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; RXT; SPR; TLS

AZT=nd-15; CTR=nd-37; ERT=nd-302; RXT=nd-31; SPR=nd; TLS=nd

na AZT=1; CTR=0.5; ERT=2; RXT=2; SPR=2; TLS=2

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; OFX

CPF=nd-9; OFX=nd-20 na CPF=5; OFX=2

Sulfonamides:SDD; SMX

SDD=nd-7; SMX=nd-300 na SDD, SMX=2


CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd na CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=10

Greece(Alygizakis et al. 2016)

SeaW (Aegean Sea, Saronikos Gulf andElefsis Bay)

Amphenicols:CRP; FFN; TAP

Min-max SeaW:CRP, FFN, TAP=nd

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=2.4; FFN=0.3; TAP=0.01

CRP=7.2; FFN=0.9; TAP=0.03

β-lactams: CephalosporinCLXPenicillinAMX

CLX=nd; AMX=nd-127.8 CLX, AMX=5.0 CLX, AMX=15.0


Matrices (location)





TMT=nd-3.4 TMT=0.4 TMT=1.2

Lincosamide:LCM LCM=nd

LCM=0.07 LCM=0.2

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; TLS

AZT=nd; CTR=nd-<LOQ; ERT=nd; TLS=nd-2.4 AZT=0.1; CTR=1.0; ERT=5.0; TLS=0.7

AZT=0.3; CTR=3.0; ERT=1.7; TLS=2.2

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd-8.2 MND=1.3 MND=3.8

Pleuromutilin:TAM

TAM=nd-<LOQ TAM=0.1 TAM=0.3

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DIF; ERF; MBF; NOF; OFX; SRFOther quinolonesFMQ; OXA

CPF=nd; DIF=nd; ERF=nd; MBF=nd; NOF=nd; OFX=nd-<LOQ; SRF=nd; FMQ=nd; OXA=nd-<LOQ

CPF=2.3; DIF=1.8; ERF=1.7; MBF=0.2; NOF=6.1; OFX=1.6; SRF=2.8; FMQ=1.0; OXA=1.3

CPF=6.9; DIF=5.4; ERF=5.1; MBF=0.6; NOF=18.3; OFX=4.7; SRF=4.8; FMQ=3.0; OXA=3.8

Sulfonamides:SCP; SCZ; SDD; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SGD; SMM; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SPD; SQN; SSX; SXL

SCP=nd; SCZ=nd; SDD=nd; SDM=nd; SDX=nd; SDZ=nd-2.2; SGD=nd; SMM=nd; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd; SMX=nd-6.3; SPD=nd; SQN=nd; SSX=nd; STA=nd-<LOQ; SXL=nd

SCP=2.2; SCZ=2.2; SDD=0.02; SDM=0.8; SDX=1.1; SDZ=0.1; SGD=8.3; SMM=0.3; SMP=0.3; SMR=0.2; SMT=1.0; SMX=0.1; SPD=0.2; SQN=1.6; SSX=3.1; STA=0.6; SXL=0.6

SCP=6.6; SCZ=6.6; SDD=0.06; SDM=2.4; SDX=3.3; SDZ=0.3; SGD=24.9; SMM=0.9; SMP=0.9; SMR=0.6; SMT=3.0; SMX=0.3; SPD=0.6; SQN=4.8; SSX=9.3; STA=1.8; SXL=1.8


CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd CTC=4.3; DXC=20.6; OXT=4.6; TTC=11.8

CTC=12.9; DXC=61.8; OXT=13.8; TTC=35.4

(Papageorgiou et al. 2016)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Volos)

β-lactams: PenicillinsAMP; AMX

Min-max WWTPI:AMP=nd-1,805; AMX=nd

WWTPE:AMP=nd-498; AMX=nd

SPE-LC-DAD-(QqQ)MS/MS

AMP=24.7-81.5; AMX=161.2-553.2

AMP=21.3-70.3; AMX=156.3-515.8


Matrices (location)





TMT=<LOQ-200 TMT=nd-95.8 TMT=3.5-11.7 TMT=2.4-7.8

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=nd-281 LCM=nd-<LOQ LCM=16.2-53.5 LCM=14.3-47.7

Macrolides:ERT; RXT

ERT=nd-320; RXT=nd-<LOQ ERT, RXT=nd ERT=32.8-108.2; RXT=26.3-86.8

ERT=24.3-80.2; RXT=24.4-80.6

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd-64.7 MND=nd-35.2 MND=7.5-24.7 MND=5-16.5

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; MXF

CPF=nd-591; MXF=nd-773 CPF=nd-591; MXF=nd-298 CPF=18.4-60.7; MXF=18.8-62.1

CPF=14.7-48.6; MXF=14.5-47.8

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX

SDZ=nd-846; SMX=nd-507 SDZ=nd-194; SMX=nd-80 SDZ=27.6-91; SMX=4.7-15.6

SDZ=18.4-607; SMX=3.2-10.4

(Kosma et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Ioannina; Arta; Preveza; Agrinio; Grevena; Kozani; Veroia)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=nd-1,866.2

WWTPE:TMT=nd-533.2

SPE-LC-UV/Vis-(Q-LIT-ORBITRAP)MS/MS

TMT=2.1-3.4 TMT=6.2-10.9

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-2,626.3 SMX=nd-481.3 SMX=3.5-4.0 SMX=10.5-12.4


WWTPE (Iraklio) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max WWTPE:TMT=40



CPF=70; ENX=30; LMF=290; NOF=70; OFX=460 na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=10 na na

Ireland(McEneff et al. 2014)

WWTPE (east and west coast); SW (marine)


Min-max WWTPE:TMT=60-1,200

SW:TMT=70-870

SPE-LC-(IT)MS/MS

na TMT=3-49

Italy(Celano et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE; DW; SeaW

Sulfonamide:SMX

WWTPI:SMX=104.5

WWTPE:SMX=53.4

DW:SMX=<LOQ

SeaW:SMX=nd

SPE-DLLME-UHPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

SMX=3.8-15.1 SMX=12.5-49.9

(Verlicchi et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE; SW (Po Valley)


Mean WWTPI:TMT=59

WWTPE:TMT=40

SW:TMT=2

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

TMT=1 na


AZT=120; CTR=200; ERT=46; RXT=65

AZT=130; CTR=280; ERT=15; RXT=290

AZT=7; CTR=6; ERT=nd; RXT=nd

AZT=1-4; CTR=1-6; ERT=4-8; RXT=1-3

na

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=42 MND=28 MND=nd MND=1-4 na


Matrices (location)





CPF=2,200; NOF=210; OFX=980

CPF=630; NOF=150; OFX=400

CPF=25; NOF=nd; OFX=nd

CPF=1-3; NOF=1-6; OFX=1

na

Tetracyclines:DXC; TTC

DXC, TTC=nd DXC, TTC=nd DXC, TTC=nd DXC=2-18; TTC=5-14

na

(Al Aukidy et al. 2012)

WWTPE; RW (Po Valley)


Mean WWTPE:TMT=nd-27

RW:TMT=1-15

SPE-HPLC–(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

TMT=0.5 TMT=2-7


AZT=44-175; CTR=102-283; RXT=nd

AZT=4-90; CTR=1-100; RXT=nd

AZT=1; CTR=0.5; RXT=0.5

AZT=3-17; CTR=2-13; RXT=2-7

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=16-19 MND=nd-10.5 MND=0.5 MND=1-7


CPF=25-284 CPF=nd-100 CPF=1 CPF=3-7

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=91-97 SMX=3.5-4.5 SMX=1 SMX=3-7

(Verlicchi et al. 2012)

WWTPI; WWTPE; HWWTPE

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max WWTPI:CRP=13-24

WWTPE:CRP=nd

HWWTPE:CRP=nd-36

SPE-HPLC–(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

CRP=4-9 na


TMT=39-72 TMT=36-51 TMT=68-1,800 TMT=1-2 na

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; SPR; TLS; TMC

AZT=10-330; CTR=110-780; ERT=26573; JSM=nd-7; RXT=nd-140; SPR;=nd-150; TLS=nd; TMC=21-460

AZT=70-180; CTR=260-310, ERT=12328; JSM=nd; RXT=13-53; SPR=19-53; TLS=nd; TMC=nd-81

AZT=nd-1,040; CTR=20-14,000; ERT=60-320; JSM=nd-15; RXT=nd-140; SPR=nd-110; TLS=nd; TMC=14-350

AZT=2-4; CTR=2-6; ERT=5-8; JSM=1-3; RXT=2-6; SPR=2-3; TLS=1-3; TMC=1-6

na

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=28-56 MND=13-41 MND=260-1,640 MND=1-6 na

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ENX; ERF; NOF; OFX

CPF=1,100-3,700; DNF=nd; ENX=81-130; ERF=nd; NOF=150-310; OFX=450-2,200

CPF=290-1,100;DNF=nd; ENX=30-100; ERF=nd; NOF=140-170; OFX=220-520

CPF=1,400-26,000; DNF=nd; ENX=58-480; ERF=nd; NOF=23-510; OFX=3,300-37,000

CPF=2-4; DNF=3-9; ENX=2-7; ERF=2-5; NOF=3-8; OFX=1-2

na

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMZ; SMX

SDZ=13-26; SMZ=10-33; SMX=280-740

SDZ=10-21; SMZ=10-15; SMX=170-240

SDZ=29-380; SMZ=nd-30; SMX=900-6,500

SDZ=2-7; SMX=1-3; SMZ=2-6

na


Matrices (location)





CTC, DXC, OXT, TTC=nd


CTC=nd-94; DXC=nd-70; OXT=nd-1,300; TTC=nd-33

CTC=8-14; DXC=8-18; OXT=6-15; TTC=7-14

na

(Zuccato et al. 2010)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Varese); RW (Po and Arno Rivers)

β-lactam:PenicillinAMX

WWTPI:AMX=18

WWTPE:AMX=<LOQ

RW:AMX=<LOQ-9.91

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na AMX=2.08

Glycopeptide:VCM

VCM=41 VCM=29 VCM=0.44-11.69 na VCM=na

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=9.7 LCM=7.2 LCM=3.72-10.92 na LCM=0.31

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; OLD; SPR; TLS; TMC

CTR=319; ERT=12; OLD=2.2; SPR=603; TLS=<LOQ; TMC=<LOQ

CTR=145; ERT=72; OLD=3.1; SPR=375; TLS=<LOQ; TMC=<LOQ

CTR=0.89-44.76; ERT=0.78-8.12; OLD=<LOQ; SPR=<LOQ 2.35-17.92; TLS=<LOQ; TMC=<LOQ -6.67

na CTR=0.15; ERT=0.4; OLD=0.31; SPR=1.4; TLS=0.77; TMC=0.71


CPF=513 CPF=148 CPF=1.32-37.50 na CPF=1.8

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=246 SMX=101 SMX=1.79-11.40 na SMX=1.48

Tetracycline:OXT

OXT=<LOQ OXT=<LOQ OXT=1.23-1.82 na OXT=1.19

(Castiglioni et al. 2005)

WWTPE (Cagliari; Cosenza; Palermo; Latina; Naples; Cuneo; Varese Olona; Varese Lago)

β-lactam: PenicillinAMX

Min-max WWTPE:AMX=nd-120

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na AMX=2.08

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=11-846 na LCM=0.31

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; OLD; SPR; TLS; TMC

CTR=8-73; ERT=9-353; OLD=nd; SPR=1.4-161; TLS=nd-0.9; TMC=nd

na CTR=0.15; ERT=0.4; OLD=0.31; SPR=1.4; TLS=0.77; TMC=0.71


CPF=27-378; OFX=150-1,081 na CPF=1.8; OFX=1.3

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=46-317 na SMX=1.48

Tetracycline:OXT

OXT=nd na OXT=1.19


Matrices (location)




(Zuccato et al. 2005)

WWTPE (Cagliari; Latina; Cuneo; Varese; Cosenza; Palermo; Naples; Monza); RW (Po and Lambro Rivers)


Median WWTPE:AMX=47.0

RW:AMX=nd

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na na

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=30.5 LCM=24.4-32.6 na na

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; SPR

CTR=18.1; ERT=47.4; SPR=75.0 CTR=1.6-8.3; ERT=3.2-4.5; SPR=9.8-72.0

na na


CPF=251.0; OFX=600.0 CPF=n-14.4; OFX=33.1-306.1 na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=127.2 SMX=nd na na


WWTPE (Cagliari; Cosenza; Palermo; Roma; Napoli; Torino; Varese; Olona; Varese Lago)


Min-max WWTPE:AMX=4.68-120.35

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na AMX=1.8


WWTPE (Latina; Rome; Naples)





CPF=40-70; ENX=10-30; LMF=180-320; NOF=60-70; OFX=290-580 na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-30 na na

Luxembourg(Pailler et al. 2009)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Beggen); RW (Alzette and Mess Rivers)

Sulfonamides:SDM; SMX; SMZ; STA

Min-max WWTPI:SDM=<LOQ-26; SMX=1-155; SMZ=<LOQ-2; STA=<LOQ-2

WWTPE:SDM=<LOQ-9; SMX=4-39; SMZ=<LOQ; STA=<LOQ

RW:SDM=<LOQ-3; SMX=<LOQ-22; SMZ=<LOQ; STA=<LOQ-2

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

SDM, SMX, SMZ, STA=0.3

SDM, SMX, SMZ, STA=1.0

Tetracyclines:TTC; OXT

TTC=<LOQ-85; OXT=<LOQ-7



TTC, OXT=0.3 TTC, OXT=1.0

Netherlands(Chitescu et al. 2012)

SW; GW β-lactam: PenicillinDCX

Max SW:DCX=nd

GW:DCX=nd

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ-ORBITRAP)MS/MS

DCX=100 na

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=75-100 ERT=nd ERT=50 na


CPF=nd CPF=nd CPF=100 na


Matrices (location)




Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=75-100 SMX=50-75 SMX=10 na

Tetracyclines:OXT

OXT=nd OXT=nd OXT=50 na

(Jongh et al. 2012)

SW (Rhine, Meuse, Haringvliet, and Drentsche Aa Rivers); DW

Macrolide:CTR; ERT

Max SW:CTR=16; ERT=35

DW:CTR, ERT=nd

SPE-LC-(QLT-FT-ORBITRAP)MS/MS

CTR, ERT=10 na

(Laak et al. 2010)

RW (Rhine River) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max RW:TMT=5-10

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=5 na

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=12-23 CDM=10 na


CTR=10-18; ERT=17-40; RXT=10-18 CTR=10; ERT=10; RXT=10

na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=20-40 SMX=10 na

Poland(Sikorska et al. 2015)

WW; TW (food-producing animal farm)

Aminoglycosides: StreptomycinsDST; STMOther aminoglycoside NMC

Min-max WW; TW:DST=nd; STM=nd; NMC=nd-32,000

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

DST=730; STM=360; NMC=3,790

DST=2,000; STM=1,000; NMC=10,000

β-lactams: Cephalosporins CLX; CPR; CPZ; CQN; CTF; CZL Penicillins AMP; AMX; DCX; NFC; OXC; PNG

CLX, CPR, CPZ, CQN, CTF, CZL, AMP, AMX, DCX, NFC, OXC, PNG=nd

CLX=10; CPR=10; CPR=20; CQN=10; CTF=20; CZL=10; AMP=20; AMX=3,540; DCX=20; NFC=20; OXC=20; PNG=3,720

CLX=20; CPR=20; CPR=50; CQN=20; CTF=50; CZL=20; AMP=50; AMX=10,000; DCX=50; NFC=50; OXC=50; PNG=10,000


TMT=nd-17,800 TMT=20 TMT=50

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=nd-304,000 LCM=10 LCM=20

Macrolides:ERT; JSM; SPR; TLS; TMC

ERT=nd; JSM=nd; SPR=nd; TLS=nd; TMC=nd-1,730 ERT=2,030; JSM=20; SPR=20; TLS=10; TMC=10

ERT=5,000; JSM=50; SPR=50; TLS=20; TMC=20

Pleuromutilin:TAM

TAM=nd-66,800 TAM=10 TAM=20


Matrices (location)




Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DIF; DNF; ERF; MBF; NOF; SRF Other quinolonesFMQ; NLA; OXA

CPF=nd; DIF=nd; DNF=nd; ERF=nd-1,670; MBF=nd; NOF=nd-3,48; SRF=nd; FMQ=nd; NLA=nd; OXA=nd

CPF, DIF, DNF, ERF, MBF, NOF, SRF, FMQ, NLA, OXA=10

CPF, DIF, DNF, ERF, MBF, NOF, SRF, FMQ, NLA, OXA=20

Sulfonamides:SDM; SMM; SMR; SMX; SMZ; STA

SDM=nd; SMM=nd; SMR=nd; SMX=nd-58,700; SMZ=nd; STA=nd SDM=10; SMM=10; SMR=10; SMX=10; SMZ=10; STA=20

SDM=20; SMM=20; SMR=20; SMX=20; SMZ=20; STA=50


CTC=nd; DXC=nd-1,650; OXT=nd; TTC=nd CTC=20; DXC=20; OXT=10; TTC=20


Others: SPT

SPT=nd SPT=350 SPT=1,000

(Wagil et al. 2015)

RW (Gościcina River)

Nitroimidazole:MND

Min-max RW:MND=nd-136.2

SPE-LC-MS/MS MND=3.4 MND=10.1

(Wagil et al. 2014)

RW (Gościcina and Reda Rivers)

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; NOF

Min-max RW:CPF=nd-2,745; ERF=nd-248.7; NOF=nd-442.8

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CPF=3.3; ERF=3.3; NOF=3.4

CPF=10.1; ERF=10.1, NOF=10.2

(Borecka et al. 2013)

SeaW (Baltic Sea) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Mean SeaW:TMT=nd-3.4

SPE-LC-(UIT)MS/MS

TMT=0.2 TMT=0.5

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=nd-<LOQ ERT=16.7 ERT=50.0

Sulfonamides:SCP; SDM; SMR; SMX; SMZ; SPD; SSX; STA; STZ

SCP=nd; SDM=nd-0.8; SMR=nd; SMX=nd-10.8; SMZ=nd-<LOQ; SPD=nd-<LOQ; SSX=nd; STA=nd-<LOQ

SCP=3.3; SDM=0.2; SMR=16.7; SMX=3.3; SMZ=1.7; SPD=1.7; SSX=3.3; STA=3.3; STZ=3.3

SCP=10.0; SDM=0.5; SMR=50.0; SMX=10.0; SMZ=5.0; SPD=5.0; SSX=10.0; STA=10.0; STZ=10.0

Portugal(Gaffney et al. 2015)

RW (Tagus and Zêzere Rivers); GW (OTA, Alenquer and Lezírias wells); DW

Macrolide:ERT

Max RW:ERT=4-31

GW:ERT=4

DW:ERT=5

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na na

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX; SMZ; SPD

SDZ=3-26; SMX=2-22; SMZ=1; SPD=2

SDZ=2M SMX=2; SMZ=1; SPD=7

SDZ=1; SMX=1.3; SMZ=0.5; SPD=1.9

na na

(Pereira et al. 2015)

WWTPI; WWTPE Macrolide:AZT

Min-max WWTPI:AZT=nd-719.3

WWTPE:AZT=nd

SPE-LC-MS/MS AZT=0.4-0.5 AZT=1.4-1.7


CPF=nd-17,500.0 CPF=nd-9,8000.0 CPF=5.0-6.0 CPF=16.4-20.0


Matrices (location)




(Santos et al. 2013)

WWTPI; WWTPE; HWWTPE (Coimbra)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=nd-360

WWTPE:TMT=66.6-299

HWWTPE:TMT=nd-3,963

SPE-LC-(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

TMT=0.8-1.4 TMT=2.5-4.6


AZT=79.7-295; CTR=nd-52.3; ERT=9.64-220

AZT=93.7-297; CTR=12.0-40.0; ERT=20.4-134

AZT=<LOQ-7,351; CTR=nd-960; ERT=nd-7,545

AZT=0.9-7.4; CTR=0.2-1.3; ERT=1.0-4.8

AZT=3.1-25.0; CTR=0.6-4.4; ERT=3.3-16.0

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=<LOQ-113 MND=19.4-83.5 MND=nd-12,315 MND=1.0-12.0 MND=3.5-39.0


CPF=107-330; OFX=51.9-4,986

CPF=127-1,396; OFX=110-366

CPF=101-38,689; OFX=nd-24,811

CPF=6.8-11.0; OFX=0.3-7.5

CPF=23.0-38.0; OFX=1.1-25.0

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=529-1,662 SMX=340-1,679 SMX=nd-8,714 SMX=2.7-3.1 SMX=9.1-10.0

Tetracycline:TTC

TTC=<LOQ-32.3 TTC=<LOQ-22.8 TTC=nd-<LOQ TTC=2.8-15.0 TTC=9.2-49.0

(Madureira et al. 2009)

RW (Douro River) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max RW:TMT=nd-13.0

SPE-LC-(IT)MS/MS

TMT=1.25 TMT=3.24

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-53.3 SMX=4.40 SMX=6.60

(Pena et al. 2007)

RW (Mondego River) Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; OFX

Min-max RW:CPF=nd-119.2; ERF=nd-102.5; OFX=nd

SPE-HPLC-FL na CPF, ERF, OFX=25

Romania(Chitescu et al. 2015)

RW (Danube, Olt, Siret, and Argeș Rivers); LW (Borcea and Călărași)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=nd-13

LW:CRP=nd

SPE-LC-(Q-ORBITRAP)MS/MS

CRP=7.3 CRP=22.3

β-lactam: PenicillinDXC

DXC=nd DXC=nd DXC=12.9 DXC=39.2


TMT=nd-12 TMT=nd TMT=6.5 TMT=17.2

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=nd LCM=nd LCM=17.5 LCM=56.8

Macrolides:ERT; TLS; TMC

ERT=nd; TLS=nd-39; TMC=nd ERT=nd; TLS=17; TMC=nd ERT=15.5; TLS=9.7; TMC=2.1

ERT=47.1; TLS=24.9; TMC=6.4

Pleuromutilins:TAM; VNM

TAM=nd-3-5.6; VNM=nd TAM, VNM=nd TAM=1.6; VNM=2.0

TAM=4.8; VNM=6.2


Matrices (location)




Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOFOther quinoloneFMQ

CPF=nd-6; NOF=nd; FMQ=nd CPF, NOF, FMQ=nd CPF=12.6; NOF=20.6; FMQ=3.2

CPF=38.2; NOF=62.5; FMQ=9.7

Sulfonamides:SDD; SDM; SDZ; SMX; SQN

SDD=nd; SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMX=nd-30; SQN=nd

SDD, SDM, SDZ, SMX, SQN=nd

SDD=1.0; SDM=3.4; SDZ=2.3; SMX=1.0; SQN=3.4

SDD=3.2; SDM=10.3; SDZ=7.0; SMX=3.0; SQN=10.3

Tetracyclines:CTC; OXT

DXC, OXT=nd DXC, OXT=nd DXC=8.8; OXT=8.0

DXC=26.6; OXT=24.3

(Chițescu and Nicolau 2014)

RW (Prahova, Timis, Danube, Siret, Prut, and Jijia Rivers); LW (Huși town); DW (Galați town)

β-lactam: PenicillinDXC

Min-max RW:DXC=nd

LW:DXC=nd

DW:DXC=nd

SPE-UHPLC-(ORBITRAP)MS

DXC=100 na


TMT=10-20 TMT=nd TMT=nd TMT=5 na

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=15-25 ERT=nd ERT=nd ERT=5 na


CPF=nd CPF=nd CPF=nd CPF=5 na

Sulfonamides:SMX

SMX=10-30 SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=5 na

Tetracyclines:OXT

OXT=nd OXT=nd OXT=nd OXT=50 na

(Opriş et al. 2013)

WWTPI; WWTPE β-lactam: CephalosporinCTN; CTZPenicillinAMP; AMX; PNG

Min-max WWTPI:CTN=nd-334,000; CTZ=nd; AMP=nd, AMX=nd, PNG=nd

WWTPE:CTN, CTZ, AMP, AMX, PNG=nd

SPE-LC-DAD-(Q)MS

CTN=920; CTZ=700; AMP=70; AMX=280; PNG=270

CTN=2,770; CTZ=2,140; AMP=210; AMX=850; PNG=810

Tetracyclines:DXC; TTC

DXC=nd-110,000; TTC=nd-146,000

SCX, TTC=nd DXC, TTC=900 DXC=2,720; TTC=2,720

Slovakia(Birošová et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE β-lactam: PenicillinPNV

Min-max WWTPI:PNV=<LOQ

WWTPE:PNV=<LOQ

SPE-LC-(Q-ORBITRP)MS

na PNV=0.05-50


TMT=99-187 TMT=86-88 na TMT=0.05-50

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=44-70 CDM=35-69 na CDM=0.05-50


Matrices (location)





AZT=276-1,360; CTR=771-2,520; ERT=79-118; RXT=<LOQ 5.5

AZT=266-1,220; CTR=624-1,890; ERT=12-20; RXT=<LOQ

na AZT, CTR, ERT, RXT=0.05-50

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DIF; ENX; ERF; LMF; LVF; NOFOther quinoloneOXA

CPF=484-2,710; DIF=<LOQ; ENX=<LOQ-12-39; ERF=<LOQ-14; LMF=<LOQ; LVF=55-239; NOF=46-404; OXA=<LOQ

CPF=96-338; DIF=<LOQ; ENX=<LOQ-8; ERF=<LOQ-2.6; LMF=<LOQ; LVF=23-58; NOF=13-33; OXA=<LOQ

na CPF, DIF, ENX, ERF, LMF, LVF, NOF, OXA=0.05-50

Sulfonamides:SDM; ; SDZ; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SPD; SPN; SQN; SSL; STA; SXL; SXL

SDM=<LOQ; SDZ=<LOQ-18; SMP=<LOQ; SMR=<LOQ; SMT=28-57; SMX=51-320; SMZ=<LOQ; SPD=137-419; SPN=<LOQ; SQN=<LOQ-8.1; SSL=26-124; STA=<LOQ; SXL=<LOQ; SXL=<LOQ

SDM=<LOQ; SDZ=<LOQ; SMP=<LOQ; SMR=<LOQ; SMT=<LOQ; SMX=9.2-108; SMZ=<LOQ; SPD=15-120; SPN=<LOQ; SQN=<LOQ; SSL=7.5-124; STA=<LOQ; SXL=<LOQ; SXL=<LOQ

na SDM, , SDZ, SMP, SMR, SMT, SMX, SMZ, SPD, SPN, SQN, SSL, STA, SXL, SXL=0.05-50

Tetracyclines:DXC; OXT; TTC

DXC=12-48; OXT=<LOQ-9.1; TTC=<LOQ-22

DXC=<LOQ-7-8; OXT=<LOQ; TTC=<LOQ-3.1

na DXC, OXT, TTC=0.05-50

Spain(Boix et al. 2015)

WWTPE (Castellon; Valencia Provinces); SW


Min-max WWTPE:TMT=nd-86

SW:TMT=nd-5

SPE-UHPLC-(QqQ-IT)MS/MS

TMT=1.8-2.3 na

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=nd LCM=nd-12 LCM=0.1-0.4 na


CTR=nd-34; ERT=nd-55; RXT=nd

CTR=nd-34; ERT=nd-10; RXT=nd

CTR=2.9-4.1; ERT=0.8-2.1; RXT=5.4-5.6

na

Quinolones:Other quinolonesFMQ; NLA; OXA

FMQ=nd-7; NLA=nd-17; OXA=nd-5

FMQ=nd-3; NLA=nd-4; OXA=nd-5

FMQ=0.4-1.2; NLA=1.8-2.7; OXA=1.8-2.9

na

Sulfonamides:SDX; SDZ; SMX

SDX=nd; SDZ=nd-28; SMX=nd-372

SDX=nd; SDZ=nd; SMX=nd-25 SDX=0.2-0.5; SDZ=1.4-1.8; SMX=0.5-0.8

na

(Mendoza et al. 2015)

HWWTPE (Valencia)


Min-max HWWTPE:TMT=1,596-4,791


TMT=0.6 TMT=2.2

Macrolide:CTR

CTR=78-498 CTR=0.5 CTR=1.8


OFX=1,547-4,778 OFX=3.7 OFX=12.5

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMZ

SDZ=9-137; SMZ=nd SDZ=4.4; SMZ=4.9

SDZ=14.6; SMZ=16.6


Matrices (location)




(González et al. 2015)

SeaW (Mar Menor Lagoon; Mediterranean Sea)


Max SeaW:TMT=<LOQ-1.5

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

TMT=0.1 TMT=0.4


AZT=nd-163.8; CTR=nd-9.6; ERT=nd-78.4 AZT, CTR, ERT=3.3

AZT, CTR, ERT=11.2

Nitroimidazoles:DTZ; RND

DTZ, RND=nd DTZ=6.5; RND=0.6

DTZ=21.7; RND=2.1

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-94 SMX=0.3 SMX=0.9

(Osorio et al. 2015)

RW (Llobregat, Ebro, Júcar, and Guadalquivir Rivers)

β-lactam: CephalosporinCLX

Min-max RW:CLX=nd-1.40


CLX=0.24 CLX=0.80


TMT=0.03-150.43 TMT=0.10 TMT=0.34


AZT=0.09-153.72; CTR=0.09-65.63; ERT=nd-18.58 AZT=0.05; CTR=0.05; ERT=0.13

AZT=0.18; CTR=0.17; ERT=0.44

Nitroimidazole:DTZ; MND; RND

DTZ=nd-47.41; MND=nd-65.93; RND=nd-7.72 DTZ=1.50; MND=0.57; RND=0.83

DTZ=4.90; MND=1.91; RND=2.76

Quinolones: FluoroquinolonesCPF; OFX

CPF=nd-0.10; OFX=nd-0.07 CPF=0.06; OFX=0.04

CPF=0.19; OFX=0.14

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=0.07-41.51 SMX=0.09 SMX=0.31

Tetracycline:TTC

TTC=5.92-27.4 TTC=3.55 TTC=11.83

(Climent et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Salt, Sarrià de Ter; Sant Julià a de Ramis;Aiguaviva; Vilablareix; Fornells de la Selva, Girona); HWWTPE (Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital); RW (Ter River)


Min-max WWTPI:CPF=1,172-1,558

WWTPE:CPF=36-104

HWWTPE:3,089-14,826

RW:7-103


CPF=0.6-2.4 CPF=2.0-8.2

(Collado et al. 2014)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Celrà, Catalonia); RW (Ter River)

β-lactam: CephalosporinCLX

Mean (WWTPI; WWTPE)Min-max (RW)

WWTPI:CLX=nd

WWTPE:CLX=nd

RW:CLX=nd


CLX=1.1-8.0 CLX=3.8-26.8


TMT=54 TMT=7 TMT=nd-9 TMT=0.6-7.1 TMT=2.0-20.0


Matrices (location)





AZT=129; CTR=100; ERT=15

AZT=143; CTR=99; ERT=18

AZT=nd-43; CTR=nd-19; ERT=nd-<LOQ

AZT=0.1-2.0; CTR=0.6-3.1; ERT=1.1-2.1

AZT=0.5-6.6; CTR=1.9-10.4; ERT=3.5-6.9

Nitroimidazole:DTZ; MND; RND

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ=4.4-20.0; MND=2.7-50.0; RND=2.5-17.0

DTZ=15.0-68.0; MND=8.5-70.0; RND=8.3-53.0

Quinolones: FluoroquinolonesCPF; OFX

CPF=392; OFX=128 CPF=176; OFX=118 CPF=nd-36; OFX=nd-33

CPF=5.5-10.0; OFX=0.6-3.7

CPF=18.3-35.0; OFX=1.8-12.1

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=70 SMX=10 SMX=nd-16 SMX=2.0-7.1 SMX=6.5-23.7

Tetracycline:TTC

TTC=nd TTC=nd TTC=nd TTC=7.0-26.0 TTC=23.0-60.0

(González et al. 2014)

RW (El Albujón River)


Min-max RW:TMT=1.1-24.8


na TMT=0.1-30


AZT=nd-16,633; CTR=nd-2,403; ERT=nd-65.1 na AZT, CTR, ERT=0.1-30

Nitroimidazole:DTZ; MND

DTZ=nd-28; MND=nd-<LOQ na DTZ, MND=0.1-30

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=1.1-65.2 na SMX=0.1-30

(Molina et al. 2014)

RW (Guadalquivir and tributaries Rivers); WLW (Santisteban; Ardal; Casillas; Castillo; Orcera; Hituelo; Quinta; Perales; Naranjeros y Rompisaco; Argamasilla); ResW (Giribaile; Quiebrajano; Rumblar La Fernandina; Guadalén)

Amphenicols:CRP; TAP

Max RW:CRP, TAP=nd

WLW:CRP, TAP=nd

ResW:CRP, TAP=nd

SPE-LC-(TOF)MS na na

β-lactams: CephalosporinCTXPenicillins CXC; DXC; OXC; PNG

CTX, CXC, DXC, OXC, PNG=nd



na na


TMT=nd TMT=nd TMT=nd TMT=1.7 TMT=5.7

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=2,694.5 LCM=nd LCM=nd-15.9 LCM=0.3 LCM=0.9


CTR, ERT, RXT, TLS=nd

CTR, ERT, RXT, TLS=nd

CTR=nd; ERT=nd-249.7; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

CTR=na; ERT=6.0; RXT=na; TLS=na

CTR=na; ERT=20.0; RXT=na; TLS=na

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd MND=nd MND=nd na na


Matrices (location)




Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesDNF; ENX; ERF; LMF; NOF ; OFX; SRFOther quinolonesFMQ; OXA; SPR

DNF, ENX, ERF, LMF, NOF , OFX, SRF, FMQ, OXA, SPR=nd



na na

Sulfonamides:SCP; SDM; SDZ; SMR; SMT; SMX; SNL; SPD; STA

SCP, SDM, SDZ, SMR, SMT, SMX, SNL, SPD, STA=nd



na na

Tetracyclines:CTC; DXC; DMC; OXT; TTC

CTC, DXC, DMC, OXT, TTC=nd



na na

(Boleda et al. 2013)

RW (Llobregat River, Catalonia); WTPE

β-lactam: Penicillin AMX

Min-max RW:AMX=nd

WTPE:AMX=nd

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na AMX=110-115


TMT=nd-81 TMT=nd na TMT=0.9-1.1

Lincosamide:LCM

LCM=nd LCM=nd na LCM=0.9

Macrolides:AZT; CTR ; ERT; RXT; TLS

AZT=nd-18; CTR=2-54; ERT=0.8-40; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

AZT=nd; CTR=nd; ERT=nd-2; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

na AZT=0.9-1.0; CTR=0.2; ERT=0.2; RXT=0.2;

Sulfonamides:SDM; SMX; SMZ

SDM=nd-43; SMX=13-149; SMZ=nd-113

SDM, SMX, SMZ=nd na SDM=0.8; SMX=1.0-1.1; SMZ=0.7

Tetracyclines:CTC; TTC

CTC, TTC=nd CTC, TTC=nd na CTC=230-240; TTC=105-110

(Gros et al. 2013)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Girona); HWWTPE (Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital); RW (Onyar River)

β-lactams: Cephalosporins CLX; CPR; CRX; CTF; CTX; CZL Penicillins AMP; AMX; OXC; PNG; PNV

Min-max WWTPI:CLX, CPR, CRX, CTF, CTX, CZL, AMP, AMX, OXC, PNG, PNV=nd

WWTPE:CLX=nd; CPR=nd; CRX=nd; CTF=nd; CTX=nd; CZL=nd; AMP=nd; AMX=nd-258; OXC=nd; PNG=nd; PNV=nd

HWWTPE:CLX, CPR, CRX, CTF, CTX, CZL, AMP, AMX, OXC, PNG, PNV=nd

RW:CLX=nd; CPR=nd; CRX=nd; CTF=nd; CTX=nd; CZL=nd; AMP=nd; AMX=nd-175; OXC=nd; PNG=nd; PNV=nd

SPE-UHPLC-(QqQ-LIT)MS/MS

CLX=0.77-4.32; CPR=2.37-18.54; CRX=5.48-26.90; CTF=1.26-8.31; CTX=2.82-22.52; CZL=13.37-54.11; AMP=0.83-4.56; AMX=1.32-9.49; OXC=34.63-49.43; PNG=2.55-8.62; PNV=5.37-22.82

CLX=2.56-14.41; CPR=7.90-61.80; CRX=18.27-89.67; CTF=4.19-27.71; CTX=9.41-75.06; CZL=44.58-180.37; AMP=2.76-15.20; AMX=4.38-31.63; OXC=115.43-164.75; PNG=8.51-28.73; PNV=17.89-76.08


Matrices (location)





TMT=<LOQ-108

TMT=<LOQ-178

TMT=50-216 TMT=nd-28 TMT=1.71-11.50 TMT=5.70-38.34

Lincosamide:CDM; LCM

CDM=14-37; LCM=nd

CDM=18-57; LCM=nd-100

CDM=184-1,465; LCM=nd-119

CDM=2.0-25; LCM=nd

CDM=0.48-4.89; LDM=6.04-17.82

CDM=1.61-16.29; LDM=20.15-59.40

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; RXT; SPR; TLS; TMC

AZT=nd-437; CTR=185-632; RXT=nd-<LOQ; SPR=nd; TLS=nd; TMC=nd

AZT=184-592; CTR=172-229; RXT=nd; SPR=nd; TLS=nd; TMC=nd

AZT=85-113; CTR=113-973; RXT=nd; SPR=nd; TLS=nd; TMC=nd

AZT=10-130; CTR=15-125; RXT=2.0-5.0; SPR=nd; TLS=nd; TMC=nd

AZT=0.61-4.63; CTR=0.35-16.64; RXT=0.31-8.71; SPR=3.99-26.41; TLS=2.37-34.00; TMC=3.73-17.82

AZT=2.05-15.45; CTR=1.18-55.47; RXT=1.04-29.04; SPR=13.29-88.05; TLS=7.90-113.35; TMC=12.44-59.39

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=17-83 MND=28-316 MND=67-643 MND=25-28 MND=0.43-6.49 MND=1.44-21.64

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ERF; MBF; NOF; OBF; OFXOther quinolonesCNO; FMQ; NLA; OXA; PPA

CPF=185-613; DNF=nd; ERF=nd-52; MBF=nd-39; NOF=nd-327; OBF=nd; OFX=73-524; CNO=nd; FMQ=nd-<LOQ; NLA=nd; OXA=nd; PPA=nd

CPF=nd-147; DNF=nd; ERF=nd-58; MBF=nd-96; NOF=nd-385; OBF=nd; OFX=63-101; CNO=nd; FMQ=nd-<LOQ; NLA=nd; OXA=nd; PPA=nd-<LOQ

CPF=5,329-7,494; DNF=nd; ERF=nd; MBF=nd; NOF=nd-107; OBF=nd; OFX=2,978-10,368; CNO=nd; FMQ=nd-<LOQ; NLA=<LOQ; OXA=nd; PPA=nd

CPF=nd-250; DNF=nd; ERF=nd-30; MBF=nd; NOF=nd-30; OBF=nd; OFX=15-55; CNO=nd; FMQ=10-15; NLA=nd; OXA=nd; PPA=nd

CPF=1.71-13.58; DNF=11.93-47.43; ERF=0.54-8.42; MBF=2.23-4.31; NOF=2.53-77.71; OBF=0.65- .82; OFX=2.54-15.70; CNO=1.80-15.64; FMQ=0.73-4.25; NLA=1.71-10.56; OXA=2.45-19.60; PPA=3.31-16.87

CPF=5.70-34.51 DNF=39.78-158.11; ERF=1.81-28.06; MBF=7.45-14.37; NOF=8.44-272.50; OBF=2.17-12.75; OFX=8.47-52.32; CNO=6.00-40.83; FMQ=2.44-14.15; NLA=5.71-35.19; OXA=8.15-65.34; PPA=7.40-56.24

Sulfonamides:SBZ; SDM; SDZ; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SNT; SPD; SSD; SSX; STA

SBZ=nd; SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd; SMX=43-528; SNT=nd; SPD=<LOQ-159; SSD=nd; SSX=nd; STA=nd

SBZ=nd; SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd; SMX=19-198; SNT=nd; SPD=nd-98; SSD=nd; SSX=nd; STA=nd

SBZ=nd; SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd; SMX=65-200; SNT=nd; SPD=nd-<LOQ; SSD=nd; SSX=nd; STA=nd

SBZ=nd; SDM=nd-2; SDZ=nd; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd; SMX=10-45; SNT=nd; SPD=nd-25; SSD=nd; SSX=nd-5; STA=nd

SBZ=0.75-3.06; SDM=0.41-16.17; SDZ=3.35- 1.25; SMP=0.81-7.97; SMR=2.37-19.24; SMT=5.16-18.00; SMX=1.39-8.07; SNT=5.16-16.86; SPD=1.82-4.33; SSD=5.16-17.58; SSX=0.87-6.62; STA=2.03-14.40

SBZ=2.50-10.21; SDM=1.38-53.90; SDZ=11.16-37.49; SMP=2.69-26.56; SMR=7.90-64.14; SMT=17.21-51.82; SMX=2.60-26.88; SNT=17.20-56.21; SPD=6.00-14.43; SSD=17.21-51.82; SSX=2.90-22.08; STA=6.70-48.00


Matrices (location)





CTC=nd; DXC=nd; OXT=nd; TTC=nd-<LOQ

CTC=nd; DXC=nd; OXT=nd; TTC=nd-<LOQ



CTC=11.20-24.02; DXC=9.79-77.49; OXT=3.75-6.01; TTC=4.72-24.30

CTC=37.35-80.06; DXC=37.43-258.29; OXT=12.51-20.05; TTC=15.72-81.00

(Iglesias et al. 2013)

RW (Miño River, Galician)



SPE-HPLC-MS/MS TMT=0.2 TMT=0.5

Sulfonamides:SMP; SMX

SMP=0.5-11.2; SMX=0.5-63.6 SMP=0.1; SMX=0.2

SMP, SMX=0.5

(Cabeza et al. 2012)

WWTPE (Depurbaix); GW (Llobregat River Aquifer)

Macrolide:ERT

Mean WWTPE:ERT=24-39

GW:ERT=nd-154.33

LC-(Q-IT)MS/MS na na


CPF=nd-52; OFX=158-341 CPF=14-323.75; OFX=nd-6 na na

Sulfonamides:SMX; SMZ; SPD

SMX=56-102.25; SMZ=3-74.33; SPD=21-54

SMX=9-46; SMZ=23.16-83.9; SPD=16.5-21.33

na na

(Galán et al. 2012)

WWTPI; WWTPE (22 locations Catalonia)

Sulfonamides:SBZ; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SNT; SPD; SQN; SSD; SSX; STA

Min-max WWTPI:SBZ=0.4-1.17; SDM=0.35-4.92; SDX=nd-1; SDZ=49.1-1,240; SMP=39.6-518; SMR=2.13-7.37; SMT=2.92-33.7; SMX=17.4-665; SMZ=3.36-145; SNT=32.1-62.3; SPD=12.2-3,270; SQN=3.81-210; SSD=nr; SSX=0.607-2.87; STA=7.31-142

WWTPE:SBZ=nd-29.9; SDM=0.08-1.58; SDX=0.1-0.47; SDZ=8.75-286; SMP=0.223-47; SMR=0.205-1.93; SMT=1.06-70.7; SMX=10.8-284; SMZ=0.458-36.4; SNT=17-512; SPD=3.35-177; SQN=0.246-14.6; SSD=1.7-6.52; SSX=0.3-1.18; STA=0.7-73


SBZ=0.01-0.20; SDM=0.01-0.02; SDX=0.11-0.16; SDZ=0.40-1.38; SMP=0.08-0.71; SMR=0.12-0.61; SMT=0.16-0.57; SMX=0.16-0.19; SMZ=0.19-2.35; SNT=0.06-0.26; SPD=0.24-0.98; SQN=0.04-0.15; SSD=nr-0.05; SSX=0.13-0.18; STA=0.21-0.24

SBZ=0.03-0.66; SDM=0.02-0.08; SDX=0.38-0.54; SDZ=1.32-4.58; SMP=0.27-2.38; SMR=0.39-2.05; SMT=0.53-1.91; SMX=0.54-0.64; SMZ=0.62-7.83; SNT=0.20-0.86; SPD=0.79-3.27; SQN=0.14-0.49; SSD=nr-0.18; SSX=0.44-0.60; STA=0.69-0.81

(Gros et al. 2012)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Girona, Catalonia); RW (Onyar and Ter Rivers); ResW (Foix); DW (Girona, Catalonia); SeaW (Mediterranean Sea)

β-lactam:Cephalosporin CLX

Min-max WWTPI:CLX=nd

WWTPE:CLX=nd

RW:CLX=nd

ResW:CLX=nd

DW:CLX=nr

SeaW:CLX=nr


CLX=nr-8.0 CLX=nr-35.0


TMT=11-204

TMT=nd-100

TMT=3-9

TMT=nd

TMT=nd TMT=1 TMT=0.1-7.1 TMT=0.3-20.0


Matrices (location)





AZT=44-205; CTR=55-459; ERT=35-63

AZT=20-170; CTR=<LOQ-192; ERT=<LOQ-17

AZT=1-41; CTR=<LOQ-59; ERT=nd-<LOQ

AZT, CTR, ERT=nd

AZT=<LOQ; CTR=nd; ERT=nd

AZT=<LOQ; CTR=17; ERT=nd

AZT=0.1-2.0; CTR=0.4-3.1; ERT=0.2-2.1

AZT=0.5-6.6; CTR=1.3-10.4; ERT=0.5-6.9

Nitroimidazoles:DTZ; MND; RND

DTZ=nd; MND=152; RND=nd

DTZ=nd; MND=121; RND=nd

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ=nd; MND=nr; RND=nd

DTZ, MND, RND=nd

DTZ=1.0-20.0; MND=nr-50.0; RND=0.5-17.0

DTZ=2.8-68.0; MND=nr-70.0; RND=1.8-53.0


CPF=230-252; OFX=202-309

CPF=87-245; OFX=169-191

CPF=<LOQ-23; OFX=20-33

CPF=nd; OFX=6

CPF, OFX=nr

CPF=nr; OFX=2

CPF=nr-10.0; OFX=nr-3.7

CPF=nr-35.0; OFX=nr-12.1

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-768

SMX=nd-222

SMX=10-79

SMX=4 SMX=0.5

SMX=9 SMX=0.1-7.1 SMX=0.3-23.7

Tetracycline:TTC

TTC=nd TTC=nd TTC=nd-<LOQ

TTC=nd TTC=nd TTC=nd TTC=7.0-26.0 TTC=20.0-60.0

(Lor et al. 2012) WWTPI; WWTPE (Castellon de la Plana; Benicassim; Burriana)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max WWTPI:CRP=nd

WWTPE:CRP=nd

SPE-UHPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CRP=20-30


TMT=60-160 TMT=60-100 na TMT=10-40


CDM=nd; LCM =100-880 CDM=10-20; LCM=10-160 na CDM=6-40; LCM=2-10


CTR=130-620; ERT=nd; RXT=nd; TLS=nd

CTR=10-60; ERT=50-120; RXT=<LOQ; TLS=nd

na CTR=3-10; ERT=8-20; RXT=20-30; TLS=2-10

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; MBF; MXF; NOF; OFX; PEF; SRF Other quinolonesFMQ; NLA; OXA; PPA

CPF=1,210–3,850; ERF=nd; MBF=nd; MXF=nd; NOF=290-1,070; OFX=290-960; PEF=nd; SRF=nd; FMQ=nd; NLA=nd; OXA=nd; PPA=<LOQ-540

CPF=520-1,080; ERF=nd; MBF=nd; MXF=120-180; NOF=90-150; OFX=330-500; PEF=nd; SRF=nd; FMQ=nd; NLA=nd; OXA=nd; PPA=<LOQ-120

na CPF=50-320; ERF=20-40; MBF=110-120; MXF=110-330; NOF=30-160; OFX=10; PEF=50-80; SRF=30-40; FMQ=10-60; NLA=6-20; OXA =10-20; PPA=90-210


Matrices (location)




Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX; SMZ; STA

SDZ=nd; SMX =220-640; SMZ=nd; STA=60-70

SDZ=nd; SMX =40-60; SMZ=nd; STA=nd

na SDZ=50-80; SMX=10-20; SMZ=1-3; STA=10-40

(Osorio et al. 2012)

RW (LlobregatRiver)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=nd-1.36


na na


TMT=nd-35.56 na na

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; SPR; TLS; TMC

AZT=nd-37.46; CTR=nd-232.13; ERT=0.02-362.49; JSM=0.01-11.09; RXT=nd-8.11; SPR=0.04-152.09; TLS=nd-30.27; TMC=nd-95.77

na na

Nitroimidazoles:MND

MND=nd-48.8 na na

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ENX; ERF; NOF; OFX

CPF=0.56-271.04; DNF=nd-279.89; ENX=nd-279.19; ERF=nd-313.21; NOF=0.73-404.8; OFX=nd-488.38

na na

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX; SMZ

SDZ=0.06-106.67; SMX=0.21-1,500; SMZ=nd-280.9 na na


CTC=<LOQ-11.23; DXC=nd-18.16; OXT=nd-81.6; TTC=nd-712.4 na na

(Roig et al. 2012)

RW (Pego–Oliva Marsh)


Min-max RW:TMT=nd-2.97

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na na


CPF=nd-34.6; NOF=nd-37.16; OFX=nd-50.19 na CPF=12; NOF=9.6; OFX=8.1

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-15.58 na SMX=0.9

Tetracyclines:OXT; TTC

TTC, OXT=nd na TTC=10; OXT=9.4

(Serna et al. 2012)

RW (Ebro River and tributaries)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=nd

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=<10 na


TMT=nd-59.9 TMT=<10 na

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; JSM; RXT

AZT=nd-41.1; CTR=6.12-141; JSM=nd; RXT=nd AZT, CTR, JSM, RXT

na

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd-<LOQ MND=<10 na

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ENX; NOF; OFXOther quinolone:FMQ

CPF=nd-<LOQ; DNF=nd-<LOQ; ENX=nd-<LOQ; NOF=nd; OFX=nd-79.9; FMQ=nd-<LOQ

CPF, DNF, ENX, NOF, OFX, FMQ=<10

na


Matrices (location)





SDZ=<LOQ-136; SMX=nd-17.2; SMZ=nd-641 SDZ, SMX, SMZ=<10

na

(Galán et al. 2011)

RW (Ebro River) Sulfonamides:SBZ; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SNT; SPD; SQN; SSD; SSX; STA

Min-max RW:SBZ=1.8–14.6; SDM=0.5–23.1; SDX=2.7–43.3 ; SDZ=0.7–6.4; SMP=0.6–18.1; SMR=1-42.2; SMT=2.3–4.6; SMX=0.2–35.6; SMZ=2.5–65.2; SNT=nd–127; SPD=0.1–42.5; SQN=4.5–40.4; SSD=1-40.4; SSX=0.1–12.5; STA=1.5–9.6


SBZ=0.05; SDM=0.13; SDX=0.21; SDZ=0.39; SMP=0.11; SMR=1.53; SMT=0.37; SMX=1.11; SMZ=0.12; SNT=0.46; SPD=0.27; SQN=0.59; SSD=0.10; SSX=0.51; STA=0.23

SBZ=0.15; SDM=0.45; SDX=0.69; SDZ=1.29; SMP=0.38; SMR=5.11; SMT=1.24; SMX=3.69; SMZ=0.40; SNT=1.53; SPD=0.91; SQN=1.97; SSD=0.32; SSX=1.71; STA=0.77

(Lor et al. 2011) WWTPE; SW (Castellon; Valencia)

Amphenicol:CRP

Max WWTPE:CRP=nd

SW:CRP=nd


na CRP=7-19


TMT=232 TMT=151 na TMT=2-9


CDM=nd; LCM=142 CDM=nd; LCM=47 na CDM=1-6; LCM=2-2


CTR=247; ERT=82; RXT=18; TLS=nd

CTR=91; ERT=78; RXT=12; TLS=nd

na CTR=2-3; ERT=0.4-8; RXT=2-17; TLS=0.7-2

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF; MBF; MXF; NOF; OFX; PEF; SRF Other quinolonesFMQ; NLA; OXA; PPA

CPF=2,292; ERF=220; MBF=540; MXF=nd; NOF=310; OFX=925; PEF=112; SRF=52; FMQ=41; NLA=60; OXA=nd; PPA=430

CPF=740; ERF=70; MBF=205; MXF=nd; NOF=54; OFX=400; PEF=64; SRF=55; FMQ=20; NLA=14; OXA=23; PPA=245

na CPF=18-46; ERF=9-21; MBF=19-110; MXF=55-114; NOF=11-25; NOF=2-13; PEF=13-50; SRF=10-25; FMQ=2-9; NLA=3-6; OXA=2-10; PPA=36-91


Matrices (location)




Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX; SMZ; STA

SDZ=nd; SMX=432; SMZ=11; STA=30

SDZ=nd; SMX=33; SMZ=nd; STA=nd

na SDZ=4-45; SMX=3-13; SMZ=0.5-0.8; STA=2-9

(Serna et al. 2011)

RW (Ebro River) Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=<LOQ


CRP=0.13 CRP=0.43


TMT=<LOQ-29.90 TMT=0.11 TMT=0.38

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; SPR ; TLS; TMC

AZT=<LOQ-36.70; CTR=<LOQ-36.93; ERT=<LOQ-51.60; JSM=<LOQ-0.52; RXT=<LOQ-0.32; SPR=<LOQ-488.0; TLS=<LOQ-0.77; TMC=<LOQ-227.0

AZT=2.29; CTR=0.74; ERT=8.36; JSM=0.69; RXT=0.48; SPR=3.38; TLS=9.41; TMC=0.15

AZT=7.65; CTR=2.48; ERT=27.87; JSM=2.28; RXT=1.59; SPR=11.27; TLS=31.37; TMC=0.50

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd-30.20 MND=0.64 MND=2.14

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ENX; ERF; NOFOFXOther quinoloneFMQ

CPF=<LOQ-115.0; DNF=<LOQ-207.0; ENX=<LOQ-140.0; ERF=13.10-178.0; NOF=<LOQ-89.80; OFX=4.84-105.0; FMQ=<LOQ-30.29

CPF=7.95; DNF=1.17; ENX=53.97; ERF=17.17; NOF=38.01; OFX=1.51 FMQ=1.03

CPF=26.51; DNF=3.89; ENX=179.89; ERF=57.22; NOF=126.68; OFX=5.05; FMQ=3.42


SDZ=<LOQ-23.48; SMX=<LOQ-55.01; SMZ=<LOQ SDZ=0.41; SMX=0.97; SMZ=1.10

SDZ=1.36; SMX=3.23; SMZ=3.66


CTC=<LOQ-59.30; DXC=<LOQ-47.70; OXT=<LOQ-37.10; TTC=<LOQ-228.0

CTC=2.40; DXC=1.39; OXT=3.60; TTC=1.43

CTC=7.99; DXC=4.63; OXT=12.01; TTC=4.77

(Silva et al. 2011)

WWTPE (Tudela; Lleida; Logroño; Zaragoza; Tudela; Pamplona; Tortosa); RW (Ebro River)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max WWTPE:CRP=nd

RW:CRP=nd-<LOQ


CRP=0.02-0.66 CRP=0.1-2


TMT=16.4-249 TMT=nd-29.9 TMT=0.2-0.4 TMT=0.8-1

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; TLS

CTR=19.8-212; ERT=nd-24.5; JSM=nd-18.9; RXT=nd-63.8; TLS=nd-266.9

CTR=<LOQ-36.9; ERT=nd-42.4; JSM=nd-0.52; RXT=nd; TLS=nd-<LOQ

CTR=0.5-4; ERT=0.4-1.8; JSM=1; RXT=0.5-1;TLS=1-2

CTR=2-15; ERT=0.6-6; JSM=2-5; RXT=2; TLS=4


Matrices (location)




Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=20.4-138 MND=nd-30.2 MND=0.3-0.7 MND=1-2

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMZ

SDZ=nd; SMZ=nd-26.8 SDZ=nd-<LOQ; SMZ=nd-<LOQ SDZ=0.4-2; SMZ=0.8-1

SDZ=2-5; SMZ=1.6-3

(Valcárcel et al. 2011)

RW (Jarama, Manzanares, Guadarrama,Henares, and Tagus Rivers)


Min-max RW:TMT=38-690

SPE-LC-(Q-IT)MS/MS

na TMT=2


AZT=<LOQ-569; CTR=132-1,727; ERT=<LOQ-3,847 na AZT=13; CTR=6; ERT=1

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=<LOQ-1,834 na MND=3


CPF=<LOQ-224; NOF=<LOQ; OFX=<LOQ-552 na CPF=6; NOF=10; OFX=3

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=32-952 na SMX=1

Tetracycline:TTC

TTC=<LOQ na TTC=23

(Galán, Cruz, et al. 2010)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Catalonia); RW (Ebro River); GW (Catalonia)

Sulfonamides:SBZ; SCT; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SGD; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SNT; SPD; SQN; SSD; SSX; STA

Min-max WWPI:SBZ=nd; SCT=nd; SDM=nd-20.1; SDX=nd-<LOQ; SDZ=nd-181; SGD=nd-<LOQ; SMP=nd; SMR=nd; SMT=nd-247; SMX=nd-89; SMZ=nd; SNT=nd-<LOQ; SPD=<LOQ-855; SQN=nd; SSD=nd; SSX=nd<LOQ; STA=nd-37.5

WWTPE:SBZ=nd-<LOQ; SCT=nd; SDM=nd-10; SDX=nd-<LOQ; SDZ=nd-104; SGD=nd-1.88; SMP=nd; SMR=nd-34.6; SMT=nd-<LOQ; SMX=12.4-302; SMZ=nd-18; SNT=nd; SPD=<LOQ-133; SQN=nd-<LOQ; SSD=nd-<LOQ; SSX=nd-8.17; STA=nd-9.21

RW:SBZ=nd-1.78; SCT=nd; SDM=nd-18.01; SDX=nd-20.00; SDZ=nd; SGD=nd; SMP=nd-15.50; SMR=nd-15.50; SMT=nd-2.65; SMX=nd-32.20; SMZ=nd-20.10; SNT=nd; SPD=0.16-11.20; SQN=nd-20.80; ; SD=nd-3.70; SSX=nd-12.50; STA=nd-13.90

GW:SBZ=nd-3.41; SCT=nd-<LOQ; SDM=nd-1.65; SDX=nd-4.48; SDZ=nd-0.81; SGD=nd; SMP=nd-0.77; SMR=nd-3.22; SMT=nd-<LOQ; SMX=nd-63.90; SMZ=nd-3.71; SNT=nd-0.82; SPD=nd-1.11; SQN=nd-1.17; SSD=nd-1.89; SSX=nd-<LOQ; STA=nd

SPE-LC-(Q-IT)MS/MS

SBZ=0.05-0.41; SCT=4.06-6.90; SDM=0.01-0.16; SDX=0.02-0.19; SDZ=0.18-1.12; SGD=1.01-12.00; SMP=0.03-0.14; SMR=0.12-0.25; SMT=1.04-4.52; SMX=0.77-1.14; SMZ=0.04-0.40; SNT=0.03-0.56; SPD=0.02-0.32; SQN=0.02-0.55; SSD=0.03-0.13; SSX=0.31-2.15; STA=0.21-0.45

SBZ=0.17-1.38; SCT=13.50-23.00; SDM=0.02-0.54; SDX=0.08-0.63; SDZ=0.59-3.72; SGD=3.37-40.00; SMP=0.09-0.47; SMR=0.40-0.83; SMT=3.47-15.10; SMX=2.55-3.79; SMZ=0.13-1.33; SNT=0.10-1.87; SPD=0.05-1.08; SQN=0.08-1.83; SSD=0.11-0.43; SSX=1.03-7.16; STA=0.70-1.48


Matrices (location)




(Galán, Garrido, et al. 2010)

GW (La Plana de Vic; La Selva)

Sulfonamides:SBZ; SCT; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SGD; SMP; SMR; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SNT; SPD; SQN; SSD; SSX; STA

Min-max GW:SBZ=0.09-10.32; SCT=1.77-3,461; SDM=0.01-91.48; SDX=0.02-53.63; SDZ=0.14-6.98; SGD=3.30-91.78; SMP=0.02-68.70; SMR=0.11-744.7; SMT=0.22-9.29; SMX=0.08-312.2; SMZ=0.03-106.8; SNT=0.04-568.8; SPD=0.07-72.45; SQN=0.01-112.1; SSD=0.01-64.40; SSX=0.21-4.43; STA=0.01-16.78


SBZ=0.019; SCT=8.876; SDM=0.039; SDX=0.019; SDZ=0.021; SGD=0.796; SMP=0.036; SMR=0.086; SMT=0.366; SMX=0.050; SMZ=0.034; SNT=0.058; SPD=0.023; SQN=0.016; SSD=0.012; SSX=0.049; STA=0.005

SBZ=0.062; SCT=29.586; SDM=0.131; SDX=0.064; SDZ=0.069; SGD=2.653; SMP=0.118; SMR=0.286; SMT=1.221; SMX=0.167; SMZ=0.113; SNT=0.195; SPD=0.077; SQN=0.055; SSD=0.042; SSX=0.140; STA=0.018

(Galán, Villagrasa, et al. 2010)

RW (Llobregat and Anoia Rivers)

Sulfonamides:SDM; SDZ; SMP; SMT; SMX; SMZ; SPD; SSX; STA

Min-max RW:SDM=nd-136.0; SDZ=nd->5,000; SMP=nd->5,000; SMT=nd-10.3; SMX=nd-652.7; SMZ=nd->5,000; SPD=nd->5,000; SSX=nd-24.7; STA=nd-960.6


SDM=0.11; SDZ=0.05; SMP=0.05; SMT=0.21; SMX=0.17; SMZ=0.22; SPD=0.16; SSX=0.06; STA=0.13

SDM=0.37; SDZ=0.17; SMP=0.17; SMT=0.70; SMX=0.57; SMZ=0.73; SPD=0.53; SSX=0.20; STA=0.43

(Muñoz et al. 2010)

WWTPE; RW (Doñana Natural Park)

Sulfonamides:SMX

Min-max WWTPE:SMX=nd-1,620

RW:SMX=nd

SPE-HPLC-DAD SMX=8 SMX=28

(Roldán et al. 2010)

RW (Llobregat River)



SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=0.3 TMT=0.5

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=6.9-119.9 ERT=1.6 ERT=2.3


OFX=8.0-1,903.6 OFX=0.9 OFX=2.3

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=4.1-119.3 SMX=0.4 SMX=0.9

(Rosal et al. 2010)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Alcalá de Henares, (Madrid)



WWTPE:TMT=<LOQ-148

SPE-LC-(Q-IT)MS/MS

na TMT=29

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=<LOQ-2,310 ERT=<LOQ-760 na ERT=99


Matrices (location)




Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=44-165 MND=<LOQ-127 na MND=17


CPF=160-13,625; OFX=848-5,286

CPF=<LOQ-5,692; OFX=<LOQ-1,641

na CPF=10; OFX=33

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=162-530 SMX=104-370 na SMX=15

(Serna et al. 2010)

WWTPE (Barcelona); RW (Llobregat River); DW (Barcelona)

Amphenicol:CRP

Mean WWTPE:CRP=nd

RW:CRP=nd

DW:CRP=nd


CRP=0.35-1.10 CRP=1.16-3.68


TMT=65.92 TMT=16.43-33.53 TMT=0.51 TMT=0.33-2.81 TMT=1.09-9.37

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; JSM; RXT; SPR ; TLS; TMC

AZT=1,031.67; CTR=3.90; ERT=677.00; JSM=237.83; RXT=nd; SPR=7.17; TLS=3.03; TMC=141.58

AZT=14.73-71.67; CTR=nd; ERT=50.38-174.73; JSM=88.83-42.60; RXT=nd; SPR=nd; TLS=0.81-1.82; TMC=39.90-68.32

AZT=17.00; CTR=nd; ERT=nd; JSM=3.67; RXT=nd; SPR=nd; TLS=1.41; TMC=20.54

AZT=0.16-2.71; CTR=0.13-0.48; ERT=7.34-10.21; JSM=0.33-0.47; RXT=0.32-10.14; SPR=0.36-1.34; TLS=0.22-0.41; TMC=0.43-1.24

AZT=0.53-9.04; CTR=0.44-1.59; ERT=24.48-34.03; JSM=1.09-1.58; RXT=1.07-33.81; SPR=1.19-4.46; TLS=0.74-1.36; TMC=1.44-4.15

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=211.83 MND=nd-4.88 MND=nd MND=3.39-43.84 MND=11.29-146.14

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DNF; ENX; ERF; NOFOFXOther quinoloneFMQ

CPF=8.27; DNF=255.67; ENX=63.72; ERF=276.67; NOF=151.25; OFX=nd; FMQ=nd

CPF=4.65-4.83; DNF=5.82-40.12; ENX=15.17-15.83; ERF=23.28-75.017; NOF=8.32-28.02; OFX=nd; FMQ=nd

CPF=16.04; DNF=18.93; ENX=32.88; ERF=15.30; NOF=13.28; OFX=nd; FMQ=nd

CPF=2.47-4.57; DNF=4.41-5.65; ENX=4.88-26.95; ERF=1.15-4.73; NOF=2.09-4.07; OFX=0.60-1.35; FMQ=0.44-3.59

CPF=8.23-15.24; DNF=14.69-18.84; ENX=16.28-89.83; ERF=3.83-15.77; NOF=6.97-13.55; OFX=2.01-4.49; FMQ=1.45-11.96


SDZ=20.38; SMX=140.48; SMZ=373.84

SDZ=nd-3.40; SMX=39.70-78.38; SMZ=1.68-112.27

SDZ=nd; SMX=nd; SMZ= nd-4.08

SDZ=2.86-73.91; SMX=0.89-2.53; SMZ=0.81-3.88

SDZ=9.54-246.36; SMX=2.97-8.43; SMZ=2.69-12.94


CTC=nd; DXC=nd; OXT=42.12; TTC=171.47

CTC=nd; DXC=nd; OXT=nd; TTC=nd-29.00


CTC=6.02-11.38; DXC=21.14-23.60; OXT=8.07-12.81; TTC=2.65-6.52

CTC=20.08-37.93; DXC=70.45-78.65; OXT=26.90-42.71; TTC=8.83-21.75

(Muñoz et al. 2009)

WWTPI; WWTPE; RW (Seville)


WWTPI:TMT=nd

WWTPE:TMT=nd

RW:TMT=nd

SPE-HPLC-DAD TMT=8-17 TMT=28-56

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=6-12 SMX=20-40


Matrices (location)




(Cruz et al. 2008)

WWTPE (Lleida); RW (Llobregat, Segre, and Anoia Rivers, Barcelona); GW (Barcelona); DW (Bottled mineral water, supermarket)

Sulfonamides:SDM; SDZ; SMP; SMT; SMX; SMZ ; SPD; SSX; STA

Min-max WWTPE:SDM=12; SDZ=34.3; SMP=nr; SMT=48.5; SMX=241.6; SMZ=10.7; SPD=28.8; SSX=1.6; STA=53.7

RW:SDM=1.5-182.4; SDZ=nd-2,312; SMP=nd-3,704; SMT=nd-7; SMX=nd-1,488; SMZ=nd-6,192; SPD=1.2-12,000; SSX=nd-2.8; STA=1.5-38.1

GW:SDM=0.2; SDZ=nd; SMP=<LOQ; SMT=<LOQ; SMX=9.9; SMZ=<LOQ; SPD=<LOQ; SSX=nd; STA=<LOQ

DW:SDM=0.164; SDZ=<LOQ; SMP=<LOQ; SMT=<LOQ; SMX=<LOQ; SMZ=<LOQ; SPD=<LOQ; SSX=<LOQ; STA=<LOQ

SPE-LC-(Q-LIT)MS/MS

SDM=0.01-0.31; SDZ=0.09-1.02; SMP=0.02-0.77; SMT=0.02-0.42; SMX=0.05-1.13; SMZ=0.03-43.09; SPD=0.04-0.18; SSX=0.01-0.29; STA=nr-0.20

SDM=0.05-1.02; SDZ=0.31-3.41; SMP=0.07-2.57; SMT=0.06-1.41; SMX=0.15-3.77; SMZ=0.11-143.65; SPD=0.14-0.62; SSX=0.04-0.97; STA=nr-0.67

(Gros et al. 2007)

RW (Vallas, Ebro, Iregua, Arga, and Segre Rivers)


Min-max RW:TMT=10-69

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=1 TMT=4

Macrolide:AZT; ERT

AZT=9-68; ERT=nd-71 AZT=1; ERT=4 AZT=3; ERT=14


OFX=nd-146 OFX=16 OFX=56

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=22-169 SMX=5 SMX=16

(Gómez et al. 2006)

HWWTPE (Almería) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max HWWTPE:TMT=1.8-9.4

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=40 TMT=112

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=0.01-0.03 ERT=9.2 ERT=26

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=0.01-0.03 MND=3.8 MND=11

(Gros et al. 2006)

RW (Ebro River and tributaries)


Min-max RW:TMT=nd-20

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=1 TMT=4

Macrolide:AZT; ERT

AZT=nd-20; ERT=nd-30 AZT=1; ERT=4 AZT=3; ERT=14


OFX=nd OFX=16 OFX=56

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-<LOQ SMX=5 SMX=16

(Gros et al. 2006)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Rubí)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=nd-4,220

WWTPE:TMT=70-310

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=10-25 na

Macrolides:ERTAZT

WWTPI:AZT=nd-300; ERT=nd

WWTPE: AZT=50-210; ERT=nd

AZT=1-3; ERT=4-6

na


Matrices (location)





WWTPI:OFX=nd

WWTPE: OFX=nd

OFX=43-43 na

Sulfonamide:SMX

WWTPI:SMX=nd-870

WWTPE: SMX=nd-820

SMX=20-42 na

(Reverté et al. 2003)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Tarragona); RW (Ebro River); WellW

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERF

WWTPI:CPF, ERF=nd

WWTPE:CPF, ERF=nd

RW:CPF, ERF=nd

WellW:CPF, ERF=nd

SPE-HPLC-MS CPF, ERF=4 na

Tetracycline:CTC; DXC; OXT; TTC






na

Sweden(Grabic et al. 2012)

WWTPE (Alvesta; Lessebo; Ljungby; Markaryd; Uppvidinge; Älmhult)



SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na TMT=0.10

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=<LOQ-154 na CDM=0.98


AZT=<LOQ; CTR=14-78; RXT=<LOQ na AZT=4.6; CTR=11; RXT=47


CPF=<LOQ-10.5; NOF=<LOQ-10.6; OFX=<LOQ na CPF=0.62; NOF=9.2; OFX=14

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=15-203 na SMX=5.1

(Zorita et al. 2009)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Kristianstad); DWWTE; HWWTPE;


WWTPI:CPF=320; NOF=18.0; OFX=22.5

WWTPE:CPF=31.5; NOF=nd; OFX=10.0

DWWTPE:CPF=3,700; NOF=nd; OFX=16.7

HWWTPE:CPF=3,300; NOF=22.0; OFX=840

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CPF=4.9; NOF=5.5; OFX=3.3

na

(Bendz et al. 2005)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Källby); RW (Höje River)


Min-max WWTPI:TMT=80

WWTPE:TMT=40

RW:TMT=<LOQ-40

SPE-LC-MS/MS na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=20 SMX=70 SMX=<LOQ-50 na na

(R. H. Lindberg et al. 2005)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Stockholm; Gothenburg; Umeå; Floda)

β-lactams: CephalosporinCDXPenicillins AMP; AMX

Min-max WWTPI:CDX, AMP, AMX=nd

WWTPE:CDX, AMP, AMX=nd

SPE-LC-(IT)MS/MS

na CDX=77; AMP=60; AMX=74


TMT=99-1,300 TMT=66-1,340 na TMT=8

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd MND=nd na MND=33

Quinolones: FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOF; OFX

CPF=90-300; NOF=66-174; OFX=<LOQ-287

CPF=<LOQ-60; NOF=<LOQ-37; OFX=<LOQ-52

na CPF=6; NOF=7; OFX=6

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ-674 SMX=<LOQ-304 na SMX=80


Matrices (location)




Tetracycline:DXC

DXC=<LOQ-2,480 DXC=<LOQ 64-915 na DXC=64

(R. Lindberg et al. 2004)

HWWTPE (Kalmar) β-lactams: CephalosporinCDXPenicillins AMP; AMX

Min-max HWWTPE:CDX, AMP, AMX =nd

SPE-LC-(IT)MS/MS

na CDX=42,000; AMP=33,000; AMX =37,000


TMT=<LOQ-7,600 na TMT=1,000

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=<LOQ-90,200 na MND=13,000

Quinolones: FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOF; OFX

CPF=3,600-101,000; NOF=nd; OFX=<LOQ-7,600 na CPF=3,000; NOF=4,000; OFX=5,000

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ-13,000 na SMX=68,000

Tetracycline:DXC

DXC=<LOQ na DXC=68,000


WWTPE (Göteborg) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max WWTPE:TMT=50



CPF=30; ENX=10; LMF=130; NOF=30; OFX=120 na na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=20 na na

Swiss(Joss et al. 2005) WWTPE

(Kloten/Opfiko, Zurich; Altenrhein, St. Gall)

Macrolide:RXT

Min-max WWTPE:RTX=9-60

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na 0.4-1.4

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=98-990 na 6-15

(Göbel et al. 2004)

WWTPE (Kloten/Opfiko, Zurich; Altenrhein, St. Gall)



SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na TMT=3-7


AZT=85-255; CTR=220-329; ERT=55-75; RXT=10-23 na AZT=1.6-2.6; CTR=1.3-3.1; ERT=3.4-9.5; RXT=0.4-1.4

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMX; SMZ; SPD; STA

SDZ=<LOQ; SMX=352; SMZ=<LOQ-19; SPD=85-86; STA=<LOQ na SDZ=5-11; SMX=6-15; SMZ=4-17; SPD=6-19; STA=10-22


Matrices (location)




Switzerland(Coutu et al. 2013)

WWTPI (Vidy, Lausanne)


Min-max WWTPE:TMT=6.8-169

SPE-LC-MS/MS TMT=1.3 TMT=4

Lincosamide:CDM

CDM=nd-23.5 CDM=1.1 CDM=3.3

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd-3,809.8 MND=1 MND=3


CPF=97.65-4,186.1; NOF=<LOQ-1,283.8; OFX=10.9-1,865.3 CPF=1.2; NOF=1.3; OFX=1.2

CPF=3.5; NOF=4; OFX=3.5

(Huntscha et al. 2012)

GW (Thur River) Macrolide:CTR

Min-max GW:CTR=nd-3.7

SPE-HPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na CTR=0.2

Sulfonamides:SMX; SMZ

SMX=8.8-15; SMZ=5.2-6.1 na SMX=7.0; SMZ=0.2

(McArdell et al. 2003)

WWTPE (Zurich-Werdhoelzli; Kloten-Opfikon; Debendorf)

Macrolides:CTR; ERT; RXT; SPR; TLS

Min-max WWTPE:CTR=57-194; ERT=<LOQ-199; RXT=<LOQ-31; SPR=nd; TLS=nd

SPE-HPLC-(Q)MS na CTR=10; ERT=20; RXT=5; SPR=70; TLS=25

(Golet et al. 2002)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Fällanden; Kloten-Opfikon; Niederglatt; Bulach); RW (Glatt River)

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; DIF; DNF; ERF; FRX; LMF; NOF; OFX/LVF; PPA

Min-max WWTPI:CPF=313-568; DIF=nd; DNF=nd; ERF=nd; FRX=nd; LMF=nd; NOF=255-553; OFX/LVF=nd; PPA=nd

WWTPE:CPF=62-106; DIF=nd; DNF=nd; ERF=nd; FRX=nd; LMF=nd; NOF=36-73; OFX/LVF=nd; PPA=nd

RW:CPF=5-18; DIF=nd; DNF=nd; ERF=nd; FRX=nd; LMF=nd; NOF=5-18; OFX/LVF=nd; PPA=nd

SPE-HPLC-FL CPF=2.5; DIF=2.5; DNF=0.5; ERF=3.0; FRX=2.5; LMF=3.0; NOF=2.5; OFX/LVF=5.0; PPA=3.0

CPF=9; DIF=9; DNF=5; ERF=10; FRX=9; LMF=10; NOF=9; OFX/LVF=17; PPA=10

UK(Miller et al. 2015)

RW (Thames River) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT


SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=2 TMT=5

Sulfonamides:SMZ; SPN

SMZ, SPN=nd SMZ=4; SPN=11 SMZ=15; SPN=36

(Gardner et al. 2012)

WWTPE (162 different locations)

Macrolide:ERT

Min-max WWTPE:ERT=nd-8,000

SPE-LC-MS/MS ERT=10 na


OFX=nd-300 OFX=10 na

Tetracycline:OXT

OXT=nd-3,000 OXT=10 na

(Hordern et al. 2009)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Cilfynydd; Coslech); RW (Ely and Taff Rivers)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max WWTPI:CRP=<LOQ-452

WWTPE:CRP=<LOQ-69

RW:CRP=<LOQ-40

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=0.5 CRP=2-6


TMT=464-6,796 TMT=385-3,052 TMT=<LOQ-183 TMT=0.5 TMT=1.5-3

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=144-10,025 ERT=23-2,841 ERT=<LOQ-121 ERT=0.1 ERT=0.5-15


Matrices (location)




Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=158-1,583 MND=60-561 MND=<LOQ-24 MND=0.5 MND=1.5-16

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ-274 SMX=<LOQ-44 SMX=<LOQ-8 SMX=0.1 SMX=0.5-3

(Hordern et al. 2008a)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Cilfynydd); RW (Taff Rivers)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max WWTPI:CRP=<LOQ

WWTPE:CRP=<LOQ

RW:CRP=<LOQ

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=0.5 CRP=2-6


AMX =<LOQ AMX =<LOQ AMX =<LOQ AMX =2.5 AMX =10-87


TMT=1,879 TMT=1,004 TMT=<LOQ-108 TMT=0.5 TMT=1.5-3

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=404 ERT=830 ERT=<LOQ-40 ERT=0.1 ERT=0.5-15

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=2,608 MND=373 MND=<LOQ-5 MND=0.5 MND=1.5-16

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ SMX=12 SMX=<LOQ-1 SMX=0.1 SMX=0.5-3

(Hordern et al. 2008b)

RW (Taff River) Amphenicol:CRP

RW:CRP=<LOQ

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=0.5 CRP=2.0

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ SMX=0.5 SMX=2.0

(Hordern et al. 2008c)

RW (Ely and Taff Rivers)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=<LOQ-40

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=0.5 CRP=2


AMX =<LOQ-552 AMX =2.5 AMX =10


TMT=<LOQ-183 TMT=0.5 TMT=1.5

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=<LOQ-351 ERT=0.1 ERT=0.5

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=<LOQ-24 MND=0.5 MND=1.5

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ-4 SMX=0.1 SMX=0.5

(Nebot et al. 2007)

WWTPE; RW; TW; SeaW (North Scotland)


WWTPE:TMT=362

RW:TMT=nd

TW:TMT=nd

SeaW:TMT=nd

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS TMT=0.07 TMT=0.25

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=186 ERT=nd ERT=nd ERT=nd ERT=0.07 ERT=0.22

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=0.13 SMX=0.43

(Zhang and Zhou 2007)

RW (Ouse River) Sulfonamides:SMX

Min-max RW:SMX=<LOQ-20.6

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

SMX=0.084 SMX=0.079


Matrices (location)




(Roberts and Thomas 2006)

WWTPI; WWTPE (Howdon); RW (Tyne River)



WWTPE:TMT=218-322

RW:TMT=4-19

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS TMT=10 na

Macrolides:ERT

ERT=71-141 ERT=145-290 ERT=nd-70 ERT=4 na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=<LOQ SMX=<LOQ SMX=nd SMX=20 na

(Blackwell et al. 2004)

RW (Trent River, Shardlow)

Macrolides:TLS

RW:TLS=nd

SPE-HPLC-UV/Vis TLS=350 na

Sulfonamide:SCP

SCP=613,200 SCP=250 na

Tetracycline:OXT

OXT=36,100 OXT=350 na

(Thomas and Hilton 2004)

RW (Tyne, Tees, Mersey, Thames, and Belfast Lough Rivers)




Macrolides:ERT

ERT=nd ERT=4 na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd SMX=20 na

(Hilton and Thomas 2003)

WWTPE; SW (16 different locations)



SW:TMT=nd-39


Macrolides:ERT

ERT=130-180 ERT=57-1,000 ERT=10 na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd SMX=nd SMX=50 na

Various countries(A)

(Ruff et al. 2015)

RW (Rhine River) Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

RW:TMT=nd-25

SPE-LC-(Q-LIT-ORBITRAP)MS/MS

na TMT=1

Macrolides:AZT; CTR; ERT; TLS

AZT=nd-2; CTR=2-21; ERT=nd-13; TLS=nd na AZT=1; CTR=1; ERT=10; TLS=50

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=nd na MND=5

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; NOF; RXT

CPF=nd; NOF=nd; RXT=nd-8 na CPF=100; NOF=100; RXT=5

Sulfonamides:SDM; SDZ; SMX; SMZ; SPD; STA

SDM=nd; SDZ=nd; SMX=3-47; SMZ=nd; SPD=nd-9; STA=nd-101 na SDM=5; SDZ=10; SMX=1; SMZ=10; SPD=5; STA=10


Matrices (location)




(B)(Loos et al. 2013)

WWTPE Amphenicol:FFN

Max WWTPE:FFN=nd

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

na FFN=100

β-lactams: PenicillinsAMX; PNG; PNV

AMP=nd; AMX=nd; PNG=nd; PNV=33 na AMP=25; AMX=25; PNG=50; PNV=50


TMT=800 na TMT=10


CDM=277; LCM=317 na CDM=10; LCM=15

Macrolides:TLS; TMC

TLS=nd; TMC=93.2 na TLS=50; TMC=20

Pleuromutilin:TAM

TAM=44.5 na TAM=20

Quinolones:FluoroquinolonesCPF; ERFOther quinolonesFMQ

CPF=264; ERF=nd; FMQ=25.7 na CPF=15; ERF=20; FMQ=20

Sulfonamides:SDX; SDZ; SMX

SDX=nd; SDZ=105; SMX=1,691 na SDX=20; SDZ=30; SMX=50

Tetracyclines:DXC; OXT

DXC, OXT=nd na DXC=50; OXT=30

(C)(Loos, Locoro, Comero, et al. 2010)

GW Sulfonamide:SMX

Max GW:SMX=38

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

SMX=0.5 na

(D)(Loos, Locoro, and Contini 2010)

RW (Danube River and tributaries)

Sulfonamide:SMX

Max RW:SMX=28-204

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

SMX=1 na

(E)(Terzić et al. 2008)

WWTPI Diaminopyrimidine:TMT

Min-max WWTPI:TMT=nd-2,550

SPE-LC-(QqQ)MS/MS

TMT=12 na

Macrolides:AZT; ERT; JSM; RXT

AZT=nd-1,140; ERT=nd-420; JSM=nd-16; RXT=nd-50 AZT=2; ERT=1; JSM=8; RXT=2

na


CPF=nd-2,610; ERF=nd-18; NOF=nd-2,940; OFX=nd-<LOQ CPF=7; ERF=2; NOF=3; OFX=42

na

Sulfonamides:SDZ; SMR; SMX; SMZ; SPD; STA

SDZ=nd-132; SMR=nd-20; SMX=nd-11,600; SMZ=nd-186; SPD=nd-931; STA=nd-4

SDZ=1; SMR=1; SMX=1; SMZ=2; SPD=4; STA=1

na


Matrices (location)




(F)(Hordern et al. 2007)

RW (Taff River and Warta Rivers)

Amphenicol:CRP

Min-max RW:CRP=<LOQ

SPE-UPLC-(QqQ)MS/MS

CRP=2.5 na

β-lactam:Penicillin AMX

AMX=<LOQ-245 AMX=2.5 na


TMT=<LOQ-27 TMT=0.5 na

Macrolide:ERT

ERT=<LOQ-22 ERT=0.1 na

Nitroimidazole:MND

MND=<LOQ MND=0.5 na


CPF=nr CPF=nr na

Sulfonamides:SMX; SPD

SMX=<LOQ-39; SPD=<LOQ-60 SMX=0.5; SPD=0.1

na

Tetracyclines:DXC

DXC=nr DXC=nr na

(G)(Petrovic et al. 2006)

WWTPI; WWTPE Diaminopyrimidine:TMT


WWTPE:TMT=nd-230

SPE-UPLC-(Q-TOF)MS/MS

TMT=10 na

Macrolides:AZT; ERT

AZT=nd-450; ERT=nd-250 AZT=nd-300; ERT=nd-280 AZT=70; ERT=100 na


OFX=nd OFX=nd OFX=500 na

Sulfonamide:SMX

SMX=nd-960 SMX=nd-800 SMX=150 na

AbbreviationsStudy: Various countries: (A) - Germany and Netherlands border; (B) - Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands,

Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland; (C) - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; (D) - Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia; E - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia; (F) - Poland and UK; (G) - Croatia and Spain.

Matrices: DW - drinking water; DWWTPE - domestic wastewater treatment plant effluent; GW - groundwater; HWWTPE - hospital wastewater treatment plant effluent; HWWTPI - hospital wastewater treatment plant influent; LW - lake water; ResW - reservoir water; RW - river water; SeaW - sea water; SW - surface water; TW - tap water; WLW - wetland water; WTPE - water treatment plant effluent; WW - wastewater; WWTPE - wastewater treatment plant effluent; WWTPI - wastewater treatment plant influent.

Active agents: aminoglycoside: streptomycins: DST - dihydrostreptomycin, STM - streptomycin; other aminoglycosides: NMC - neomycin; amphenicols: CRP - chloramphenicol, FFN - florfenicol, TAP - thiamphenicol; β-lactams: cephalosporins: CDX - cefadroxil, CLX - cefalexin, CPD - cefpodoxime, CPR - cefapirin, CPZ - cefoperazone, CQN - cefquinome, CRX - cefuroxime, CTF - ceftiofur, CTN - ceftriaxone, CTX - cefotaxime, CTZ – ceftazidime, CZL - cefazolin; penicillins: AMP - ampicillin, AMX - amoxicillin, BZP - benzylpenicillin, CXC - cloxacillin, DCX - dicloxacillin, FCX - flucloxacillin, MTC - meticillin, MZC - mezlocillin, NFC - nafcillin, OXC - oxacillin, PNG - penicillin G, PNV - penicillin V, PNX - phenoxymethylpenicillin, PPR – piperacillin; diaminopyrimidines: TMT - trimethoprim, OMT - ormethoprim; glycopeptides: VCM - vancomycin; lincosamides: CDM - clindamycin, LCM - lincomycin; macrolides: AZT - azithromycin, CTR - clarithromycin, ERT - erythromycin, JSM - josamycin, OLD - oleandomycin, RXT - roxithromycin, SPR - spiramycin, TLS - tylosin, TMC - tilmicosin; nitroimidazoles: DTZ - dimetridazole, MND - metronidazole, OND - ornidazole, RND - ronidazole; pleuromutilins: TAM - tiamulin, VNM - valnemulin; quinolones: fluoroquinolones: BSF - besifloxacin, CPF - ciprofloxacin, DIF - difloxacin, DNF - danofloxacin, ENX - enoxacin, ERF - enrofloxacin, FRX - fleroxacin, GTF - gatifloxacin, LMF - lomefloxacin, LVF - levofloxacin, MBF - marbofloxacin, MXF - moxifloxacin, NOF - norfloxacin, OBF - orbifloxacin, OFX - ofloxacin, PEF -

pefloxacin, SRF - sarafloxacin; other quinolones: CNO - cinoxacin, FMQ - flumequine, NLA - nalidixic acid, OXA - oxolinic acid, PPA - pipemidic acid; steroid antibacterials: FSA - fusidic acid; streptogramin: VGN - virginiamycin; sulfonamides: SBZ - sulfabenzamide, SCP - sulfachlorpyridazine, SCT - sulfacetamide, SCZ - sulfachloropyrazine, SDD - sulfadimidine, SDM - sulfadimethoxine, SDX - sulfadoxine, SDZ - sulfadiazine, SGD - sulfaguanidine, SMM - sulfamonomethoxine, SMP - sulfamethoxypyridazine, SMR - sulfamerazine, SMT - sulfamethizole, SMX - sulfamethoxazole, SMZ - sulfamethazine, SNL - sulfanilamide, SNT - sulfanitran, SPD - sulfapyridine, SPN - sulfaphenazole, SQN - sulfaquinoxaline, SSD - sulfisomidine, SSL - sulfasalazine, SSX - sulfisoxazole, STA - sulfathiazole, STZ - sulfamethiazole, SXL - sulfamoxole; tetracyclines: CTC - chlortetracycline, DMC - demeclocycline, DXC - doxycycline, OXT - oxytetracycline, TTC - tetracycline; other antibacterials: MNN - monensine, SLN - salinomycin, SPT - spectinomycin.

Concentrations: max - maximum detected value; min – minimum detected value; nd - not detected; nr - not recovered; nq - not quantified.Analytical methods: sample preparation methods: DLLME - dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, SPE - solid phase extraction; SPME - solid-phase microextraction; chromatography

separation methods: HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography; HRMS - high resolution mass spectrometry, LC - liquid chromatography, RRLC - rapid resolution liquid chromatography, UHPLC - ultra high performance liquid chromatography, UPLC - ultra-performance liquid chromatography; detection methods: DAD - diode array detector, FL - fluorescence detector, MS - mass spectrometry (IT - ion trap; LIT - linear ion trap; HRMS - high resolution mass spectrometry; Q - single quadrupole; QqQ - triple quadrupole; TOF - time of fligh; UIT - ultra ion trap), UV/Vis - ultraviolet/visible.

Analytical parameters: LOD - limit of detection; LOQ - limit of quantification; na - information not available.

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