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Supplementary material

for

The missing nitrogen pieces: a critical review on the distribution, transformation, and budget of nitrogen in the vadose zone-groundwater system

Jia Xina,*, Yang Liua, Fei Chenb, Yijun Duanb, Guanli Weia, Xilai Zhenga, Miao Lib,*

a Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

b School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

1

Table S1 Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in soil. Country Study area Sample

numberLand use Depth

(cm)TN concentration (g N kg-1) Ref.

Min. Max. Mean

China Liaoning province 146 Cropland, forest, grassland, wetland, and other types (e.g., urban area, industry, roads)

0-5 0.29 8.85 1.32 [1]5-15 0.29 9.78 1.6815-30 0.18 15.18 1.3630-60 0.12 16.61 1.2260-100 0.01 11.02 0.82

China Wangmaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau

216 Terrace (25.78%), grassland (36.51%), forestland (9.15%), sloping cropland (22.32%), dammed farmland (6.24%)

0-20 0.17 1.41 0.45 [2]20-40 0.09 1.02 0.3240-60 0.09 1.49 0.29

China Jieshigou catchment area in Shannxi province

444 Forestland (79.9%), shrub thickets (4.2%), grassland (11.6%), roads and bare land (4.3%)

0-20 0.91 4.96 2.84 [3]20-40 0.33 4.08 1.9440-60 0.31 3.29 1.43

China Loess Plateau region 764 Cropland, grassland, forestland 0-20 0.05 3.82 0.74 [4]20-40 0.03 2.91 0.54

China Beijing 127 Residential area, business area, classical garden, culture and education area, public green space, and roadside area

0-20 0.42 1.76 0.75 [5]

China Near Linfen city 70 Cropland 0-20 0.65 1.83 1.03 [6]20-40 0.05 1.19 0.66

China Yingwugou Watershed in Shaanxi Province

296 Cropland, grassland, forestland 0-10 0.50 1.53 - [7]10-20 0.367 1.12 -20-40 0.256 0.674 -40-60 0.317 0.412 -

Canada Southern Québec - Forestland free of major human activity and with no peat bogs 5-17 7.1 21.1 16.7 [8]China Quzhou, Shunyi, Shouguang 9 Greenhouse vegetable production 0-30 1.0 1.62 1.33 [9]

9 Cereal fields 0-30 0.78 0.93 0.84Canada Southern Québec 106 Farmland, wooded and urban areas, hills and valleys with mixed forests

and pastures0-20 1 5 1.9 [10]

2

England The North Wyke Farm platform 25 Hydrologically-isolated permanent pasture 0-2 5.7 9.0 - [11]2-10 4.9 7.2 -

South India Masuti located in Bijarpur district 259 Small holder farm 0-15 0.166 1.18 0.514 [12]Canada Alberta and Saskatchewan 370 Forested vegetation or from arable cropland 0-100 0.1 7.59 - [13]Germany Permslin farm 140 Cropland 0-20 0.586 1.42 0.845 [14]West Africa The Mo river basin at Mo 75 Dry forests, Fallows, Cultivating farms, Gallery forests, Shrubs,

Woodlands, Woody savannahs0-10 0.2 3.8 1.01 [15]10-30 0.2 1.9 0.610-30 0.4 5.7 1.63

USA Seward County, Nebraska, Kern County, California, and Lubbock County, Texas

675 Cropland 0-45 0.06 3.3 0.84 [16]

Australia Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion of western Queensland

60 Pasture 0-10 0.24 0.79 0.49 [17]0-30 0.25 0.79 0.690-50 0.23 0.81 0.42

Iran Hilly regions of Ardal district 91 Natural grazing 0-30 0.33 1.62 1.1 [18]Ethiopia Mandae watershed located in

Tigray Regional State20 Rain fed crop production, agroforestry based crop production, open

communal pasture, silvo pasture, irrigation based fruit production0-5 - - 0.31-2.24 [19]5-10 - - 0.32-1.1510-20 - - 0.35-0.9920-30 - - 0.35-0.86

India Almora district of Uttarakhand 111 Barren land, cultivated land, grass land, forest land 0-45 - - 1.75-2.31 [20]UK Silsoe Farm 174 Avenue, Orchard, Ivy, Shoeground, Copse 0-15 0.9 3.1 2 [21]Iran Neirang district of Mazandaran

province80 Natural forest and plantation 0-15 - - 0.23-0.47 [22]

Argentina The Natural Reserve of Chancaní - Natural Reserve 0-10 - - 1.69 [23]Ireland Teagasc, Johnstown Castle

Environmental Research Centre in Wexford

3 Grazed grassland 0-10 - - 3.0-5.3 [24]

UK Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd - Grassland 0-15 - - 3.4-23 [25]Iran West of Sabzevar 36 Alluvial fans 0-30 0.12 0.84 0.3 [26]

3

Table S2 Net and gross mineralization activity in different soils.Experimental method

Sample number

N input(published units)

Depth (cm)

Land use Soil texture C:N ratio

Incubation moisture levels

Land information and incubation condition

Net N mineralization rate (μg N g−1 d−1)

Ref.

Non-15N tracing Lab-incubation

5 Unfertilized control 0-20 Cropland Sandy loam 12.44a 55% WFPS (water-filled pore space)

- 0.498 [27]Poplar tree compost: 126.5 kg N ha-1

0.471

Vegetable and fruit waste compost:127.6 kg N ha-1

0.361

Fresh Clover:126.0 kg N ha-1

1.056

Fresh dairy cattle manure: 125.4 kg N ha-

1

0.487


4 Pig manure: 138 kg N ha-1 +chemical fertilizers: 120 kg N ha-

1

- Cropland - 7.2b 60% WHC (water holding capacity)

Ammonifier addition 1.22c [28]

Control 0.91c

Unfertilized control 8.1b Ammonifier addition 1.17cControl 0.94c


4 Urea: 239 kg N ha-1 <5-20 Cropland Clay 10.09a Soil/water ratio 4:1.2

Control 1.40c [29]5 mg kg-1 phosphate addition

1.66c

25 mg kg-1

phosphate addition2.04c

50 mg kg-1

phosphate addition2.16c


14 - 0-15 Cropland Clay 11 60% WFPS - 0.96-1.25c [30]Loam 11 2.04-2.39cSandy-loam 11 1.11-1.29c

Silty- clay- 10 1.89-2.07c

4

loamNon-15N tracing Lab-incubation

12 Unfertilized control 0-20 Cropland Loam 13.6-18.4

60% WHC - 0.35c [31]Different fertilizer mixtures: 400 m g N kg-1

-5.85-2.88c


18 - 0-10 Cropland Sandy loam 11 60% WHC T=10-35oC 0.03-0.38c [32]80% WHC 0.09-0.22c100% WHC 0.09-0.39c


4 Urea: 250 kg ha-1 - Cropland - - 45% WHC Control 1.28 [33]Corn straw biochar addition at ratio 2%

1.80

Corn straw biochar addition at ratio 4%

1.72

Corn straw biochar addition at ratio 8%

1.51


1 Urea: 200 m g N kg-1 0-20 Cropland Sandy loam - 70-80% fieldcapacity

- 0.151b [34]


24 - 0-20 Grassland Sandy loam 12 40% WHC T=10-35oC 0.03-0.45c [32]60% WHC 0.09-0.82c80% WHC 0.02-0.66c100% WHC 0.00-0.52c


216 - 0-10 Grassland - 10.46 15-35% g H2O/100 g dry soil

T=10-35oC 1.49 [35]10.65 1.4010.80 1.19

In situ incubation 5 - 0-10 Grassland - 5.33 - Moss-covered soil -0.12-0.32 [36]5.73 Algae–lichen-covered

soil2.80 Bare soil


1 Urea: 250 μg N g-1 soil 0-7.5 Grassland Clay loam - 65% WFPS None 0.53 [37]Dicyandiamide (DCD) addition

0.11

5

N-(butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) addition

0.12

DCD+NBPT addition 0.39In situ incubation 1 Urea: 100 kg N ha-1 0-7.5 Grassland Clay loam - 63.53%

WFPSNone 6.00 [37]Dicyandiamide (DCD) addition

5.23

N-(butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) addition

7.38

DCD+NBPT addition 2.08In situ incubation 16 - 0-15 Grassland - 10.0-

13.3Water Content (WC) 28.3-78.1%

Altitude: 3000m, 3500m, 4000mSlope: south facing slope, north facing slope

0.063-0.268a [38]


1 - 0-20 Grassland Sandy loam - 70-80% fieldcapacity

1.26b [34]


3 - 0-10 Forestland - 23.26a 60% WHC Before the prescribed burning

-1.55 [39]

18.26a 1 month after prescribed burning

0.53

27.17a 3 months after prescribed burning

0.23


24 - 0-20 Forestland Sandy loam 10 40% WHC T=10-35oC 0.06-0.42c [32]60% WHC 0.13-0.51c80% WHC 0.16-0.49c100% WHC 0.08-0.57c


120 - 0-5 Forestland Sandy, clay, loams

11-13 - Hilltop -Dry season -0.22--0.10c [40]

12-16 Hilltop -Early-rainy 0.92-1.29c17-25 Hilltop -Rainy season 0.81-1.39c12 Hillslope -Dry season 0.06-0.17c

6

11-14 Hillslope -Early-rainy 1.53-1.69c14-16 Hillslope -Rainy season 1.74-2.14c


38 - 0-10 Forestland - - - - 0.01-3.36 [41]


2 - 0-20 Forestland Sandy loam - 70–80% fieldcapacity

Natural secondary regenerated forests

1.51 [34]

Man-made forests 0.84In situ incubation 48 - 0-10 Wetland - - - Short-term flooding -0.23-0.08b [42]

Tidal flooding -0.12-0.05bSeasonal flooding -0.14-0.19b


20 - 0-15 Paddy soil - 14.2 - Aerobic 0.28-0.90 [43]Anaerobic 0.76-1.65

13.9 - Aerobic 1.22-2.24Anaerobic 0.98-1.98


30 - 0-20 Paddy soil Loam, Clay 8.57-12.73a

- - 0.73-2.46a [44]

Experimental method

Sample number


Depth (cm)




Gross N mineralization rate(μg N g−1 d−1)

Ref.

15N tracing Lab-incubation

10 15NH4NO3 or NH4

15NO3 solution: 40 mg N kg−1 soil

0-20 Cropland Loamy clay 10.1 50% WHC Rice-Rice 5.26a [45]Loamy clay 10.2 Spring maize

monoculture1.03a

Silty clay 11.9 Rice-Wheat 2.62aSandy loam 10.1 Wheat-Maize 1.61aSlity loam 12.0 Spring maize

monoculture3.24a

Sandy loam 9.3 Spring maize monoculture

1.32a

Silty loam 10.9 Spring maize monoculture

2.02a

Sandy loam 12.3 Cereals-Oilseed 1.40a

7

rotationClay 9.0 Cereals-Oilseed

rotation2.91a

Sandy loam 9.0 Cereals-Oilseed rotation

3.43a


16 15NH4NO3 or NH4

15NO3 solution:40 mg N kg−1 soil

0-15 Cropland - 11.96 60% WHC No Tillage (0-5 cm) 1.13 [46]11.16 No Tillage (0-15 cm) 0.3411.44 Conventional tillage (0-

5 cm)0.58

11.68 Conventional tillage (5-15 cm)

0.79


3 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Cropland - 11.04 60%WHC No fertilizer application 1.039 [47]10.52 N and P applications 1.71812.14 N and P applications

with composted pigmanure

2.334


3 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Grassland - - 65% WHC Control 1.20-3.82b [48]HCl addition 1.40-4.34bLow KOH addition 0.23-5.67bHigh KOH addition 2.52-7.88b


1 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Grassland - 12.10 60%WHC - 3.034 [47]


38 - 0-10 Forestland - - Field moisture content

- 0.82 -13.45 [41]


3 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Forestland - 14.7 40% WHC - 3.70-4.96 [49]

13.2 - 0.99-3.73

13.2 - 2.33-3.66

10.9 - 0.41-2.0415N tracing Lab- 3 15NH4NO3 or 0-20 Forestland Silt loam - 65% WHC Control 2.32-6.33b [48]

8

incubation NH415NO3 solution:

80 mg N kg−1 soilHCl addition 1.18-3.13bLow KOH addition 1.90-6.92bHigh KOH addition 2.51-7.88b


30 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Paddy soil Silt loam 11 60% WHC T=5oC 0.01-0.35b [50]T=15oC 0.34-1.26bT=25oC 0.91-1.58bT=35oC 0.75-4.18b

Silty clay 9.79 T=5oC 0.09-0.29bT=15oC 0.44-1.50bT=25oC 0.96-2.72bT=35oC 3.02-5.60b


28 15NH4NO3 or NH4


0-20 Paddy soil - 9.2 60% WHC - 2.26 [51]

a The data have been calculated based on available reported data in the literature.

b The data have been obtained from figures in the literature.

c The data have been calculated by dividing the accumulated mineral N (obtained from Figure) with incubation days.

9

Table S3 Net and gross nitrification activity in different soils.Experimental method

Sample number

N input (published units) Depth (cm)




Net N nitrification rate (μg N g−1 d−1)

Ref.


12 Unfertilized control 0-90 Cropland Silt loam - - - 1.4-10.5ab [52]Ammonium sulfate: 100 kg N ha-1

2.8-24.5ab

Ammonium sulfate: 200 kg N ha-1

2.8-48ab

Steer-waste compost: 200 kg N ha-1

2.8-15.4ab


9 (NH4)2SO4:112 mg N kg−1 dry soil

0-20 Cropland - 9.55 60% WHC Acidic -0.23 [53]7.69 Neutral 2.317.69 alkaline 7.04


1 - 0-20 Cropland Sandy loam - 70-80% fieldcapacity

- 0.15a [34]

In situ incubation

16 - 0-15 Grassland - 10.0-13.3

WC 28.3-78.1% Altitude: 3000m, 3500m, 4000mSlope: south facing slope, north facing slope

0.088-0.287a [38]


1 - 0-20 Grassland Sandy loam - 70–80% fieldcapacity

- 1.21a [34]


38 - 0-10 Forestland - - Field moisture content

- 0.00-3.16 [41]


54 - 0-20 Forestland Clay loam 16.03 60% WHC - 0.04-1.2a [54]

In situ experiment

4 - 0-20 Forestland Sandy loam 14.6 Field moisture content

- 0.04a -0.231 [55]Silt loam 18.2 0.07a -0.242

10

Sandy loam 17.3 0.09a -0.289Silt loam 18.1 0.12a -0.334

In situ experiment

30 - 0-10 Forestland - 17.1 - - -0.03-0.18a [56]


2 Control 0-20 Forestland Sandy loam - 70–80% fieldcapacity

Natural secondary regenerated forests

1.33 [34]

Man-made forests 0.89aNon-15N tracing Lab-incubation

6 (NH4)2SO4:50 mg N kg−1

0-20 Paddy soil Clay loam - 60% WHC - 0.48 [57]Loamy sand 0.36Clay loam 0.91Silt loam 2.25Loam 3.18Silty clay 5.72

Experimental method

Sample number

Nitrogen input(published units)

Depth (cm)



Land management Gross N nitrification rate(μg N g−1 d−1)

Ref.

15N Tracing Lab-incubation

10 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3

solution:100 mg N kg-1 soil

0-20 Cropland Silt loam 12.1 30%, 50%, 70% WFPS

Maize-soybean rotation farmland

2.27-7.96 [58]

15N Tracing In site experiment

144 15NH4Cl 0-10 Cropland Silt loam 16.10 70% WHC None 3.38 [59]15.92 Biochar addition 9.09


10 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3

solution:40 mg N kg−1 soil

0-20 Cropland Loamy clay 10.1 50% WHC Rice-Rice 0.25 [45]Loamy clay 10.2 Spring maize

monoculture3.05

Silty clay 11.9 Rice-Wheat 8.06Sandy loam 10.1 Wheat-Maize 11.04Slity loam 12.0 Spring maize

Monoculture14.24

Sandy loam 9.3 Spring maize Monoculture

6.94

Silty loam 10.9 Spring maize Monoculture

14.43

11

Sandy loam 12.3 Cereals-Oilseed Rotation

4.15

Clay 9.0 Cereals-Oilseed Rotation

13.26

Sandy loam 9.0 Cereals-Oilseed Rotation

11.29


16 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3 solution:40 mg N kg−1 soil

0-15 Cropland - 11.96 60% WHC No Tillage (0-5 cm) 3.33 [46]11.16 No Tillage (0-15 cm) 1.3911.44 Conventional Tillage

(0-5 cm)2.03

11.68 Conventional Tillage (5-15 cm)

1.63


3 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3

solution:60 mg N kg−1 soil

0-20 Cropland - 11.04 60%WHC No fertilizer application

2.989 [47]

10.52 N and P applications 4.18812.14 N and P applications

with composted pigmanure

5.864



solution: 80 mg N kg−1

soil

0-20 Grassland - - 65% WHC Control 2.27-4.93 [48]HCl addition 0.05-0.23Low KOH addition 0.41-10.87High KOH addition 0.25-14.40




soil

0-20 Grassland - 12.10 60%WHC - 1.923 [47]


38 15NH4Cl or Na15NO3: 4 mg N kg−1 soil

0-10 Forestland - - Field moisture content

- 0.04-3.78 [41]




soil

0-20 Forestland - 14.7 40% WHC - 0.99-2.19 [49]13.2 1.97-8.6013.2 2.34-3.3610.9 4.22-5.76

15N Tracing Lab-incubation

9 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3 0-10 Forestland - 15.5-

16.560% WHC - 0.09-0.18 [60]

12


soil15N tracing Lab-incubation



soil

0-20 Forestland Silt loam - 65% WHC Control 0.10-0.37a [48]HCl addition 0.00-0.00aLow KOH addition 0.00-1.68aHigh KOH addition 0.02-4.90a



solution: 100 mg N kg−1 soil

0-20 Paddy soil Silt 11 60% WHC T=5oC 1.12-2.62a [50]

T=15oC 1.65-9.94a

T=25oC 2.46-7.14a

T=35oC 1.59-11.3a

Silty clay 9.79 T=5oC 2.32-4.02a

T=15oC 0.67-20.1a

T=25oC 0.36-26.6a

T=35oC 0.32-24.8a

a The data have been obtained from figures in the literature.

b The data have been calculated by dividing the accumulated mineral N (obtained from Figure) with incubation days.

13

Table S4 Denitrification activity in different soils.Experimental method

Sample number

N input Depth (cm)




N denitrification rate (μg N g-1 d-1)

Ref.

Acetylene block incubation

6 - 0-7.5 Cropland Loam - 0.32-0.80 g water g−1 dry soil

Snow removal, snow accumulation, and ambient snow treatments

0.29-0.83a [61]

Sandy loam - 0.27-0.56 g water g−1 dry soil

0.06-0.41a


12 - 0-10 Cropland Clay loam 11.1-14.8

Field moisture content

Monoculture, 2-year rotation or 3 year rotation

0.54-3.79 [62]75 μg NO3

--N g−1 soil 0.51-3.95Acetylene block incubation

15 - 0-20 Abandoned cropland

- 5.2-15.7 - Abandoned farming 0, 9, 21, 32, and 45 years

0.013-0.062 [63]


18 200 μg NO3–-N g−1

soil0-20 Grassland Loam 13 Soil/water

ratio 1:1Elevations ranged from 10 to 185 m asl

0.105 [64]Forestland 14 0.112


4 50 μg NO3--N g−1 dry

soil0-20 Forestland - 10.1-

20.8Soil/water ratio 1:1

Natural secondary coniferous forest

0.19-1.04a [65]

Shrub forest land 0.19-1.27aAcetylene block incubation

1 100 μg NO3--N g−1

soil0-15 City park

soilLoamy sand 11.7 25 Uncompacted-anaerobic 7.2a [66]

59 Compacted-anaerobic 12.1a30 μg NO3

--N g−1 soil 97 Uncompacted-aerobic 0.002a52 Compacted-aerobic 1.77a


14 - 0-20 Wetland - - - Different seasons, different time after rainfall

-0.04-0.36a [67]


52 - 0-20 Riparian soil

- - Different groundwater tables

0.02-0.93b [68]


9 200 μg NO3–-N g−1 soil 0-

20,20-50,50-100

Riparian soil

Sandy loam 12 Soil/water ratio 1:1

- 1.05 [64]

14


36 - 2-5,12-15,22-25,32-35

Riparian soil

- 8.5-12b - Three vegetation types 0.002-0.80a [69]


1 50 μg NO3--N g−1 dry

soil0-20 Paddy soil - 19.1 - - 2.93a [65]


2 Na15NO3: 0.89 μg 15NO3

−-N g−1 soil0-20 Cropland - - - Winter 0.41a [70]

Na15NO3: 0.55 μg 15NO3

−-N g−1 soil- Summer 0.94a


1 K15NO3−solution: 50

μg NO3--N g−1 dry soil

0-10 Grassland Loam 10 80 - 3.4 [71]100 9.9


6 K15NO3: 50μg N g−1 dry soil

- Forestland - - Soil/water ratio 1:1

Temperate zone 2.86-3.05a [72]Subtropical zone 1.54-2.59aTropical zone 0.26a


4 K15NO3: 50 or 100 μg NO3

--N g−1 dry soil- Paddy soil Silt loam 11.0 Soil/water

ratio 1:1Alluvial deposits 3.5/4.44a [73]

Silty clay 9.79 Lacustrine sediment 5.59/6.55aSilt loam 7.03 Red sandstone 0.34/0.48aClay loam 7.14 Quaternary red clay 1.34/1.94a


1 14 μg 15NO3−-N g−1 soil 0-20 Paddy soil - - Soil/water

ratio 1:5Different temperatures (5, 15, 20, 25, 35 oC) and pH (4.8, 6.6, 7.3, 8.0, 10.1)

1.61-25 [74]


12 100 μM 15N 0-20 Paddy soil Broad-scale variability

8.67-18.2

Soil/water ratio 1:3.6

- 1.41-27.34a [75]


11 8.4 μg 15NO3−-N g−1

soil0-20 Paddy soil - 10.4-

18.4Soil/water ratio 1:5

Rice production areas in China

0.80-2.79a [76]


6 8.4 μg 15NO3−-N g−1

soil2-70 Intertidal

soilSilt - Soil/water

ratio 1:5A tidal creek zone, a mangrove zone , and a bare mudflat zone

0.60-3.09a [77]


6 8.4 μg 15NO3−-N g−1

soil0-100 Intertidal

soilSilt - Soil/water

ratio 1:5Tidal treatment 0.89a [78]

Non-tidal treatment 0.62

15

a To facilitate comparisons, data reported in unit of nmol g-1 h- or ng g-1 h-1 were re-calculated to the current unit (μg g-1 d-1) for consistency.


16

Table S5 DNRA activity in different soils.Experimental method

Sample number

N input Depth (cm) Land use Soil texture

C:N ratio



DNRA Ref.Rate(μg N g−1 d−1)

Contribution for NO3

- loss (%)

15N tracing lab-incubation

5 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 solution: 60 μg 15N g−1 soil

0-20 Cropland - 10.8 60% WHC

Potato 0.00 - [79]10.4 Citrus 0.009.08 Mixed-vegetable 0.00


2 (15NH4)2SO4 or K15NO3: 1.535-1.855 μg 15N g−1 soil

0-20 Cropland/grassland rotation

- 10.14-10.46

60% WFPS

Annual cereal rotation

0.05-0.08b - [80]

9.56-9.75

A short-term ley rotation

0.15-0.17b 99


3 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 solution:35 μg 15N g−1 soil

0-10 Grassland Clay 11.4 40-95% WFPS

Wetting 1.44-5.60 47-83a [81]Loam 9.8 1.40-33.34 78-98aSandy clay loam

10.4 0.99-2.35 26-91a


5 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 solution: 60 μg 15N g−1 soil

0-20 Forestland - 16 60% WHC

Shrubland 0.15 >90 [79]

13.8 Eucalyptus plantation

0.15 >90


1 50 μg 15NH4Cl-N g-1, and 5 μg K 15NO3-N g-1 dry soil

0-10 Forestland Sandy loam

19.7 50% WFPS

- 0.448 >99 [82]


3 15(NH4)2SO4 at 0.023 μg/g and 15KNO3 at 0.12 μg/g

0-10 Forestland - - - Ambient atmospheres

0.5-1.2 - [83]

N2 atmospheres 2.8-8.715N tracing lab-incubation

2 (15NH4)2SO4 or K15NO3: 1.8 µg 15N g-1

0-5 Forestland Clay 14 71-88% WFPS

Dry season, wet season

0.7-0.8 3-7a [84]

(15NH4)2SO4 or K15NO3: 1.3 µg 15N g-1

Sand 15.5 51-58% WFPS

0.3-0.5 7-45a

17

In situ 15N tracing experiment

2 0.21 μg 15NNH4 g-1 or 0.60 μg 15N- NO3/g.

0-10 Forestland Sandy loams

6.87 - The plantation soils 0.23 - [85]

1.36 μg 15NNH4 g-1 or 1.15 μg 15N- NO3/g.

clay 12.31 The old-growth forest sites

0.24 -


3 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 solution: 40/100 mg 15N kg−1

soil

0-20 Paddy soil - 10.4 65% WHC

Acidic soil (pH 4.7) 0 9a [86]11.1 Neutral soil (pH

6.2)0.48 >98

9.8 Alkaline soil (pH 8.2)

1.09 >98

In situ 15N tracing experiment

1 7.82-18.49 mg 15N kg−1 dry soil

0-15 Paddy Soil - - - Liquid cattle waste addition

3.06-10.40 8.55-12.36 [87]3.88–25.44


4 2.29 μg Na15NO3 g-1 0-20 Floodplain Silty clay, Silty clay loam

4-10 Soil/ water ratio 1:1

- 0.14-9.94b 4.7-7.4a [88]


4 100 μmol 15N L−1 0-50 River estuarine wetland

Silt loam - Soil/ water ratio 1:7

S. alterniflorasummer or winter

0.141-0.675b

5.10-20.75 [89]

0.047-0.480bC. malaccensissummer or winter

0.188-0.299b0.060-0.178b


6 100 μmol 15N L−1 Rhizosphere soil

Estuarine and intertidal wetlands

- - Soil/water ratio 1:7

- 0.360-1.200b - [90]

Non-rhizosphere soils

0.178-1.005b

a The data have been obtained from figures in the literature.

b To facilitate comparisons, data reported in unit of nmol g-1 h-1 or ng g-1 h-1 were re-calculated to the current unit (μg g-1 d-1) for consistency.

18

Table S6 Anammox activity in different soils. Experimental method

Sample number


Depth (cm) Land use Soil texture

C:N ratio



Anammox Ref.

Rate (μg N g-1

d-1)Contribution to N loss (%)


2 Na15NO3: 100 μg 15N g-1

fresh soil0-40 Forestland Clay loam 8.3-11.4 26-47% Mixed broad-

leaved forest0.024-0.403a 4.9-14.4 [91]

9.1-10.4 24-29% Larch forest 0.0034-0.064a

0.5-5.5


11 100 μM 15N in each vial (final concentration)

0-20 Paddy soil Loam 10.4-18.4

Soil/water: 1:5

- 0.05-0.26a 4.5-9.2 [92]


6 100 μM 15N in each vial (final concentration)

0-20 Paddy soil Clay loam 6.6-14.3 Soil/water: 1:5

- 0.037-1.22a 1.5-35.1 [93]


7 2.5 mM each of Na15NO3 and 14NH4Cl (final concentration)

0-2, 2-5, 5-10

Paddy soil - - - Near a household wastewater facility

0.17-3.53 ab <3.1 [94]


1 - 0-10 Paddy soil - - - - 0.05-0.72 a 1.5-7.5 [95]


1 100 μM 15N (Final concentration)

0-100 Paddy soil - - - - 0.17-0.97 a 4-37 Adapted from [96]


1 0.4 mM 14NH4Cl+1 mM Na15NO2 or 0.4 mM 15NH4Cl+1 mM Na14NO2

0-20 Paddy soil Sandy

loam

- - - 0.013-0.91a 1-5


1 NH4+ or NOx ranged

from 67.8 to 150.0 μmol kg-1 (dry weight) soil (final

0-100 Paddy soil - - - - 3.76-15.25a 8.7-29.8

19

concentration)15N tracing Lab-incubation

3 100 μM Na15NO3 (final concentration)

0-60 Paddy soil - - - - 0.0067-0.26a 0.4-12.2


12 100 μM N (final concentration)

0-20 Paddy soil - 9.2-18.2 Soil/water 100g:1L

Broad-scale variability in soil properties

0.091-1.76a 0.6-15


13 - 0-50 Paddy soil - - - Wide range of soil types

0.067-1.62a 6.7-12.7



0-20 Paddy soil Clay - - - 0.027-0.22a 2-41



Rhizosphere and bulk soil

Paddy soil - 8.58-10.94

- - 0.091-0.24a -


1 100 μM 15N 0-100 Cropland - - Soil/water ratio 1:4

The field is affected by periodic flooding

0.74-11.76a 1.4-18.4


5 100 μM 15N 0-20 Cropland - - Soil/water ratio 1:4

Periodic water saturation because of irrigation

1.41-15.59a 5.9-20.5


6 1 mM Na15NO3 (final concentration)

0-30 Cropland Sand loam, silt loam, clay loam

- Soil/water ratio 1:1

- 0.04-2.07a 32.1-77.9


2 1 mM 15NO3 (final concentration)

0-20 Cropland - 5.91-8.76

Soil/water ratio 1.5:1

- 0.23-0.7a 3.15-9.56

a To facilitate comparisons, data reported in unit of nmol g-1 h- or ng g-1 h-1 were re-calculated to the current unit (μg g-1 d-1) for consistency.


20

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