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MEMORANDUM REPORT ARBRL-MR-03164

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR THE

UNIQUENESS OF THE D!FFERENTIAL PRESSURE-

MAXIMUM PRESSURE SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR

CHARGE SAFETY ASSESSMENT

Carl R. RuthAlbert W. Horst

April 1982

d r VUS ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDBALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

V ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

C) Approved for public reease; distribution unlimited.

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40"

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Destroy this report when it is no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

Secondary distribution of this report by originati,.gor sponsoring activity is prohibited.

Additional copies of this report may be obtainedfrom the National Technical Information Service,U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia22161.

The findings in this report are not to be construed asan official Department of the Army position, unlessso designated by other authorized docunents.

1iw use -vadi. -tu u or' manufa2ctur.ers' namea 1ýn z r.j port&,aa not -- natitzuce indoreent of xiy oonrtwriai pr'oduct.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE RE IOSTLUTING:•_•.BEFORE COMPLETING FORM1. REPORT NUMBER " 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT's CATALOG NUMBER

Memorandum Report ARBRL-MR-03164 ] /4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVF.RED

Experimental Validation for the Uniqueness of the Memorandum ReportDifferential Pressure-Maximum Pressure Sensitivity 1 Oct 78 - 30 Sep R8Curve for Charge Safety Assessment 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(q) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

Carl R. Ruth and Albert W. Horst

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME A 0 ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASKU.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERSATTN: DRDAR-BLIAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 1L162618AH80

,ONJROLLIG OCENAMEAND A , -12. REPORT DATE. rent esearch isevelopment Command April_1982U.3. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (DRDAR-BL) IS. NUMBER OF PAGESAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 126"14. M'jNITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(Qi different hfom Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thile report)

Unclassified

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continu, on reverse side it neceeesry end Identify by block number)

Interior ballisticsPressure waves ;. 0Guns Q155-mm Howitzer

21& A9TACT?(Chaoue wmem siw f• and IadoiJfy by block numbw) jmkOne of the most used iricators of the level of loingitudinal pressure waves

in the gun environment is -Ai, the first,-negative minimum of the pressure dif-ference curve measured betwqn the breech and forward ends of the chamber. Acurrent procedure for propeIling charie safety assessment b• the U.S. Army emplosthe correlation between -A•i and P ax, the maximum cliamber p essure, in orderto project the expected probability of exceeding a g .ven presgure limit. Majorconcerns exist both in terms of how to generate a Pmax vs. -APi sensitivity

WO) Fon 1473 DIOO ,MOV65,SOSSO,.ETE UNCLASSIFIED

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curve and whether the curve is unique for a given charge/weapon interface. Thisstudy addresses one aspect of the problem, that of uniqueness, and hence theapplicability of a curve generated by means of intentionally faulted ignitersystems with respect to the broader and more ill-defined class of failures ex-perienced over many firings in the field. Within the limits of reasonableoccasion-to-occasion differences and possible experimental errors, the existenceof significantly different Pmax vs. -APi curves for a given charge/weapon com-bination was not demonstrated in this study. However, apparent differences wererevealed in the ease with which one could generate substantial pressure waves insimilar charge configurations using different propellant production lots. Theseresults suggest that variations in propellant associated with different produc-tion lots may impact overall charge safety, and that current charge safety asses-sment procedures employing test results from a sing]e lot of propelling charges(and hence a single propellant lot) may not be adequate for the prediction offailure rates.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................... 5

LIST OF TABLES ................................................ 7

I. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 9

TI. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION .......................................... 12

A. Current Procedures ........................................ 12

B. Problem Areas ............................................. 17

III. 155-mm HOWITZER FIRINGS ....................................... 18

A. Charge Design and Construction ............................ 18

B. Test Procedure ........................................... 20

C. Firing Results ............................................ 22

IV. CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 36

REFEREN' S .................................................... 42

APPENDIX ...................................................... 43

DISTRIBUTION LIST ............................................. 123

Acq&tsion ForIVTIS GR.A&I

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1. Typical Centercore-Ignited Artillery PropellingCharge .................................................... 10

2. Pressure-Time and Pressure-Difference Profiles for aProperly-Ignited, High-Performance Charge .............. 11

3. Pressure-Time and Pressure-Difference Profiles,Localized Base Ignition ................................... 12

4. Catastrophic Pressure-Wave Dynamic Behavior Observedin a 175-mm Gun Firing (APG FR P-82501) ................... 13

5. Pressure-Wave Sensitivity for the 175-mm, MlO7 Gun (M86A2(Zone 3) Propelling Charge) ............................... 15

6. Distribution of Pressure-Wave Amplitudes for the 175-mm,M107 Gun (M86A2 (Zone 3) Propelling Charge) ............... 16

7. Probability of high-Amplitude Pressure Waves for the175-mm, M10 7 Gun (M86A2 (Zone 3) Propelling Charge) ....... 16

8. Standard M203 Propelling Charge (Zone 8) .................. 19

9. Locations of Pressure Taps in the Modified, M185 Cannon

(Range 18) ................................................ 20

10. Velocity versus -AP. (Propellant Lot RAD-77H-069806) ...... 27LI 111. Breech Pressure versus -APi (Propellant Lot

RAD-77H-069806) ........................................... 28

12. Velocity versus Breech Pressure (Propellant LotRAD-77H-069806) .......................................... 29

13. Velocity versus -AP.. (Propellant Lot RAD-79E-069960) ..... 32

14. Breech Pressure versus -APi (Propellant LotRAD-79E-069960) .......................................... 33

15. VelociLy versus Breech Pressure (Propellant LotRAD-79E-069960) ........................................... 34

16. Velocity versus -APi (Propellant Lot RAD-77G-069805) ...... 37

17. Breech Pressure versus -AP. (Propellant LotRAD-77G-069805)............................................ 38

5 1 M5 BLJIANxwr n'UW

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Page

18. Velocity versus Breech Pressure (Propellant LotRAD-77G-069805) .......................................... 39

19. Breech P~essure versus -APi for Each of the 19 Series.(Propellant Lot RAD-77H-069806, RAD-79E-069960,RAD-77G-069805) .......................................... 40

6

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Charge Fabrication Parameters ............................... 21

2. Summary of Firing Data for Standard-Diameter Charges, NoBlack Powder Snake in Nitrocellulose Centercore (PropellantLot RAD-77H-069806) ...................................... 23

3. Summary of Firing Data for Standard-Diameter Charges, Haltflack Powder Snake in Nitrocellulose Centercore (Propellant..t RAD-77H-069806) ......................................... 23

4. Summary of Firing Data for Standard-Diameter Charges, BlackPowder in Nitrocellulose Centercore, No Snake (PropellantLot RAD-77H-069806) ......................................... 24

S. Summary of Firing Data for Standard-Diameter Charges, Base-Ignited (Propellant Lot RAD-77H-069806) ..................... 25

6. Summary of Firing Data for Full-Bore Charges, Base-Ignited(Propellant Lot RAD-77H-069806)... ......................... 25

l 7. Summary of Firing Data for Standard and Full-Bore Charges,Base-Ignited (Propellant Lot RAD-79E-069960) ................ 30

3. Summary of Firing Data for Full-Bore Charges, Base-Ignited(Propellant Lot RAD-77G-069805) ............................ 35

L _ 7

•J I. INTRODUCTION

Safety must always be one of the major concerns of the propellingcharge designer. Any candidate charge design must ultimately be shown tobe safe to produce, handle, ship, store, load, fire, and eventually de-militarized. In this study, we confine our interest to safety during the

- Ifiring operation and, in particular, to problems resulting from overpressures,which may be related to yressure waves in the gun chamber. As pointedout by Budka and Knapton , "researchers have revealed one common charac-teristic associated with the occurrence of unexpected high pressure ex-cursions--namely, the existence of strong pressure waves in the gun system."Yet many weapons with excellent safety records exhibit pressure waves, someat substantial amplitudes. Techniques for distinguishing between acceptableand unacceptable amplitudes of pressure waves are based on philosophiesthat range all the way from "she ain't blown yet, so why worry now?" to"all pressure waves are unacceptable!" While both views may be consideredimpractical, the more conservative approach finds its origin in the costlyexperiences of numerous catastrophic gun malfunctions 2 -7 , where large pres-sure waves served as precursors to the overpressure or premature function-ing of the payload. Further motivation arises from our lack of understandingof the detailed phenrmenology of such failures, as articulated nearly three

1A. J. Budka and J.D. Knapton, "Pressure Wave Generation in Gun Systems: ASurvey," Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Memor-andum Report 2567, December 1975. (AD #BO08893L)

2 D. W. Culbertson, M. C. Shamblen, and J. S. O'Brasky, "Investigation of

5"/38 Gun In-6ore Ammunition Malfunctions," Naval Weapons Laboratory,Dahigren, VA, TR-2624, December 1971.

3M. C. Shamblen and J. S. O'Brasky, "Investigation of 8"/55 Close AboardMalfunctions," Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahigren, VA, TR-2753-, April 1973.

4 P. J. Olenick, "Investigation of the 76-mm/62 Caliber Mark 75 Gun MountMalfunctions," Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahigren, VA, TR-3411, October1975.

5E. V. Clarke, Jr. and I. W. May, "Subtle Effects of Low-Amplitude PressureWave Dynamics on the Ballistics Performance of Guns," 11th JANNAF CombustionMeeting, CPIA Publication 261, Vol. 1, pp. 141-156, December 1974.

6A. W. Horst, I. W. May, and E. V. Clarke, Jr., "The Missing Link BetweenPressure Waves and Breechblows," USA ARRADCOM, Ballistic Research Labora-tory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Memorandum Report 02849, July 1978.(A058354)

'K. H. Russel and H. M. Goldstein, "Investigation and Screening of M1?Propellant Production for Lots Subject to Poor Low Temperature Performance,Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ, DB-TR-7-61, June 1961.

PfE~DIN FAGN UAW-=Nr FIL

decades ago by the British interior ballistician Lockett8, "It might bepertinent to point out.. .that there is always some uncertainty in theinterpretation of what might be dismissed as minor irregularities in thepressure-time curve. We have by bitter experience learned to regard suchirregularities with a degree of suspicion.. .because of the apparent easewith which such minor flaws can turn over to major irregularities by somemechanism not yet understood."

The problem of breechblows is of most concern to the U.S. Army withrespect to the design of high performance artillery bag charges. A typicallayout for such a charge is presented schematically in Figure 1. Principal

FLASH REDUCERCENTER-CORE TUBE -

PRIMER-r-• SNAKE

OFFSET PNG HARGE

BASE PA)D[ STANDOFF VROTATING BAND__Figure 1. Typical Centercore-Ignited Artillery Propelling Charge

components of the charge include a basepad igniter (usually containing blackpowder or CBI*), a centercore igniter tube (containing additional ignitermaterial), and a main charge (typically multi-perforated, triple-base,granular propellant). A cloth bag is employed to contain the charge, andother components such as a flash inhibitor or wear-reducing additive maybe present. We postulate functioning of the charge to be described bythe following sequence of events. The basepad igniter is initiated bythe impingement of hot combustion products from a percussion primer. Thebasepad then ignites the centercore charge, and together they ignite nearbypropellant grains. Combined igniter and propellant gases penetrate thepropellant bed, convectively heating the grains and resulting in flamespread.During this process, the pressure gradient and interphase drag forces tendto accelerate the propellant grains, largely in the forward direction,

8 N. Lockett, "British Work on Solid Propellant Ignition," Bulletin of the

First Symposium on Solid Propellant Ignition. Solid Propellant InformationAgency, Silver Spring, MD, September 19U3.

"Clean Burning Igniter," a nitrocellulose-based ignition material.

10

-7MU- MW-7- 7--.-~''-1- W'Týkf WW-W

"rusting,--them and any intervening elements against the projectile base.Upon stagnation, a reflected compression wave in the gas phase may be formed,its magnitude being subject to the combined effects of reduction in freevolume (due to bed compaction) and combustion in this low-porosity region.

If the charge functions as intended, smooth pressure-time curves asshown in Figure 2 are obtained. A pressure-difference history, formed bysubtracting the pressure measured by a gage in the chamber wall near theinitial position of the projectile base (hereafter identified as the chambermouth) from the breech pressure as a function of time, reveals only thenormal forward-facing gradient associated with motion of the projcctile downthe tube. On occasion, however, pressure-time histories as shown in Figure 3are obtained. High-amplitude, longitudinal pressure waves are clearly

RD 20-2A - 30

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" 4 - 250

20-

in0

02

0 -.-.... * -.... ....... .... ......... ....... 0

4 8 12 16 20 24TIME (ms)

Figure 2. Pressure-Time and Pressure-Difference Profiles

for a Properly-Ignited, High-Performance Charge

11

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120

16-- 0

U0

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1 8 i

-1 2 - 80

~~ 400

S20 MPa

0 0

2 4 12 16 20 24

TIME (ins)

Figure 3. Pressure-Time and Pressure-Difference Profiles,Localized Base Ignition

manifested in the pressure-difference plot. Such phenomena have been trad-itionally associated with localized ignition of the propellant bed and thusmay imply non-functioning or at least late functioning of the centercorecharge. Whether this wave dissipates or grows is dependent on a complexinterplay of events including gas production rates, ullage, bed permea-bility and projectile motion. Thus, other factors in adlition to properfunctioning of the ignition train may be of importancz. Finally, increasesin maximum chamber pressure may or may not accompany such increases inpressure-wave dynamics. The extreme cases which generate large pressurewaves may result in breechblows (see Figure 4).

In this study, we address the validity of a fundamental assumptionon which is based the procedure currently ?,sed by the U.S. Army to evaluatethe influence of pressure waves on those aspects of system safety relatedto maximum chamber pressure.

i A.Currnt Pocedre I1. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION

As one facet of the overall safety assessment procedure for new

propelling charges for artillery, the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL)

12

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13

is often asked to comment on safety of the charge, particularly with

respect to any deleterious effects of pressure waves. While problemsarising from transient loads on the projectile base (both gas and solidphase) associated with the presence of pressure waves will not be addressedin this report, the influence of pressure waves on maximum chamberpressure can be assessed in the following manner:

(1) Charge design sensitivity firings are conducted to determine therelationship between -0i and maximum chamber pressure for the charge/r weapon combination. Intentionally-altered centercore or base-ignitedcharges may be included to assure that data from a localized ignitionwill result in a large -APi for a reasonable number of tests. More recentassessments of base-ignited charges have included sensitivity testing withspecial charges ir which faster-burning igniter materials have been sub-

-, stituted for the standard material.

Ii; (2) A failure criterion is identified, usually in terms of somemaximum chamber pressure, dictated most often by breech or payload failure

rZ (3) This faijure level is reinterpreted in terms of a -APi level,determined from the sensitivity curve developed in Step (1).

(4) A sample population of firing data is then obtained which isbelieved to be representative of "real-world" propelling charges, typicalof those to be fielded for use. One or more statistical distributionsare fit to these data.

(5) The probability of failure (as defined in Step (3)) can then bestatistically determined with respect to the distribution of -ALP. valuesfrom Step (4).

An alternate form of this procedure is possible if the sample popu-lation of firing data described in step (4) is available prior to sensi-tivity testing. Based on this population, the -APi value to be associatedwith the highest, acceptable probability for failure can be statisticallyprojected, and sensitivity testing to determine the corresponding chamberpressure need not be continued beyond that point. In this fashion, whilewe do not necessarily determine the -APi value corresponding to the maxi-mum pressure failure criterion, we do ensure that this pressure limit isnot exceeded at that -APi level projected to occur at a frequency equalto the highest allowable probability for failure. This alternate plan,in some cases, may significantly reduce the risk of catastrophic over-pressure during sensitivity testing.

Application of the basic procedure can be demonstrated with respect to adata base available for the 175-mm, M107 gun. The relationship between -APi

14

and maximum chamber pressure for M86A2, Zoule 3 charges fired in the Ml07gun, based on charge design sensitivity firings, is presented in Figure S. A-APi failure criterion can also be identified on this curve, corresponding toa known breech failure pressure level. Figure 6 then presents the cumulativedistribution of -APi levels for a data base considered to represent a ty2i-cal population of "real-world" M86A2, Zone 3 charges. The probability ofachieving the -APi failure level, a! determined using Kolmogorov-Smirnovstatistics and two different population distribution functions, is presentedin Figure 7. The prediction of one failure in about half a million firingscompares quite favorably with historical data of half a dozen breechblows insome two and one-half million firings to date. This agreement, althoughsatisfying, must be considered somewhat fortuitous.

800-

-. BRFECH FAILURE --Q.

600-

44

'U-' a.

400

200 ! ,0 50 100 150 200

-APi (MPa)

Figure 5. Pressure-Wave Sensitivity for a 175-mm,M107 Gun (M86A2 (Zone 3) Propelling Charge)

15

-APi (MPa)0 10 20 30 40

z -F

I-0_ 1.0

'Io

•.• -

u 0.20.4L

0.

Figure 6. Distribution of Pressure-Wave Amplitudes for the175-nm, M107 Gun (M86A2 (Zone 3) Propelling Charge)

S-2 - 3-P WEIBULL

?-6 BREECH FAILURE"'•'•+%-6-

S-8i - EXPONENTIAL

0.10o

-12 . .0 40 80 120 160-APi (MPo)

Figure 7. Probability of High-Amplitude Pressure Waves forthe 175-mm, M107 Gun (M86A2 (Zone 3) Propelling Charge)

16

B. Problem Area5.

There exists, unfortunately, a number of areas of co-icern associated bothwith the physical foundation for and applicaLion of the assessment proceduresjust described. Treating the latter first, many times it is impossible toachieve good fits of statistical distribution functions to the experimentallyobtained populations of -APi data. This may be, in part, a consequence ofthe fact that -APi is not the most physically well-motivated parameter ofinterest; this possibility is under separate investigation. In addition, useof the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to provide an extrapolation to failurelevels well outside the range of experimental data leads to extremely broadconfidence bands associated with the prediction.

The current study, however, was not motivated by these or any relatedconcerns. Rather, i4- deals with the major physical assumption on which theassessment procedure is based, that being the existence of a unique relation-ship between -APi and Pmax for a given propelling charge/weapon combination.The uniqueness of this relationship is essential first to allow generation ofthe sensitivity curve via intentionally-altered ignition systems and secondto assume applicability of a curve so generated to the much broader class offailures that occur over many years of fielded uses of production charges.

Having said this, we immediately weaken the requirement to "nearlyunique." It is clear that a detailed analysis of the chemically reacting,two-phase flow processes leading to pressure waves in guns and linking theirpresence to increases in peak pressure will lead us to the conclusion thatin the limit this relationship cannot be unique. Moreover, if these processesinclude such mechanisms as mechanical failure of propellant grains, oneshould expect some variation in performance even for virtually identicalfiring conditions. The key question then becomes whether or not the Pmaxvs -APi relationship is near enough to being unique to be useful.

Since the early systematic studies of May and ClarkeS, much has beenlearned about the nature of this relationship. One major factor influencingthe sensitivity curve is the initial temperature of the propelling charge.If one ascribes pressure increases accompanyinghigh levels of pressure wavesto grain fracture, as suggested by Horst et al. , the ihcreasing sensitivityof peak pressure to pressure waves for cold-conditioned charges is not sur-prising, as an increased brit leness of propellant grains at cold temperatureshas been demonstrated experimeitally 7 . This complicating feature of thePmax vs -APi relationship merely requires performiag the described safetyassessment procedures at both hot and cold temperature extremes.

17

As the failure pressure for the system may also be temperature-dependent,the role of initial temperature will have to be considered throughout theanalysis. Similar though smaller corrections may be, at least conceptually,applied for any influence on Pmax vs -APi sensitivity imparted by pro-jectile type, wear state of the gun, recoil system, etc..

In the area of ignition system modifications, however, no such cor-rectioo is possible and hence the requirement for approximate uniquebessis absolut-. Since modifications to the ignition system are intentionally

introduced to assure the generation of large-amplitude pressure waveswith reasonably few firings, we assume that the curve so generated wouldnot have been different had we selected another set of igniter modificationsfor testing. While different faults may or may not lead to differentpressure-wave levels, a single, sensitivity curve must be defined by allsuch -APi, Pmax data pairs. It is with this fundamental assumption thatthe follcwing study deals.

III. 155-mm HOWITZER FIRINGS

Since major concerns exist both in terms of how to generate a Pmaxvs - 1'Pi sensitivity curve and whether such a curve, once generated, isunique and universally applicable to a given charge/weapon interface, anexperimental investigation was undertaken to quantify the effects of de-liberately induced high-amplitude pressure waves on the peak chamber pres-

sure exhibited by a high-performance artillery charge. The parametersvaried to induce the waves were charge diameter, charge standoff, and ig-nition train characteristics (.configuration, interfaces, basepad composi-tion, etc.).

A. Charge Design and Construczion

Standard 155-mm, M203 Propelling Charges, Lots IND-78H-069806, IND-78F-069805, and IND-79K-069960 were obtained for testing from Project Manager,Cannon Artillery Weapons System. The M203 Charge is the top zone (8S) forthe U.S. Army 155-mm, M198 Towed Howitzer. Depicted in Figure 8, this chargeemploys M3OAI triple-base propellant, ignited by a basepad and centercoreignition system employing Class 1, Black Powder. The test charges werefabricated by unloading the standard M203 charges, making the desiredchanges to the igniter tube, snake, basepad, etc., and then reloading thestandard 7-perforation propellant. Since the possibility of catastrophicfailure of the gun or breech exists with tests of this nature, the chargeweight for all tests was reduced from the standard 11.80 kg to 10.89 kg.Fabrication of the full-bore charges was accomplished by modifying the bagby inserting a tapered wedge of cloth to form a sleeve wherein the spindleend was larger in diameter than the forward chamber end. The standard7-perforation propellant was then -eloaded into the full-bore bags. Theexcess material caused by the down.oading of the charges was removed andthe front end-cover was sewn back on. The reassembled charges were then eachsecured in a lacing jacket to give the charge rigidity and maintain com-ponent integrity. All charge modifications (loading, bag sewing, basepad

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and centercore revamping, etc.) were done either at the BRL or the MaterialTesting Directorate (MTD). Table 1 provides a general outline of thecharge types tested in this study. All charges were conditioned at a tempera-ture of 295-300 K for at least 24 hours prior to firing. The charges wereloaded into the cannon chamber at varying stand-offs (distance from spindleface to base of propellant basepad) depending on the requirements of thetest. Standard MlO1, inert-loaded projectiles, Lot E-SXH-2-6-57, availableat the BRL, were used for all firings. The weight of the projectiles(43.63 ± .04 kg) was accurately monitored by using on-post MTD loadingfacilities.

B. Test Procedure

All firings were conducted at the BRL Sandy Point Firing Facility (R-18)in an M185 Cannon, modified to provide a chamber configuration similar tothat of the M199 Cannon (see Figure 9). Multiple station pressure-timedata, differential pressures, and projectile velocities were recorded by theBallistic Data Acquisition System (BALDAS), under the contrul of a PDP11/45minicomputer. Pressures were measured using Kistler 607C3 piezoelectrictransducers, and projectile velocity was measured by solenoid coils approxi-mately 20 and 35 meters from the muzzle. Ignition delays were recorded bymeasuring the interval between the time the firing pulse was sent to thegun to the time a pressure of 10 MPa was first detected on the spindle gage.A backup analog magnetic tape system also recorded all data.

" SPINDLE A*-]

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.90 M1.02 M SECTION A-A

Figure 9. Locations of Pressure Taps in the Modified,

M185 Cannon (Range 18)

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21

C. Firing Results

Nineteen series of test firings, encompassing many experimental para-meters, were fired over a two-year period. Results will be discussed,not in chronological order of firing, tat according to the three propellantlots into which all the _.ries fall. Table 1 nomenclature will be employ-ed throughout the discussion. Averaged firing data for each series aretabulated in tables throughout the report with computer-generated plots ofselected data channels (spindle and forward pressure vs. time, pressure-difference vs. time) included as the Appendix.

1. Propellant Lot RAD-77H-069806.

a. Standard-Diameter Charge, Standard Centercore: Series 1. Center-core-ignited, standard-diameter charges, with no changes to the ignitionsystem and downloaded to 10.89 kg of propellant, were tested at zero stand-off from the spindle face. Past dataD suggested that no standoff betweenthe spindle face and propelling charge promoted the formation of pressure

waves. Baseline firing data for this loading condition were required toensure that pressures and pressure waves with this charge weight would beat safe levels. A four-round series yielded average values for Pmax and-APi of 262 MPa and 13 MPa respectively, with a maximum individual -APiof 26 MPa. Average values for projectile velocity and ignition delay were758 m/s and 44 nis, respectively. Since these data were considered at asafe level, all subsequent series discussed will be at this charge weight.

b. Standard Diameter Charge, No Black Powder Snake in NitrocelluloscCentercore; Series 2-3-4. Centercore-ignited, standard-diameter chargeswith the black powder snake removed from the nitrocellulose (NC) center-core tube were tested at zero, 2.5-cm and maximum standoff (24.0 cm).Table 2 summarizes the firing results for these three series. As expect-ed, the removal of the black powder snake caused local base ignition ofthe charges as indicated by the large -APi. The ignition delay increasedas t'.- charge standoff increased. Although Pma-z and -APi were essentiallythe same for the three series, the standard deviation at maximum standofffor -APi was considerably higher than at zero or 2.5-cm s-andoff.

22

|i

TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF FIRING DATA* FOR STANDARD-DIAMETER CHARGES,NO BLACK POWDER SNAKE IN NITROCELLULOSE CENTERCORE(PROPELLANT LOT RAD-77H-069806).

Charge Projectile IgnitionStandoff Velocity Piax -lPi Delay

Series (cm) (m/s) (lVPa) (MPa) (ms)

2 0 759. 280. 54. 66.(0.0) (1.2) (2.7) (2.2) (4.6)

4 2.5 762. 278, 50. 132.

(0.01 (3.6) (10.4) (3.6) (121.S)

3 24.0 764. 280. 57. 348.(0.8) (7.1) (11.2) (11.8) (107.4)

* Values shown are averages for 4 firings; sample standard deviations are

shown in parentheses.

c. Standard-Diameter Charge, Half Black Powder Snake in Nitro-cellulose Centercore; Series 7-8. Centercore-ignited, standard-diametercharges with modified black powder snakes were tested at 2.5-cm and max-imum standoff. The black powder snake was modified by reducing itslength by half and repositioning the reduced snake at the front of theNC centercore. This left a gap of about 30 cm between the black powderbasepad and the snake. Firing results are summarized in Table 3. Pressureand velocity were similar to Series 1, the "standard" wherein nochanges were made to the ignition system. The substantial reductionsin -APi and ignition delay for both charge standoffs from those noted inSeries 2-3-4 were attributed to the additional 56 g of black powder (half-length black powder snake) which partly served to function as a normal,full-length snake.

TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF FIRING DATA* FOR STANDARD-DIAMETER CHARGES,HALF BLACK POWDER SNAKE IN NITROCELLULOSE CENTERCOR n(PROPELLANT LOT RAD-77H-069806)

Charge Projectile Ignition

Standoff Velocity Pmax -APi DelaySeries (cm) (m/s) (MPa) (MPa) (m.s)

7 2.5 759. 259. 2.5 93.(0.0) (1.9) (4.2) (1.7) (9.4)

8 20.9 762. 262. 3.5* 156.(0.4) (3.6) (6.5) (123.9)

* Values shown are averages for 4 firings (Series 8, -APi, is for 2 rounds);

sample standard deviations are shown in parentheses.

23

d. Standard-Diameter Charge, Black Powder in Nitrocellulose Center-core, No Snake; Series 11-12. Centercore-ignited, standard-diameter chargeswere modified by removing the black powder from the cloth snake and reload-ing the 112 g of black powder directly into the forward section of thenitrocellulose tube. The powder was prevented from falling back on thebasepad by inserting a 3-cm thick wad of cotton waste forward into thecentercore until it contacted the black powder. This left a large gapbetween the basepad and the wad of cotton waste and significally reducedthe porosity of the 'lack powder. Firing results are summarized in Table4.

TABLE 4. SIMWIAY OF FIRING DATA* FOR STANDARD-DIAMETER CHARGES,BLACK POWDER IN NITROCELLULOSE CENTERCORE, NO SNAKE(PROPELLANT LOT RAD-77H-069806)

Charge Projectile IgnitionStandoff Velocity Pmax -APi Delay

Series (cm) (m/s) (MPa) (MPa) (ms)

11 2.5 765. 267.* 34.* 803*(0.0) (4.7) (10.6) (23.9) (636)

12 26.2 762. 252. 6. 68.(0.2) (2.3) (11.8) (1.7) (6.1)

* Values shown are averages for 4 firings (Series 11, Pmax, -APi, and

"Fnition delay are for three rounds); sample standard deviations areshown in parentheses.

Results for these two series were inconsistent from previous firings.Pressure for both series and ignition delay for Series 12 were similarto Series 1 which had a standard black powder snake in the NC centercore.The -APi's for Series 11 and 12, although greatly different from eachother, were smaller Than those noted for Series 2-3-4 which had no blackpowder in the NC centercore. The individual ignition delays for Series11 which were extremely large and variable (1078, 1255, and 76 ms) as well asthe large standard deviation in -APi suggest that ignition for the 2.5-cmstandoff may have depended on whether the ignition products from the 28g of black powder basepad penetrated the wad of cotton waste in the NCtube and ignited the 112 g of black powder (short delay, low -APi) orsimply spot-ignited the NC tube (long delay, high -APi). The short andconsistent ignition delays for Series 12 qs well as the character of the-APi traces (Appendix) strongly suggest ignition for this series oc-curred at the front of the charge where the black powder in the NC center-core was concentrated. Apparently, for Series 12, the effects of chargestandoff, location of black powder and parasitic obstruction in the NCtube combined to produce stable burning and small pressure waves.

e. Standard-Diameter Charge, Base-Ignited; Series 9-10. Base-ignited, standard-diameter chErges were fabricated from standard charges

24

i2

by removing the black powder snake and NC centercore and fired at twocharge standoffs. Table 5 summarizes the firing results.

TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF FIRING DATA* FOR STANDARD-DIAMETER CHARGES,

BASE-IGNITED (PROPELLANT LOT RAD-77H-069806)



9 2.5 755. 252. 46. 1270.(0.0) (3.7) (3.9) (3.7) (798.7)

10 27.4 758. 257. 42. 1322.(0.2). (1.8) (3.8) (4.5) (973.7)

* Values shown are averages for 4 firings; sample standard deviations areshcwn in parentheses.

The decrease in macroscopic propellant bed porosity by elimination of thecentercore contributed greatly to the nonsimultaneous ignition of the pro-pellant grains as indicated by the large -APi and the very large ignitiondelays for both standcff conditions. The range of the delay for Series 9from 382 to 1987 ms and Series 10 from 382 to 2258 ms indicate seriousproblems in ignition and flamespreading. Apparently, the 28 g of Class 1,Black Powder in the basepad was barely sufficient in conjunction with thelarge annular and axial ullage to ignite the charge.

f. Full-Bore Charge. Base-Ignited; Series 5-6. Base-ignited, full-bore charges were fabricated and fired at two charge standoffs. Thisconfiguration was considered the most severe for induciag pressure wavessince all annular ullage was eliminated between the charge and the chamberwall. Firing results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF FIRING DATA* FOR FULL-BORE CHARGES,BASE-IGNITED (PROPELLANT LOT RAD-77H-069806)



5 2.5 772. 270. 54. 162.(0.0) (8.1) (13.8) (10.7) (47.4)

6 27.9 771. 262.* 46.* 129.(0.0) (5.2) (-) (-) (22.1)

* Values shown are averages for 4 firings (Series 6, Pmax and -APi are for

2 firings; Series 6, ignition delay is for 3 firings); sample standarddeviations are shown in parentheses.

25

As expected, this series did produce large-APi's, but not larger than ex-perienced with some of the other series. The substantial reduction inignition delay over the standarm-diameter, base-ignited charges (Series9-10) is attributed to the elimiiation of annular ullage. Hot ignitiongases, constrained from expandirg into this ullage and thus forced topenetrate the propellant bed, qutckly ignited the charge. The large -APi'sattest to the nonsimultaneity of the ignition process.

g. Summary of Firings witf. "ropellant Lot RAD-77H-069806. Theexperimental firings, which were divided into six groups based on chargeconfiguration and further dividec. into 4-round series based on chargestandoff, were devised to promote nonuniform ignition leading to pressure-wave formation. Within each group the effect of charge standoff on eachmeasured parameter (pressure, -APi, velocity, etc.) has been discussed. Theaveraged data for all 12 series are plotted on Figures 10, 11, and 12.Dotted lines connect each series within a group. The effect of standoffwithin or across a group has essen'zally no effect on projectile velocity,which averaged 762 m/s (Figure 10), ýven though standoff for Series 11and 12 and charge configuration, ir general, produced significant changesin -APi level. Pma- was inconsistently affected by charge standoff: namely,independent for Series 2-3-4, 7-8, and 9-10 and decreasing for Series11-12 and 5-6 with increasing standoff (Figure 11). In general, as -APiincreased, Pmax remained aroind 260 MPa until -APi reached 50 MPa; as-APi increased above 50 MPa, the Pmax showed an increase (Series 2-3-4).Velocity did not increase with increasing Pmax (Figure 12), even thoughPmax varied from 252 to 280 MPa.

2. Propellant Lot RAD-79E-069960. Three base-ignited, 5-round series,

one of standard diameter and two of full-bore configuration, were testedwith this lot of propellant. Basepad composition was the primary mechanismfor inducing large -APi's, with charge diameter and standoff providingtradeoff parameters to ensure against excessive waves that might damagethe tube. Data for the three series, as chronologically fired, are shownin Table 7. When the experimental condition (basepad composition. chargestandoff) consisted of three or more rounds, the data are shown as anaverage; otherwise, the individual firings are presented.

All the rounds for Series 13 were fired at zero standoff in order toinduce large -APi's with the relatively slow burning CBI/black powder base-pad. As the basepad composition became more energetic, (Series 15 fasterthan 14 which was faster than 13), the charge standoff was changed from the"worst" no standoff condition to standoffs less likely to cause catastrophicpressure waves. The Class 3, Black Powder used in Series 15 was consideredtoo fast to use in full-bore charges; therefore, standard-diameter, base-ignited charges were used for this series.

26

790

Q...No Standoff Cona-tior;

O8....5-CI'' Standoff Conditior780

A...Maximun, Standoff Conditior.

1-12...Series IdentIfication

"• 770 6

.1 12 0

760 F41~

1l 2

750

740 ____ A0 F20 30 do 50 60

Figure 10. Velocity versus -tAPi (Propellant Lot Rad-77H-069806)

27

I:0....o Stardoff Ccndition0...2.5-cm, Standoff Cend-tizr

... MFaxinum Stardoff Conoition[ 2-0 _ - Series identification 2

- 270 _

- -0- 011

1.

A 7)c260 - -- o

250 12

240

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-" Pi (MPa)

Figure 11. Breech Pressure versus -APi (Propellant Lot Rad-77H-069806)

28

S~L

L ... NO Standof! Cc".•ilion

0 ."2"5-cr, Stan otf -ondition

780 - . .. Mc-xum Standoff Coiditfon

1 ,1-12.. .Series Ider tification

-77 -

A 4 o

760 12A-

'El2

750 2

230 240 250 260 270 280 290

Breech Pressure (MPa)

Figure 12. Velocity versus Breech Pressure (Propellant

Lot Rad-77H-069806)

29

Co r) u)U

4j . - . . . 4

P'4 P'- P

0

cn - N Of) IM oo I.r-o00 u

'00 00

bC *) C-

00 -

0 M Aa

LL, r .4 0

COo 0 %t0 0r LIn %D 0rtf)LI'

w .. 00 . .- 0

0 .4000

U.i~ 4-F-) Q') -4q 0

4-r4-4 U

U)l

0)

04 1-4d

4) 0 30

The effect of charge standoff (Table 7) on PmaX, -APi, and muzzlevelocity is minimal for the standard-diameter charges (Series 15). Ap-parently the increase in annular ullage from full-bore to standard-diameterconfigurations offset the effects of both charge standoff and the fasterburning black powder igniter, thus keeping the -APi's from building tocatastrophic levels. Ignition delay was inconsistent, showing a maximum atan intermediate charge standoff.

In Series 14, Pmax, -APi, and muzzle velocity have the same nominalvalues at 2.5-cm and 12.7-cm standoffs with a maximum occurring at theintermediate 7.6-cm standoff. Ignition delay increased as charge stand-off increased. More rounds would have to be fired to establish if chargestandoff is one of the conditions for inducing large -APi's for this seriesas well as for Series 13 which was fired at only one standoff.

The data for all the rounds in the three series are plotted as shownon Figures 13, 14, and 15. In addition, the averaged value for the fiverounds in each of Series 13 and 15 and four rounds of Series 14 are super-imposed on the plots. The data for the 7.6-cm standoff (Series 14) werenot included in the average of this series because the abnormally large

Pmax and -APi were not typical for the charge standoff. Series 15 withthe same range of standoffs and using a more energetic basepad for igni-tion did not exhibit wide variations in P-ax and -APi" Figures 13 and 14show, respectively, that the dependence of velocity and Pmax on -APi isdivided, roughly, into two groups, delineated by a -APi of 65 MPa. Belowthis value, fairly large excursions in -APi produce relatively small"average" changes in Pmax and velocity. When -APi increases beyond -65MPa, a fairly large increase in Pmax and velocity is noted. Velocitydependence on Pmax even with large -APi's, is fairly linear, increasingwith increasing Pmax (Figure 15).

3. Propellant Lot RAD-77G-069805. Four full-bore diameter, base-ignited series were tested with this lot of propellant. Basepad composi-tion, charge standoff and charge diameter were again varied to encourage and"control the formation of large pressure waves. The goal remained to generatesimilarly high levels of pressure waves via different mechanisms to deter-mine whether or not correspondingly similar increases in maximum chamberpressure occurred. Table 8 gives a summary of the data. The standarddeviation is shown in parenthesis if more than three rounds were firedat one condition (standoff, etc.).

31

S... Serles 13, Individual Rowrs805 ... Series 13

S... Series 14, Individual Rounds

.... Series 14 averaged795 ... Series 15, Individual Rounds 0

" Zý ... Series 15 averaged 0*

785 -

765

45 50 55 60 FS 70 75-APt (MPa)

Figure 13. Velocity versus -AP. (Propellant Lot Rad-79E-069960)*This round from Series 14 was not included in the series average.

32

300 0 ... Series 13, Indiyidjal Rounds 0

Series 13 averaged 0

D3 ... Series 14, Individual Rounds 0 0

290 jJ .. Series 14 averagedA...Series 15, Individual Rounds

___A..Series 15 averaged

Z. 280

" 270

260 -II A E]AAA

250 - A

240 1I I

45 50 55 60 65 70 75-,&Pi (MPa)

Figure 14. Breech Pressure versus -APi (Propellant Lot Rad-79E-069960)*This round from Series 14 was not included in the series average.

33

0 ... Series 13, Individual Rounds

* •...Series 13 averaged

80 D ... Series 14, Individual Rounds

Si...Series 14 averauedA Series 15, Individual RoLnds 00

790 - A .. Series 15 averaged Ice El

0

"" 780

'0 3

770 A 0[0

760

245 255 265 275 285 295 305Breech Pressure (MPa)

Figure 15. Velocity versus 2reech Pressure (Propellant Lot Rad-79E-069960)*This round from Series 14 was not included in the series average.

34

a

I0

Cd Cd 4.)cU) 4 C) 0

MU 0) V) go'c be

UC 'p41u 0004.)J I. 4.) .. 4 cd 4.J *Lfl p1 41CU C" ca k -I U) A- 4-)

dCd aU cd i CU-) r-I Cd CUU) b9L) 4 93 qpq t -r-00 bob b bo P4 . a)4) Cd 0) S4V) P 0 0n in- U) )I C)

d ~ 00 0 C00%0 $4 CU CdL utcl 0

V) Nd

00 ''rj. 00 0 I cc

-H CUV ý j LNC4' LI) ('I Cl4 LI)N %D 0 *-

*C Ii

0 0 0) 0 -4 ;4

'--1

N 0 M4 a)I 4-W 5 D 0 r-, 4) u-

N Im~) Co ' lie4.)UbO00 IC') 100 %- 100 4J .

0 UUE 0CU 1U oCU cd0

AU 0 1 - F4)4 ) c 0 C J01 oE r -- I rj).rI00(1 04 Q) I n0 4 1 u P

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to 4 4-C)

44I 0 u 40V

4) ., 9 1)4)

0) 9: 0.14 UU (nIb

U) 'J Q Wb ) 4u-)

u 100 k4U -10 -H U d t0

0 4K

a)I '0T Nd 00i 0

ti) ca (9 '

35

All the rounds for Series 16-17 were fired with the two-part basepadcomposition at no standoff in order to induce large -APi's. Because ofthe extremely high -APi for one round of Series 17, both basepad composi-tion and charge standoff were changed for the first round of Series 18.After ascertaining the functioning of this basepad configuration did notinduce excessive -APi's, the remainder of Series 18 was fired at no standoff.The first round of Series 19 with a Class 5, Black Powder basepad and2.5-cm standoff produced such a large pressure and -APi that no furtherrounds were done in fear of damaging the tube.

The data for all the rounds of Series 16-19 are plotted as shownin Figures 16, 17, and 18. In addition, the "averaged" values for allrounds in Series 16 and 18 and two rounds of Series 17 are superimposedon the plots. The third zound of Series 17 (extremely high Pmax and-APi is shown as an individual point. Except for Series 19 and thefirst round of Series 18, this data represents a zero-standoff condition.The Pmax and -APi are the highest for the three lots of propellant usedin these tests. Ignition delay varies directly with the quickness of thebasepad being the slowest for CBI alone and the fastest for Class 5,Black Powder. Although the data scatter is large, projectile velocity(Figure 16) and Pmax (Figure 17) increase with increasing -APi. Pmax isespecially sensitive to the high -tPi's, ranging from 300 to 400 MPa as-APi goes from 60 to 115 MPa. Velocity is directly dependent on Pmax,increasing as the pressure increases (Figure 18).

4. All Propellant Lots. As previously noted, three differentpropellant lots, as well as various charge diameters, charge lengths,ignition systems (base vs centercore), charge standoffs, charge propellantporosity (random vs stacked propellant), and igniter brisance (blackpowder vs CBI) were employed to induce pressure-wave formation in the155-mm howitzer. The average value of Pm,. and -AP2 4•r zzh -e-nineteen series aforementioned is snown on Figure 19. As -APi rangedfrom 2 to 116 MPa, Pmax increased from 250 to 468 MPa.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Although several of the series previously discussed were of in:;0If-ficient size to ascertain standoff effects of different charge confi•,ura-tions, and round-to-round variation within series at the same standoffwere somewhat large, several conclusions from the firings o!n the Prax vs-APi sensitivity curve can be made.

1. The methods of inducing pressure waves produced a broad rangeof data with -APi (2 MPA to 116 MPa) increases generally accompanied byincreases in Pmax (250 MPa to 468 MPa). Within the limits of reasonable

36

Ai

830

0 ... Series 16, Individual Rounds 0

820 - *'Series 16 averaged... Series 17, Individual Rounds

... -. Series 17 averagedS...Series 18, Individual Rounds

80 L• .. Series 18 averaged8.0 .. Series 19, Individual Round A

800 A

rnA A

S790GJl

780

770

760 I I I !50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

-•Pi (MPa)

Figure 16. Velocity versus -APi (Propellant Lot Rad-77G-069805)

*This round from Series 17 was not included in the series average.

37

I...Series 16, Individual PoundsSoo • .Series 146 averaged

O... Series 147, indiviaual Rounds

•m... Series 17 averaged•...Series 18, Individual Rounds

450 - i .Series !8 averaged

... Series 19, Individual Round

400

" JOL350

300 -

250

200 I I I

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120"-&Pi (MPa)

Figure 17. Breech Pressure versus -APi (Propellant Lot Rad-77G-069805)

*This round from Series 17 was not included in the series avercie.

.38

830

820

0

810

i ~800AzAeN. • OQ...Series 3E, Individual Rounds

J Q .Series 16 averageC '... Series 17, Tndivi(4.;al 0-1 ds:•~~F I - 70 .. Series 17 averaoe.

El > = ... Series 18, Indiviý,';al Rou~nds

.. Series 18 averag,.jo O ... Series 19, Indivi•.-3 1 c, ,

780

0

770

760 I I I I I

200 250 300 350 400 450 SooBreech Pressure (MPa)

Figure 18. Velocity versus Breech Pressure (Propellant Lot Rad-77G-069805)

*This round from Series 17 was not included in the series average.

39

500

450 -

o ... RAD-77H-069806

A ... RAD-79E-069960

I- .. RAD-77G-069805

S400

0350 -

300

0 Q000

250 0

200 I t I

0 20 40 60 813 100 120-&Pi (MPa)

Figure 19. Breech Pressure versus -APi for Each of the 19 Series.(Propellant Lot Rad-77H-069806, RAD-79E-069960, RAD-77G-069805)

40

occasion-to-occasion differences and possible experimental errors, theexistence of signifi. ntly different Pmax vs -APi curves for this charge/weapon combination could not be demonstrated.

2. A serious concern is raised by the apparent differences in theease with which one could generate substantial pressure waves in similarcharge configurations using different propellant production lots. Currentsafety assessment procedures usually employ a single propellant lot. If yetundefined lot-to-lot propellant differences can influence the propensityof a given charge design to exhibit large pressure waves, then projectedfailure rates based on an expected population of firing data consisting offirings with only one propelling charge lot may well be inappropriate for

different propellant charge lots.

41

REFERENCES

1. A.J. Budka and J.D. Knapton, "Pressure Wave Generation in Gun Systems:A Survey," B13iistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD,Memorandum Report 2567, December 1975. (AD #BO08893L)

2. D.W. Culbertson, M.C. Shamblen, and J.S. O'Brasky, "Investigation of5"/38 Gun In-Bore Ammunition Malfunctions," Naval Weapons Laboratory,Dahlgren, VA, TR-2624, December 1971.

3. M.C. Shamblen and J.S. O'Brasky, "Investigation of 8"1/55 Close AboardMalfunctions," Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA, TR-2753, April1973.

4. P.J. Olenick, "Investigation of the 76-mm/62 Caliber Mark 75 Gun MountMalfunctic-s," Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren, VA, TR-3411,October 1975.

5. E.V. Clarke, Jr. and I.W. May, "Subtle Effects of Low-Amplitude PressureWave Dynamics on the Ballistics Performance of Guns," llth JANNAF Com-bustion Meeting, CPIA Publication 261, Vol. 1, pp. 141-156, December1974.

6. A.W. Horst, I.W. May, and E.V. Clarke, Jr., "The Missing Link BetweenPressure Waves and Breechblows," USA ARRADCOM, Ballistic ResearchLaboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Memorandum Report 02849,July 1978. (A058354)

7. K.H. Russel and H.M. Goldstein, "Investigation and Screening of M17Propellant Production for Lots Subject to Poor Low Temperature Perfor-mance, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ, DB-TR-7-61, June 1961.

8. N. Lockett, "British Work on Solid Propellant Ignition," Bulletin of

the First Symposium on Solid Propellant Ignition, Solid PropellantInformation Agency, Silver Spring, MD, September 1953.

i4

Ii 42

ii

'1

APPENDIX

Computer-Generated Plots of Selected Data Channels[Spindle (solid linel and Forward (dotted line) Pressure vs

Time, Pressure Difference vs Time]

43

APPENDIX INDEX

Series Propellant Lot Page

1 RAD-77H-069806 47

2 RAD-77H- 069806 51

3 RAD-77H-069806 554 RAD-77H.-069806 59

7 RAD-77H-069806 63

8 RAD-77H- 069806 67RAD-77H-069806 71

12 RAD-77H-069806 74

9. RAD.-77H-069806 78

10 RAD-77H-069806 82

S RAD)-77H-069806 86

6 RAD-77H-069806 90

13 RAD-79E-069960 93

14 RAD-79E-069960 9815 RAD-79E-069960 103

16 RAD-77G-069805 108

17 RAD-77G-069805 11318 RAD-77G-069805 116

19 RAD-77G-069805 121

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ILd -20'

CI)(n -60.

0.. -80

S-leo

-120-10S16 6 18 6 10 62 i4 6'6 4 7o i2 7 14 76

TIME (MS)

52

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)18 MAY 79; 013A'19'

359-

3099

a259

ci)S159.

59 p

9 -

G6 79 72 74 76 78 8o 82 Bi 8r6 88

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)18 MAY 79; 013AISO.

16G.

12 149-€- 1209

"-" 19.

so89zw 69e

ILAIL 209

WU -209

co, -49-W -6s.

o0 -80.

-120-68 79 i2 74 76 78 89 82 84 8 88

TIME (MS)

53

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN Ni' CORE)18 MAY 79; ID Tl4A409'

350

300,

C:0- 2S0-

wi 200

W ISO-

too

ilDELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)

- 18 MAY 79; ID T14Aw 180

lee.

:14CL 1200

www 140-Ll

120-

00'

wL 60,

IL. 20.

W -20,

C) -40-Cow -6Go

o. -80.

-100

-120St 63 65 67 9 7'1 i9 75 i7 79 81

TIME (MS)

54

DELTP P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T17A

356

300,

O- 256

Ld 200-

Li.3O13

r,,'

480 482 484 4i86 48 9 492 k 49 496 498 SooTIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID TI7A

1860

" "IGO-S 146-

a:0. 126-

"ý_ too-Lid.) 80'

zW •0

wd 406La.L 220

0 6

LL) -206

::0 -O49

(I.,

0_ -86,-160,

-326480 482 484 486 488 4k6 492 494 496 4i8 506

"TIME (MS)

55

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T18:

344--

r',,'

w

I 0x I

180)

lo-

~IiI

360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T1,A-

ISO-

-' 140-a0-/ r 120.

•++ uJ

zSIL so

L -20-

0.D

ry) -40.

CL

-12q-360 362 384 366 368 3i@ 3i2 3i4 376 378 380

TIME (MS)

56

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID TI9P

35.-

3,,

a0- 2S9-

w209-

ISO

g S.

0 -'

216 2i8 220 2i2 224 2i2 2i8 230 232 2314 236

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T19A

tee

a0- 120.

w 6LtJ

LLLL 20

wIi -20.

v,'

w -soAA

Ix. -8

-120216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236

TIME (MS)

s7

-


300

(3 2S0

Ldtv 2e

ix sC',250

Sl -- -- eI

i f"

' i

- T50

322 324 326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC C:ORE)22 MAY 79; ID T20A

u280-j-_ 140-

S80-

LL-IL 20-

03I -20-

wd -601-820

-120,t322 324 326 328 3230 332 9i4 3i6 3i8 340 3 2

TIME (MS)

58


300-

:•222

2S@-

226 228 230 232 134 236 238 140 242 144 246! TIME (MS)

: DELTQ P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNPR(E IN NC CORE)wtIPY 79; ID T21P

co

S120

TM (MS)

w -@

S-q8 -

ISO-

W -20-

-100-

"1226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 26_____ _____TIME (MS)

59

ia


359

3099

a25 259-

Sw 200-

S29 94 66 268 3iO 302 3 31

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)V 22 MAlY 79; ID T22Al

160-

140-

0- 129-"" ,Q. so-

W

L 20.

1LJ -20-

D -40.

TIME (MS)

6960


35,-

300,

a0 250"

w 2"00

W ISO-

Cl)

130 132 134 138 130 140 142 144 146 148 150TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (NO .BLK PWD SNAKE .IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T23P18@"

aCL 120"

w

w So.

W 40"LLLL 20

W -20-

-4,.w -60'0- -80

- Mo-~

-120-130 132 13 138 fi 138 140 142 t44 t r.1 i48 tse

TIME (MS)

61

DELLA P STUDY (NO BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)22 MAY 79; ID T24A

300]

S250-

Wy 200-

too

so0-1001

8 1 82 88 0 i6 98 0O0 102

TIME (MS)


160-

0L 120-

- 100-wCo 80,zw 60-

id ~40o 20,

Ld -20-

co0 -go-o.. -80-

-100-

-120

TIME (MS)

62

U ---- -

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)31 JULY 79; ID 033A

350-

300-

a:C. 250-

200"

88 90 92 94 96 s8 160 102 •4 l0 108TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PýD SNAKE IN NC CORE)31 JULY 79; ID 033A

lee

180ISeO

- I'40

._ 120-

-" lee.

zcy)w 640i-nJ 40ILL.- 20-

ILd -20'

(0 -q'4

od -60(3. -80.

-12088 9,0 92 94 96. 98 100 102 164 106 108

TIME (MS)

63

DELTA P SfUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)31 JULY 79! ID 034A

350-

Et

39 0"

IN 0- 250269

ISO

Ji9 162 4 J 1g6 1i8 116 !12 fi4 116 lie 126

TIME (MS)


ISO-i;E

0 120-

' 19s.

wLjL 1L 0 1 lS 8 6 18

TM -20(

064

D -4e-

w -so'

too l2 ,k10 18 ,iO 6i2 1i I t ;; 11 i18 120TIME (MS)

64


499

359-

300-

Cr:

2591

Ld 200-03

ise II0-

89 90 92 94 9' 948 lie 12 1i0 196 108 110TIME (MS)


1860

11 120-czw 1W8Ld(. so-

IL

Lu -20-

a) -40"

ILl "

0-!,-100-

-12088 90 92 94 96 98 li0 t 2 1 it 106 108 lie

TIME (MS)

65


3SO.

300-

a0- 2SO-

Ld ISO2o

04

59 l /

75 77 79 8! 93 8e 87 89 9| 93 95

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)31 JULY 79; ID M3AP

189-

ISO-160-

13- 129.

""- IO9 -

LiiI~0 80-

z

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75 7 7 ! 3 8S 9 8 ! 3 9

Iu- 20-

TIM 0(MS

tLJ -206

°00

S -80.

-12 0 7 S 77 9? 8' '3 S• i 7 6 4 1 93 9 sTIME (MS)

J• 66

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I PUG 79; ID 041P4e@.

350.

300.

ciO 260.

Wj 200.Qý

92 94 96 98 160 102 1Ott 16G 168 110 112

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I AUG 79; ID 041P

180-

O_ 20,

"•100-

W/

Ll

50 so

LL. 20-

20.

W -20-

-40-cr

w -Go

Q_ -So-

-120 ...92 914 96 98 fee 102 104$ 208O 0 fe 0, 122

TIME (MS)

67

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)

489 -I AUG 79; ID 042A

358.

399.

aCL 2S9,

Lij 299

bleeso

Co.

i .

96 98 9io 102 294 l29 299 fi2 112 224 226

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNPKE IN NC CORE)I AUG 79; ID 042A

180

249-

0- 128

tzJ

0 80,

_--L " 289

C.) 89

zw go-

ILLL. 29-

L. -29

Co

uj -60o .-89

96 98 298 282 284 186 168 228 222 22 226I

TIME (MS)

68

-1

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I PUG 79; ID T43P

350

30e

a0-. 2SS.250

w, 290O

ISOS

ae 82 8ti 86 88 Be 92 9tt A, Be tooTIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I AUG 79; ID Tq3A

o. 129.

w

L.i

LL 20-

w~ -29-

S-80-

-100

-120 , .Be 82 itt 816 88 910 2 911 9 98s 100

TIME (MS)

S~69

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I AUG 79; ID 044A

350-

300

L 200

DI

(n ISO-

Joe-

339 340 342 344 -U6 348 350 3S2 354 35G 358

TIME (1S)

DELTA P STUDY (MODIFIED BLK PWD SNAKE IN NC CORE)I AUG 79; ID 044P

ISO-

S 140Q- 120-

Sso

S-120

TIME (MS)

70

d 0.. 1

~ . .. . ... ..

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T59A

409

350-

300.

250-

lw~ 200,

wso-00 100, I

50. 1

1072 2074 1076 1076 1089 1082 1084 1086 1088 2090 1092

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)

20 SEPT 79; ID T59A280S

liv'16b,

a- 1220

" 1020w0 80-z

Ld~ 40-

u- 20

Wu -20-

D -40-

w.~ -60-

o~ -80--100-

-2202072 1074 20i76 I1078 1080 10'82 20j8:; 1086 j.38 1 C90 10,92

TIME (MS)

71


i 3SO'

300-

S2SO. •

Wd 250-

- SG %LiJ

al.

01250 12S2 1254 122 122S9 12639 1262 1264 126C 1268 1270TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T60i

189

IeO"

-' 40 1cc0 120.SI220z.- fee-Lli

• -80

z

Lij 40-Li.LL. 201

0 o0

w -20-

-80

-1200

12250 12252 I1i54 12156 2258g 2260 12262 I264 I2A66 1268 2I7

TIME (MS)

72

II

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T62P

(300

tooSIGO.

72 74 76 78 8 ' 82 84 86 48 90 92TIME (MS)


180

160

a0 129-

- toe

S80-zLa. 60-

LL-Ui. 29-w -

wa -20 r

(nl -69.

w. -89

-too--120

72 74 76 78 89 82 84 86 88 90 92

TIME (MS)

73

I

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T62A1100,

350

300

2@50.

LUJ

so 61 68 70 72 74 76 78 Be 82 81TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PHD IN NC TUBE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T63A

180

IGO-

160-

.. 120,

2 200'

LIi

S80

2-

6-126 66 68 70 72 711 76 78 80 82 81TIME (MS)

74

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T64A499

350-

as..309-

S250-

W 290-

ISO-

OL so

w / /

972 74 76 7 /8 80 i2 8 86 4 90 92

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)-189 2 SEPT 79; ID T64A

-' 149-aa. $29

.. 120-

1990w0 80"

zw~ Go.

a::(y0(I,1Lj-w~ -20-

o. -80-

t 07 2 7 14 7 16 7'8 80 2 84 86 88 99 0 92TIME (MS)

75

& _s

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T65A'le.

39S@

aee

259

Ld 299

oC

leg

Idl

01.

I@8

/59

56 59 69 62 6'• 66 68 70 72 7il 76TIME (tIS)

DELTP P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE. NO CLOTH SNPKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T65fl

1640

O_ 129-

S80.

E

I• 66

L.U -20-

Of

o_ -80-

56 58 so 62 ell 66 68 70 72 74 76TIME (MS)

76

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID T66A4,9

35e-

300

0_ 250-

w L 200

C,)

5 09

064 68 68 70 72 7q 76 78 89 82 84

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BLK PWD IN NC CORE, NO CLOTH SNAKE)20 SEPT 79; ID TG6P

Je-169-

IGO-' 149.

Q- 120-

Joe-Z

U_

S20-

w_ -Go-

64 6, j8 70 72 74 76 78 8o 82 84TIME (MS)

77

I_

i-14

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)-- 17 SEPT 79; ID T49A

360

LL

eo.

Cr

20-

120

10-

0a38 390 382 38'. 38 308 90 392 394 "J 9TIME (MS)

DELTP P STUDY (BPSE IGNITION, STD DJAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T'49P

o.. Go.

2,} 89,

Le_

2LI 40.

I. -20.

w -G,

o -80.

-120.

378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398

TIME (MS)

78

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T50A

3650

300

uL 200.

CL(I)

250.

$a.too

1289G 1898 1900 1902 !P9- 1910 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID TS0A

ISO-

180-

120-

80.z

u 0

l _ 20

o. 0

-40UI)

a. O -80-

S' -fee-

1896 1898 900 1992 19q4 I906 29008 1290 1912 1944 1916

TIME (WS)

79


3S0

300

a0.. 2S9-

bi

l 200-

C',

Ld

t..

894' 1986 1988 1990 1992 199'4 1996 1998 2000 2002 200

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID TSIA

180

160I

140-fl- 120-

1200

tLdJ0 8e-

zLd 6o-

~1wu 40-U-LL. 20

-40--' -2o-

W -60.

n -80-

2201984 1986 1988 29190 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2084

TIME (MS)

80

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T52A

490.

3509

300

250

W 290

25w

fe-

ISO-

120-

too-

w/

w t

S 804- 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

TM 20-

-29.

-40-

W' 11

i -120

80e 88 88 8i9 8i2 8i4 SiS 8i8 82O 822 824TIME (MS)

81.

L _ _

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)17 SEPT 79; ID TS54

350.

2se

309

0:

00

2056 2058 2080 2062 2064 26 2968 20'79 2•72 2071 20778 207TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIAM.)290 17 SEPT 79; ID T54A

160

a:

- I00-LdQ 80-zd 60.

ILl 40LLU.. 20-

LL -20-

-20

LU -so-

0.. -80-

-2I02056 20S8 2060 2i62 2464 2066 2068 2070 2072 2074 2076 2078

TIME (MS)

82

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, STD DIRM.)17 SEPT 79; ID TSSA

350-

300

a:CL" 260-

IL 200

0n I

too.I@I -

s0

2254 2256 2258 2260 2262 2264 2266 2268 2270 2272 2274TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BRSE IGNITION, STD DIPM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T55A

180

169.

w 240-

LL 220

CE,

I~ 60

cU-

U_ 20

co -40.C,,

Iw -60.

Q -80-

-100-1201

2254 2256 2269 2280O 2i62 22F4 226.6 2268 2270 2272 2274TIME (MS)

83


359'

300

Q- 250

D Ld 209

76 37; 360 3ý2 384 3k 3i8 360 3i2 364 346TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BAlSE IGNITION, STD DIPM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T56A

180

150

lee-189

LLLL 290

w -Go-1 201o_ -20'

376 3i8 3 0 3i2 3i4 306 368 3i9 392 3194 39r,TIME (MS):4 8A

I1

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNII!ON. STD DItl.)17 SEPT 79; ID T57A

•= Lw 209"

I ~co0) 26

2fee-e

S82 584 58G 589 592 594 696 698 Q00 602

TIME (MS)p

DELTA P STUDY (RASE IGNIT!ON, STD DIPM.)17 SEPT 79; ID T57PS~180.

160-

a0- 120-

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Lu -20-

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Sm85

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2!

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIfM.)-00 9 JULY 79; ID T26A

FF

3ea-

[d 200-Libt ISO- ,

10-

too 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 24 2TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)

9 JULY 79; ID T2&fl140-

1220

too-

_) 80,

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CkO

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DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)9 JULY 79; ID T27A

350-

300-

C- 250-

W 2001

So.

88 90 92 9' 9 6 98 liee 12 104 166 1 8

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BA~SE IGNITION. FULL BORE DIPM.)ISO 9 JULY 79; ID T27A

180

' ~ 14091200

fee-

Id 40-IL

LU -20-

w -40-co

Q.. .. -8-0

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-120

88 90 4P 94 96 96 8 160 162 164 106 109TIME (MS)

87

I " q1

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)499 9 JULY 79; ID T28A

359.

300

I aS 0.

CosCo lis-

100

50-d

186 188 190 192 19J 196 198 209 202 294 206

TIME (MS)


180'

169'

a- 120

"*~-" 100w 00 o

zw 6-

L.LIL 29-

w.1 -2 0949

to -69

w. -Go-

a- -89*

-120 186 168 199 192 194 196 118 290 292 292'

TIME (MS)

88


3S@,

360

388

X: 26

E

L1-

170 172 t74 176 178L ii2 I it , 188 188TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)ISO-9 JULY 79; ID T29A

18)

IGO-

S120-

tee-

C 80-Zw so-

L 20-

w -20-

w -Go.

Q- -80.

-120

178 172 174 17 278 288t 282 284 26 188 298

TIME (MS)

H

DET TD RS GITOFL OEDP.9 JLY89; DT9


400

3S0,

3e00

cr0- 2S0,

W 200I

isoLii

IxlI

10-

C--

108 1I1 112 I14 114 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)9 JULY 79; ID T30P

ISO

S 140.a120-

v. tee.Ld0 80.zILl 69"

II Liw 40-Li-L. 20.

o' 0"

Ld -20.

u -60o. -80

- too.

108 110 112 11 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 1311 138 138TIME (MS)

90

DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIPM,)0230 JULY 78; ID T37A

350-

300

0_ 250-

200-

CO ISO-ILl

a-

so.

130 632 634 136 138 1410 142 141, 146 148 ISOTIME (MS)

Vi DELTA P STUDY (BASE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)180. 30 JULY 79; ID T37A180-

S~140 a0- 120-

too-U• ( 80,zw Go0o-,,w 40-IL. 20-

W -20

-40-

w -so0( -80

-100

-12030 62 64 66 68 1140 11421 14 1146 148 1M0

TIME (MS)

91


400,

360'

300-

C-. 26,,. "

Li 200-

00 ISO-9 I T8S180/

200-

0164 266 168 170 172 274 276 278 180 182 181

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (6HSE IGNITION, FULL BORE DIAM.)30 JULY 79; ID T38A

280

ISO-

-' 40-I

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1200wco 80zw 6o0

w '40LiL2±. 20,

w -20-

-40-

w, -Go0

oL -80.

-1220 - ,-, '--264 266 268 170 172 174 17G lie 280 282 284

TIME (MS)

92

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)10 FEB 80; ID 003A

300

3~,,

( 5. /

cr,

1 00"B 0ýDELTP P STUDY (CL S BP/CBI)

10 FEB 80; ID 003A186

168-

10-

40!

IW -20'12 -S0 -80,

IM

1o 40-

(900 - 120

X 2: 6 I d 22 2 8 2 0 3tooE-MS

u93

4

DELTP P STUDY (CL E BP/'BI)10 FEB 80; ID 00•P

3500

300-

w 20.00

C'- /

Ofl

Cof

0.. 11...

Ii26 28 iO 32 34 36 38 40 '2 4 '4

TIME fMS)

DELTP P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBl)10 FEB 80; ID 004A

160,

a_L=C 120"

too-uJC_) 80-wzw 60-

w 40-ILIL. -20.

0.

w -20.

t-12

TIME (MS)

94

=•' • ~ ~~~ - 4 0-.I I I I I, . .. . . ... ... . . .. . . . . .

DELTP P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)"10 FEB 80: ID 00G5

3500

S@25 0 -

SIW 1200

C/) I

100, (

50

8 e 20 2 ,14 26 28 20 22 214 26 28

TIME (MS)

DELTO P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)160 10 FEB 80; ID 005P

-* 1401S• 120]

LLL 80-

1.L -20-

CoD -40.

LA -60,

-820--100,

-120 ,8 2e 12 214 1r I 20 22 24 26 2M8

TIME (MS)

95

DELTP P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)10 FEB 80; ID 006A

359

399-

0--

W 209-Q:(n)w ISO-

so-j

8 9 122 14 28 28 29 22 is 26 2i

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)10 FEB 80; ID 006A

180160-

a0- 1202

C-) 89-zw 6s,U '4

1±. 29-

w -29

Id -69-

ow -so

-120-8 29 12 1it IG 18 29 2 2 2 28 2

TIME (MS)

96

DELTA P S

I

DELTA P STUDY (CL I BP)11 FEB 80- ID 009A

300]

La. 200W1 260 iCL

wr2004-

60,

D

34 36 38 40 42 4 14 6 48 • 0 S2 54TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)It FEB 80; ID 009Atsee

140]

•E1200" " lee-

ww 80-

6 0.w (toLI-L.. 20

Li -20-

-40-

-69ct:oC. -69

34 i~ 8 44 42 44 46 48 S0 S2 S14

_________________ TIME (MS)

98

DELTA P STUDY (CL : BP)11 FEB 80; ID OlOI

3S60

300-

(1. 209.

LLd

rL 260.

C,,1oo

60

24 is 18 2i i2 24 26 2i 39 32 34TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)11 FEB 80; ID OlOP

180-

itt"0- 129.

190t..,

IZ

Lu 49-

1, 22-

TM -20-

099

LIJ -Go-0ý0-• -80-

S~TIME (MS)

• 99

DELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)11 FEB 80; ID 0l1A

350,

3900

a0- 25"

LL 290-

(1 Is@-

0-lee.

Is 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 3A 3sTIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL I BP)11 FEB'80; ID OIIP

186

0 120-

Slee.

89-

z690.

L0LL- 20-

ot

-2:1I'8 20 2 214 2G 28 36 32 3i4 36 38

TIME (MS)

100

II

DELTA P STUDY (CL I BP)11 FEB 80; ID 012A

350

390

0-. 250-

W 200-

C/)c ISO-w

209

IGO-

•8 • • 2 59? i 52 511 56

19.DELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)

[• II FEB 80; ID 0I2PS~1991

14e,

a0- 120"X:""- 100.

0~ 80'

z

L*. 40-

LL. 20-

Li -20-

-49-

w -so9

4 -too-

362 A 39 40 42 6;4rI 48 i i2 6t 56TIME (MS)

101

IDELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)

11 FEB 80; ID 013A

300

as 3@00

L 2t50

w/

x 200 1

UTIM IS

too0le IIFB8I D03

:• DELTA P STUDY (CL 1 BP)

w

II

100-

1 80-

zw 6o-

J -40

L 20-

W -20"

-40-

W -Go-

a. -80'-100.

-120138 40 42 41 46 48 S0 52 5q 56 68

TIME (MS)

102

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)11 FEB 80; ID 014P

350-

3900

0- 2509

w~ 200-

150

00

•*' 09 SO-

i8 39 32 34 38 3A 49 1 4 146 48

TIME (MIS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)

180 11 FEB 80; ID 014A

j ISO-

0 0z

w its.

- -g

5•~ ~ ~~L D2T0 SUY(C P

w -29-

(1)0 -80.

too

S~169'

-12028 30 32 3~4 36 38 '4 4,2 44 4 '48

TIME (MS)

103

II

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)It FEB 80; ID OISA

350-

360-

4 299co

w I@

too-

so10-

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 2 BP)II FEB 80; ID OlSA

184,

a0- 120-

0 80-

wd 40-Li.LLi 20-

W -20.

-40I

wL -80

0 -,Be-

"-10o

-1020 212 i4 A6 i8 46 i2 i4 is 39 40

104

A/

DELTA P STUDY (CL 9 BP)11 FEB 80; ID TI6A

35,.

366.

.. 256

9TIME (MS)2

o'o

a 26

E Is@-

Li.I

-2--

C,',

w s-6

-16

w -226

S180

86 Be 48 92 qtt 9G 98 100 102 1264 106

TIME (MS)

1 Cs

II

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)It FEB 80; ID Ti7A

300

a-

2509

1L 00u) ISO-

60 62 64 64 6' 70 i2 74 76 8 8TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)I FEB 80; ID T17A

180.

160,

0- 120-

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S H80zw 6o0

ij 40u-� -20-

S-20-

0 -40.

L__ -Go-

L -860-

S~-120610 so 612 i4 6 s 68 7 i 2 7ii 76 79

TIME (MS)

106

DELTA P STUDY (CL 3 BP)11 FEB 80; ID T18A'I,-

309

3o-

(• 259-

,, 299t

w 5l) is9 8s

TIME (MS)

I89;260-

'1 149-

wC) 8-

LJ 60-

LJ Go

L1 29-

ul -29-

,0ý(0. -80-

-ios-

-120 66 4 8 4 i2 si i 4 70 72 74. ,

TIME (MS)

107

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)31 OCT 78; ID 088B

300

350'

a. 259-

D 2001

S ISO.w

ii a- 199", so

29 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 49TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)31 OCT 78; ID 088Bfee.

160-

1 494

a0- 1291too-

wC.) 80

zLi 60

w 40-

LL 20-

W -20-140

4w -Go-

0- -80

-120- ,20 22 24 26 28 39 i2 34 3i 3' 14

TIME (MS)

108


3B,.

390-

" 250'

2@-

TIME (MS)

*2=9

DELA PSTUDY (CL S BP/CBI)

31OCT 78; ID 089R

t60too-

2 140lee

i 8@-

z

LI-iLi 26-

W -20"w so

• -60

-1200

L -220

TIME (MS)

109

!C


3S:: \-

299-0- 250'

zt

L/) ISO I

w '

200-t

0 0

22 24 26 28 39 32 34 3A 38 40 42

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)31 OCT 78: ID 090B

lee

160-

a~ 9i lee-

'.• 120.too-

z

W -20gof

COw -60

0 -80.

0- -Be--100.1g , ,,,,

i1222 24 26 2' 3A 32 3i 36 38 40 42TIME (MS)

110

DELTA P STUDY (CL S BP/CBI)31 OCT 78; ID 0918

300-

O . 256. I

Li 200

w

lso

U032 34 36 38 1 40 22 M 4 is 48 5 52

TIME (MS)

S~DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)

31 OCT 78; ID 091Blee-lee,

149-

"120-0 a@zC I IS80w 40.UL-L 20

S-20-

Z -40.

W -so'

0- -80-

-1200

32 314 36 38 40 42 44t 46 4 0 5TIME (MS)

111

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI)31 OCT 78; ID T92B

Its

3590

300

C 259A

W 200 .

Co

L -

Of

72 74 76 78 i8 82 i4 86 i8 99 92

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL S BP/CBI)31 OCT 78; ID T92Btoo-

1609

249.ao. 120E I@

-89+

zw Go.1. 491

IL.IL 29,

w -20-

CA,wd -69-a_ -89-

-1ee

-122972 74 76 78 89 po 814 86 889 4 92

TIWr .MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI; 1/3 STACKED)8 NOV 78; ID 098A

SSG-

390,

3600

0ý260

(E

a. B

0- 129.t.LI

X:

too-

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI; 1/3 STACKED)8 NOV 78; ID 098A

IBS.

160.

as(Q:

S4120.

LLJ

LL 2-0iz

-26.

L. -G60

a. -80.-I00.

-120

TIME (MS)

113

i

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI; 1/3 STACKED)8 NOV i8; ID T99P

3500

3ae.

a

4W 2005ry

00

:so-

Is 18 20 22 24 2G 28 30 32 34 36TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI; 1/3 STACKED)8 NOV 78; ID T99P

IS

w 09w 4

L- 120-

o 0I- d 8-2

w -0-C,,

w -620

o• -80.

-too"-120:---L----

IS I8 28 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36TIME (MS)

114

4:

DELTA P STUDY (CL 5 BP/CBI; i/3 STACKCO)live, 8 NOV 78; ID I,

-A7

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MAR 80; ID T22A

S--S30'3

U)L ISO.

so-

If f

Cl)Cl,

199,

IGO-

Tlt" (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CR1)289 I1 MAR 80; ID T22A

140-S- 129-

ILd0- 80-w -C)zw so-

L.L 49-ILLL 20-

01 -29"C3)

w -60-

o• -89-

TIME (MS)

-40

116- 120i|um iw • mmm

I

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)It MAR 80; ID T23A

300 1 I i

a

0e,

148 148 I 52 154 156 158 ISO 162 164 166TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)I11 MAR 80; ID T23P

ISO-

189.-so-

c 1. 0 129

S8 9zw 6o-

w 49-_L. 2 -

0/ -tie.

w -69-

0- -89

146 148 159 152 164t 156 158 169 162 164 166 rTIME (MS)

117

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MAR 80: ID 024A

300,

0•- 250

LU- 200-

Q)

9SO-IISO

so ~ II

05 I- j;

1149 1142 21414 146 M11 Igo 252 2514 li6 15 60

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MAR 80; ID 024P

160/

-120-

LLJ

-140-L-0

L_ 20"

w -20-

w -Go-

-220

ii -120-

1140 1112 1414 146 148 IgO 252 1S14 156 258 169'1 TIME (MS)

118

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)It MAR 80; iD 02SA

400-

350-300 -

!25 12co ISO

w!C,, /

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MnR 80; ID 025AISO-Is@-

1400

53 I.

Q 120-

S1 -00

!w

TIME (MS)

2)80-

w GO

.40-

L 20

w -20-

c -40-w -Go-

40- 80-

-1200

128 130 232 134 136 l3e 140 242 244t 146. 148TIME (MS)

119

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MAR 80; ID T26P

300

250-AA

2r) Ie Iw 200-

ISO I

0ý

184 186 t88 90 92 294 19 8 .... 260 202 204

TIME (MS)

DELTA P STUDY (CBI)11 MAR 80; ID T26A

ISO1" 40.

1800

C.) 80zd 60-

Ld 40L,_Li. 20-

-40-

w -60-

0- -so.

"184 286 188 190 192 194 196 199 200 202 204TIME (MS)

120

ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND … · -i Destroy this report when it is no longer...

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Transcript of ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND … · -i Destroy this report when it is no longer...