rance can be the first country in the history of the post-Soviet

Russia which shares its state-of-the-art Naval technologies. It

is the case of a deal between Moscow and Paris over Mistral,

an amphibious assault ship, a type of helicopter carrier. Today

a rising spout of debate concerning the need to purchase the

ship from France is ongoing, even the political decision has been taken

already. The number of supporters and opponents of the deal are almost

equal and it means that the truth is in the middle.

The years of reforms, so called transition period, left ineffaceable mark

on the shipbuilding industry, especially in the Navy. A lot of technologies

were lost, very many specialists fled abroad in order to find better place

for living. In this regard Russia has no choice but to trample on pride and

receive the helping hand stretched by France. However it is important to

mention that the deal should cover not only the hull of the ship, which

is for sure the Russian shipbuilders are able to manufacture themselves,

but modern technologies and ship-in built equipment and systems. The

issue is not just to copy-and-paste the experience of the French ship-

builders but to understand, digest and produce a ship at the Russian

shipyards with the help of Western technologies.

The importance of purchasing French Mistral for the Russian

Federation also lays in the field of maritime security, as the challenges

of the 21st century show that terrorism has shifted to the oceans and

seas. The perfect example is the situation in the Golf of Aden. Today the

sea is being used as the playing yard for industrialists' innovation and

research activities. In its turn such activities require the close cooperation

between maritime states, including land-locked countries as well, in the

field of sharing technologies, experience, endeavour, etc.

22nd International Naval Defence and Maritime Exhibition and

Conference is exactly the right place to share ideas on maritime security.

It is going to be one of the greatest event in the field of Navy armament

and weapon systems this year. The steady growth of exhibitors, from

around 150 in 1994 up to 379 last year, once again fortifies the meaning

of this exhibition for the specialists, designers, developers and, of course,

consumers of Naval vessels, armaments, equipment and shipbuilding

technologies.

Traditionally Russia attends the Event and does its best to bring to the

attention of attendees the latest maritime and shipbuilding develop-

ments, especially in naval defence field. In order to facilitate the famili-

arity we aimed this issue of the Magazine to be fully devoted to new

combat ships, anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, torpedoes, etc.

We also shed light to the development of the Russian Navy shipbuilding.

Dear readers, we hope that information in our Magazine will help you

to better understand the latest tendencies and challenges the Russian

shipbuilders and militaries have to face today. We also hope that our

articles will shift your horizons and stock you with knowledge about

modern Russian Navy.

LA RUSSIE NE BOUDE PAS; ELLE SE RECUEILLE

F

Oleg PEREVOSCHIKOVDeputy Director General

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ARMS MARKET

5(55).2010 ● 5

kind of combat vessels the Russian

Navy needs, the laying of the

“Severodvinsk” (project 885) nuclear-

powered attack submarine's keel was

possible. Moreover the “Kazan” nu-

clear-powered submarine and a sec-

ond frigate project 22350 “Admiral

Flota Kasatonov” are under construc-

tion today.

In 2009–2010 the at-sea tests of

the “Yuriy Dolgorukiy” project 995

ballistic missile submarine are ongo-

ing According to open source infor-

mation some works were conduct-

ed at two submarines project 995A

“Alexander Nevskiy” and “Vladimir

Monamah”. Submarines project 995

and advanced 995A are able to sub-

merge up to 450 meters, have speed

up to 29 knots. They armed with 16

ballistic missiles R-30 “Bulava” and six

torpedo launchers. Today “Alexander

Nevskiy” and “Vladimir Monamah”

project 995A are under construction.

Moreover the fourth submarine of

this project is planned to be armed

with 20 launchers of the “Bulava”

missile.

Along with tests and build-

ing of nuclear submarines, the full-

range works were conducted at the

"Petersburg" diesel electric subma-

rine (project 677 class Lada), which

is classified as the forth generation

sub. The comprehensive works al-

lowed to put the submarine into

service in 2010. Two more diesel elec-

tric submarines “Kronshtadt” and

“Sevastopol” are under construction.

In 2009 the Russian Fleet re-

ceived the “Yaroslav Mudry” corvette

project 11540. The same year the hull

of the “Ivan Gren” large landing ship

was completed. According to some

sources, the vessel will have a dis-

placement of 5000-6000 tons and

will be able to carry up to 13 main

battle tanks or 60 armoured person-

nel carriers.

In a short run the Russian Navy

should receive more up-to-date bat-

tle ships. In 2010 the laying of three

new-project frigates and three sub-

marines project 636 keel is expected.

It is worth to mention that all of them

are planned to be commissioned to

the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

Today the works concerning

the harbour testing at the “Soob-

razitelniy” corvette project 20380 are

almost over. There are different sys-

tems, equipment installation works

are ongoing at the ship, as well as

cabins are getting modernized.

In 2011 the first ship “Admiral

Flota Gorshkov” frigate project

22350 is planned to be handed over

to the Navy. The second ship of this

project “Admiral Flota Kasatonov” is

scheduled to be handed over in 2012.

The Steregushchy class corvette was designed by the Almaz Central

Marine Design Bureau. The corvette is a multipurpose ship designed

to exercise combat operations in the littoral zone against surface ships

and submarines. It is planned to replace the Grisha class. The first batch

being built at Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg consists of four

ships. A second building line has been started at Komsomolsk where or-

ders for at least a further two ships are expected. There is an export ver-

sion known as Project 20382 Tigr. In total, the Russian Navy have publicly

announced that they expect to buy at least 20 of these ships, for all four

major fleets. Indonesian navy have plans to purchase 4 vessels of this

type to replace their aging Dutch-built Fatahillah class corvettes.

ARMS MARKET

6 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

According to the top Navy com-

manders, in a mid run the focus will

be on modernization of the fleet.

All nuclear-powered guided missile

cruisers project 1144 are planned

to be put into service from reserve

by 2020. First of all it is “Admiral

Nakhimov”, “Admiral Lazarev” and

“Admiral Ushakov”. All three men-

tioned cruisers including “Pyotor

Velikiy”, which is commissioned to

the Northern Fleet will be deeply up-

graded. In particular all equipment,

power plant and armament will be

replaced by new ones. The works on

modernization are expected to be

over within 10 years.

A new generation of littoral

zone battle ships are expected to

be introduced to public in a short

period of time. In the conversa-

tion with Editor-in-Chief of “ARMS.

Defense Technologies Review” the

Commander-in-Chief of the Russian

Navy Vladimir Vysotskiy highlighted

that the works on these ships were

ongoing and in a mid run they would

be fielded in all four main Russian

Fleets. He also mentioned that the

technical characteristics of the fu-

ture Russian ships would not under-

perform and even excel the Western

made analogues.

Talking about modern Russian

Navy one cannot stop discussing the

most vulnerable topic concerning a

up-to-date submarine-launched bal-

listic missile. The "Bulava" missile (the

NATO reporting name SS-NX-32) is

under tests however, not everything

is going smoothly and according to

the plan. Around half of tests were

failed but military-political leadership

expresses its assurance that in future

the missile will pass all tests and be

fielded at the modern Russian ballis-

tic missile submarines. When this is-

sue was good for printing, the 13th

successful test-launch of "Bulava"

from the "Yuriy Dolgorukiy" nuclear

submrine was conducted.

The positive tendencies that

take place in the Russian Navy ship-

building industry play positive role

in the field of export. Many spe-

cialists and not only in Russia, say

that Moscow has all chances to in-

crease the number of non-nuclear

submarines in the global arms mar-

ket. During last four years Russia ex-

ported only four non-nuclear subma-

rines but up to six non-nuclear sub-

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERODVINSK

Displacement, t5,800–7,700–9,500 surfaced

8,200–13,800 submerged

Length, m 111

Beam, m 12

Draught, m 8,4

Propulsion 1x KPM type pressurized water reactor

Speed20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ sub-

merged max

Complement 50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted]

Armament

Torpedoes

Missiles

650mm and 533 mm caliber TV, self-guided torpedoes.

The submarine can be armed with mines.

P-800 “Onix”, Х-35, Х-101, ZМ-54E, ZМ-54E1, ZМ-14E

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOOBRAZITELNIY

Displacement, t: 1900

Length, m: 104.5

Beam, m: 11.1

Draught, m: 03.07.10

Propulsion:

2 shaft CODAD, 4 16D49 diesels 24.000hp (17.9 MW),

power supply AC 380/220V, 50 Hz, 4x630 kw diesel

genset

Speed, kn: 26

Complement: 100

Armament

1 x Arsenal A-190 100mm

2 x MTPU pedestal machine gun 14.5 mm

2 x Kashtan-M CADS

8x P-800 Oniks anti ship missiles in 2 vertical launchers or

6x 3M-54 Klub(91RE2) ASuW&ASW missiles in one verti-

cal launcher or

8x Kh-35 missiles

in one vertical launcher

6x SS-N-29 /RPK-9 Medvedka Medvedka-VE anti-subma-

rine missile in one launcher

4 x 400mm torpedo tubes,

The assembling

of the “Ivan Gren”

landing ship

ARMS MARKET

5(55).2010 ● 7

marines are expected to be exported

by 2013. The contract worths around

three billion US dollars.

During the visit of Vietnamese

Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung

last year on December 15 the agree-

ment between “Rosoboronexport”

and Vietnam was inked. According

to the 2 billion US dollar agreement

six submarines project 636M will

be delivered to Vietnam. In addi-

tion Vietnamese Navy needs to have

proper infrastructure, armament and

other systems and equipment to use

these submarines. In this regard the

total sum of the contract can ex-

ceed three billion US dollars. The

“Admiralty Shipyards” company was

chosen as a Contractor, where two

submarines project 636M are under

construction for Algerian Navy.

In the framework of Russian tech-

nical military cooperation it is impor-

tant to mention the leasing agree-

ment with India. The country wants

to lease Russian made nuclear sub-

marines. The contract is also very lu-

crative for Moscow.

The specialists forecast the in-

crease of export in the field of speed

boats, missile boats, gunboats and

landing ships, that are able to be

used in the rivers, littoral zone, etc.

The Russian Federation ranks next

to the United States of America in

the field of export of the mentioned

vessels, so for Russia the wide hori-

zons are open in this segment, espe-

cially taking into account the quality/

price ratio, which is inherent to all ar-

mament and weapon systems pro-

duced in Russia.

Anton Chernov

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 636M SUBMARINE

Displacement, t:Surfaced: 2,350

Submerged: 3,000 tons full load

Length, m: 74.0

Draft, m: 6.5

Depth of hold:Operational: 240 meters

Maximum: 300 meters

Propulsion:

Diesel-electric propulsion

2 x 1000 kW Diesel generators

1 x 5,500–6,800 shp Propulsion motor

1 x fixed-pitch Propeller

Speed:Surfaced: 10–12 knots

Submerged: 17–25 knots

Range:

With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 miles at 7 knots

Submerged: 400 miles at 3 knots

Full run: 12.7 miles at 21 knots

Endurance: 45 days

Test depth: 300 m

Complement: 52

Armament:

6/553 mm torpedo tubes

18 torpedoes

24 mines

8 SA-N-8 Gremlin or 8 SA-N-10 Gimlet Surface-to-air

missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with

air defense weapons)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSOF PROJECT 22350

Displacement 4500 tones

Length 135 м 

Beam 16 м

Draught 4,5 м

Operational Range 4000 miles

Artillery Armament 1x1 130-mm  А-192 gun

Anti-Ship missiles 8xZM “Onix” missiles

Anti-submarine missiles 8x “Medvedka-2”

AA missile system“Uragan”

(combat stock — 24 missiles)

Helicopter 1 Ka-32 helicopter

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YASEN PROJECT 885

Displacement, t:5,800-7,700-9,500 surfaced

11,800 submerged

Length, m: 120m

Beam, m: 15m

Draught, m: 8,4m

Propulsion: 1x KPM type pressurized water reactor

Speed:20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ sub-

merged max [2]

Range: unlimited except by food supplies

Test depth: 600 meters

Complement: 50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted]

Armament:8x3 (total: 24)P-800 Oniks  missiles, 10x torpedo tubes

(650mm and 533mm).

TECHNOLOGIES

8 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

he Arsenal is one of

the oldest Russian de-

fense enterprises hav-

ing a centuries-long his-

tory initiated by Peter

the Great, Emperor of Russia, who

issued a decree in 1711 to estab-

lish the Cannon Casting Yard, which

subsequently became the base for

the Arsenal of St. Petersburg. By the

late 18th  — early 19th century, the

Arsenal located in St. Petersburg had

become not only a Russian ordnance

factory, but also a leading technical

center. It was this place where the

national technical policy in the ar-

ea of artillery ordnance was shaped,

fundamentally new design solutions

were born, new technologies were

created, and the first standards for

the fabrication and testing of artil-

lery weapons were developed. The

best weaponry experts, prominent

researches, developers and inven-

tors such as General Feldzeugmeister

(Master General of Ordnance)

J.  Bruce, Artillery Commander of

the Russian Army, Major General

A.  Zasyadko, the researcher and de-

veloper of armament powder rock-

ets, the author of the first multiple

launch rocket system (a prototype of

“Katuysha” and current “Grad” mul-

Today, the Arsenal is the commonwealth of two leading enterprises of the Russian military-industrial

complex: the Arsenal Design Bureau named after M. Frunze Federal State Unitary Enterprise and the

Arsenal Machine-building Plant Joint-Stock Company, which close and inseparable mutual activities

are focused on development and production of such the newest prototypes of weaponry and mili-

tary equipment as artillery mounts for surface combat ships and automatic space systems designed

to accomplish governmental objectives.

T

ARSENAL:FROM THE BEGINNINGS UP UNTIL NOW

Mikhail Sapego,

the leader of the

St. Petersburg’s

Arsenal

Peter I, the

founder of the

St. Petersburg’s

Arsenal

100mm AK-100 artil-

lery mount

TECHNOLOGIES

5(55).2010 ● 9

tiple launch rocket system) worked

for the Arsenal. A. Zasyadko devel-

oped not only the first 2, 2.5 and 4

inch missile launchers, but also tac-

tics for their operational use. Rocket

launchers designed by A. Zasyadko

got their ‘baptism of fire’ in 1825 dur-

ing the Caucasian military engage-

ments and in the Russo-Turkish war

1828–1829. Their use greatly facili-

tated the success in combat opera-

tions of the Russian Army. A. Nartov

developed the first automatic rapid-

fire all-round 44-barrel battery. The

designers under the leadership of

P. Shuvalov developed the howitzer

with a divergent bore ensuring hor-

izontal fan-shaped dissemination of

case shot that enlarged considera-

bly the fragment footprint, as well

as the “Edinorog” (unicorn) long-bar-

rel gun-howitzer having a cone car-

tridge chamber and enhanced range

and accuracy of shooting. To cre-

ate new prototypes of weapons, the

Arsenal engaged such distinguished

scholars as L. Euler, D. Mendeleev,

N. Maievsky, etc.

Despite different political chang-

es in the country, cataclysms of

World War I and II that repeatedly re-

sulted in almost complete collapses

and the need to revive subsequent-

ly the Russian economy and indus-

try, the 20th century became an ep-

och of intense scientific and techni-

cal development for Arsenal: expan-

sion of the manufactured product

range and manufacturing facilities.

Over its entire history the Arsenal

was a publicly-owned enterprise that

actually took no part in political oc-

curring in the country. The enter-

prise’s team always aimed all efforts

at enhancement of the national de-

fense capacity, upgrading and devel-

opment of new prototypes of weap-

onry and military equipment. Right

after the end of World War I and the

Civil War, the young Red Army re-

quired restoring arsenal of artillery

weapons remained in the country in

order to ensure its battleworthiness.

The Arsenal plant carried out repair

and upgrade of field ordnance. Even

at that time, the Arsenal’s special-

ists understood pretty good that the

old-pattern cannonry developed

in the late 19th century and manu-

Howitzer of

P. Shuvalov

All-round battery of

A. Nartov

“Edinorog” howitzer

of P. Shuvalov

45mm antitank gun

TECHNOLOGIES

10 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

factured in the early 20th century

were considerably exceeded in their

technical capabilities (firing range,

rate of fire, maneuverability) by new

prototypes of weapons used by the

European (German, French, Italian)

and American Armies. Despite lim-

ited manufacturability, lack of raw

materials and manpower, in the ear-

ly 1920ies the Arsenal plant set up

a specialized design team that suc-

ceeded within the shortest possi-

ble period in developing projects of

the first national 45mm, 60mm and

76mm “Arsenalets” self-propelled

caterpillar artillery mounts. The plant

manufactured first development

prototypes of these mounts. By the

early 1930ies, the Arsenal had devel-

oped and started producing the new

guns: 45mm DOT-4 casemate gun

and 7-33 antitank gun.

In 1937 the enterprise formed its

own design bureau on the basis of

the design team of a joint design bu-

reau (the JDB No. 7), which operated

in two areas: artillery and mortar. The

professionals under the leadership of

distinguished designers B. Shavyrin

and V. Shamarin developed the first

national mortars BM-37 (82mm bat-

talion mortar), PM-38; PM-41 (120mm

regimental mortar), 50mm and

107mm mortars that were army-ac-

cepted in 1938-1941 and revealed

their excellent performance in com-

bat operations near the Hasan lake

and in the area of the Khalkhin-Gol

river, played a key role in their strug-

gle against German Fascism during

World War II. Many projects devel-

oped by the Arsenal (or the Plant

No.  7 by its first name) were passed

over for their large-scale manufac-

ture to other national ordnance

factories in Leningrad, Perm, Kiev,

Sevastopol, and Krasnoyarsk. The ar-

tillery activities were also fruitful. Till

1941, the Arsenal had developed and

started producing the 76mm “7-2”

mountain guns, 107mm howitzers

and 76mm regimental guns.

In 1938–1939, the Arsenal started

its history of developing first ship-

borne artillery mounts. During this

period, the Design Bureau devel-

oped the BMB-1 single-barrel and

the BMB-2 double-barrel antisub-

marine mortars that provided firing

of D-bombs from the ship’s board

to distances of up to 110 meters.

Moreover, under a special order of

the Government, the Arsenal devel-

oped the first national 90mm GKP-

7 harpoon gun to be installed on

vessels of whaling flotillas; technical

characteristics of this harpoon gun

that were considerably superior to

the ones of harpoon guns manufac-

tured by a Norwegian company be-

ing the world leader in the produc-

tion and supply of similar products

at those times. The GKP-7 guns were

manufactured by the Arsenal in the

post-war period also. The GKP-7 pro-

vided fault-free operation in any cli-

matic conditions and were installed

on harvesting vessels of such world-

renowned Russian whaling flotillas

as Aleut; Slava, Sovetskaya Rossiya;

Sovetskaya Ukraina; Yuri Dolgoruky.

This and many other cannons, in-

cluding the first self-propelled guns,

were developed under the leader-

ship of talented designer L. Gorlitsky.

Products developed by the

Arsenal always featured novelty of

technical solutions using the most

progressive scientific achievements.

As early as the pre-war period, the

Arsenal’s designers were among the

130mm AK-130 artil-

lery mount

ZIF-121 decoy-target

system

ZIF-122 antiaircraft

missile system

TECHNOLOGIES

5(55).2010 ● 11

first who started using aluminum al-

loys for the development of artillery

mounts and welding procedures for

the fabrication of their frame struc-

tures. In the 1930ies, the Arsenal

vastly expanded its production facil-

ities, opened specialized workshops,

extensively renewed its machining

facilities, and implemented new in-

dustrial standards. The Arsenal’s spe-

cialists continuously monitored and

studied latest global scientific and

engineering achievements, adopt-

ed the experience of leading indus-

trially developed countries. Based

on this experience, they developed

their own original constructional

and process solutions that enabled

them to create products with tech-

nical characteristics that were con-

siderably superior to the ones of for-

eign analogs. As early as those years,

the Arsenal succeeded for the first

time in entering the world weap-

ons market. Batches of the “7-2”

mountain guns manufactured by the

Arsenal were repeatedly supplied to

Spain along with the supplies of oth-

er best weapons with a view to pro-

vide international assistance to the

resistance fighting against the fas-

cist regime. The RM-40 (50mm cal-

iber) mortars were supplied to the

Chinese Red Army to fight against

Japanese invaders.

Despite selective evacuation to

the city of Perm during World War

II, the Arsenal continued its active

manufacturing, research and engi-

neering activities. During the time of

the Siege of Leningrad, in incredibly

heavy and subhuman conditions, the

plant manufactured 120mm mor-

tars, 76mm mountain guns, 45mm

antitank guns and other weapon-

ry. In 1944, the plant started produc-

ing the BS-3  (100mm caliber) anti-

tank field gun. The Arsenal’s design-

ers also proceeded with their activ-

ities during the war times, thus en-

abling the enterprise to supply to

the Army in the first post-war years

the new casemate gun prototypes

85mm ZIF-26 (max firing range: 8,730

m) and 100mm ZIF-25 (max firing

range: 21,000 m). The ZIF-25 and ZIF-

26 guns provided the defense capac-

ity of the Russian borders in the Far

East and naval bases in the Baltic Sea

area. Due to these successful efforts

in the development of the ZIF-26, the

Arsenal was awarded the State Prize

in 1948.

During the time of World War

II, our country lost a substantial

amount of naval ships. In 1946, the

Government issued a number of ba-

sic decrees on the construction of

powerful Navy fitted out with up-to-

date equipment. The experience of

World War II demonstrated that the

surface ships and submarines under

construction should be equipped

with new-generation artillery to ef-

fectively destroy the enemy’s antisur-

face ship facilities. Thus, a new objec-

tive was to develop naval multipur-

pose automatic remote-controlled

systems with different calibers and

high rates of fire. The Government

understood that such a complicat-

ed military technical objective could

be achieved only by consolidating

the activities of an artillery design

bureau and a major industrial enter-

prise with the support of specialized

Mobile missile sys-

tem with the RT-15

ballistic missile

RT-2P missile

TECHNOLOGIES

12 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

research institutions. Based on the

experience gained by the Arsenal in

the artillery systems development,

fabrication and testing due to the

close cooperation well-established

by then, with a proving ground lo-

cated in close vicinity to the enter-

prise near Rzhevka village, Leningrad

region; available huge technological

advance, as well as the fact that main

shipbuilding yards were located in

Leningrad, the national Government

decided to assign this very difficult

mission to the Arsenal (the Plant

No. 7). In November 1949, the Council

of Ministers issued a decree to set

up the Central Design Bureau No.  7

that included the JDB No. 7 and sev-

eral divisions of the Naval Artillery

Central Design Bureau as well. Best

national experts in this area were en-

gaged in this newly established de-

sign bureau. The Arsenal started a

new life.

The first exam for the new-

ly formed Central Design Bureau

was an order to develop the 57mm

SM-24-ZIF twin artillery mount for

submarines (max rate of fire: 115

rounds per minute; max firing range:

12,700 m). The Arsenal managed the

task perfectly: starting to develop

this mount in 1950, the enterprise

contributed in as early as in 1951 suc-

cessfully passed firing trials with the

SM-24-ZIF artillery mount, which was

army-accepted in 1953. Conceptually

new structures of automatic mag-

azine receivers created by the de-

signers and used in the SM-24-ZIF

artillery mounts, entirely eliminat-

ed any stoppages during fires; the

artillery mount barrel was provided

with cooling system; it had special-

ized corrosion protection and bet-

ter survivability. These engineering

solutions were used during the de-

velopment of next-generation artil-

lery mounts. Over a ten-years period,

the design bureau had developed a

number of shipborne antiaircraft ar-

tillery mounts, as follows: 45mm SM-

21-ZIF single-barrel gun (max rate-of-

fire: 180 rds/min); 45mm SM-20-ZIF

quadruple deck-based open-type ar-

tillery mount (rate of fire: up to 160

rds/min) and 57mm ZIF-75 (max rate

of fire: 140 rds/min; max firing range:

12,700 m); 57mm AK-725 turret twin

artillery mount (max rate of fire: 400

rds/min; max firing range: 12,700 m)

and 76.2mm АК-726 (max rate of fire:

100 rds/min; max firing range: 15,700

m) for air, waterborne, shore targets,

etc. The АК-725 and АК-726 artillery

mounts (like SM-20-ZIF; ZIF-75) were

fitted out with equipment for auto-

matic remote guidance from the MR-

103 radar and television optical sys-

tem with two channels (detection

and tracking) that enables adjusting

the artillery mount fire during its op-

erational use.

In the second half of the 1960ies,

the Navy required 100mm and

130mm fully mechanized turret ar-

tillery mounts with a rate of fire of

40–60 rds/min (which is nearly 4

times higher than that of pre-exist-

ing artillery mounts in the same cal-

iber class), remote control for water-

borne, shore and air (including low-

flying) targets. The main problem

in the development of such artil-

lery mounts was to develop a gun’s

feed mechanism. However, the

Arsenal solved this problem suc-

cessfully. The Arsenal designed and

commissioned the following artil-

lery mounts: in 1978 — Single Barrel

100mm AK-100 artillery mount (max

rate of fire: 60 rds/min; ammuni-

tion load: 300 rounds; max firing

range: 21,000 m), and in 1985  —

Twin-Barrel 130mm АК-130 artillery

mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/min,

each barrel; ammunition load: 200

rounds; max firing range: 24,000 m).

Both artillery mounts have im-

proved operational, accuracy, in-

terference-protection, and damage

control characteristics. The АК-130

includes the MR-184 multi-channel

system (target sighting radar and

television channels; laser range find-

er, moving target selection and an-

ti-interference equipment; comput-

Satellite equipped

with the “Buk-3”

nuclear power plant

“Plazma-А” satellite

with the “Topaz”

nuclear power plant

R-31 missile

Steering gear for

the first stage of the

“Energiya” launcher

of the “Energiya-

Buran” Space

System

TECHNOLOGIES

5(55).2010 ● 13

ing unit coupled with external in-

formation and combat employment

sources) that enables adjusting the

artillery mount fire, destroying dif-

ferent types of air targets (small-

sized, high-speed, flying at extreme

altitudes), conducting a naval artil-

lery battle, attacking coastal areas

during landing operations in heavy

operational situations.

The AK-725 and AK-726; AK-

100, and AK-130 developed by the

Arsenal are still in the inventory of

the Russian Navy; they are fitted out

actually on every medium or high-

tonnage combat ships. The AK-130

artillery mounts are installed on

the Russian guided missile cruisers:

Moskva; Marshal Ustinov; and Pyotr

Velikiy. The AK artillery mounts have

been supplied and are still in opera-

tional service to a number of foreign

countries: China, India, Syria, Algeria,

Cuba, etc. Taking into account the

AK-130 artillery mount upgrading

regularly carried out by the Arsenal,

these artillery mounts are quite com-

petitive in the world market even

now. Apart from the Arsenal’s pro-

duction of artillery mounts and de-

livery of sets of spare parts to the

Russian Navy, the Arsenal’s special-

ists also provide warranty and post-

warranty service and repair; train the

Navy’s personnel, including the for-

eign partners.

Dealing with the naval artillery,

the Arsenal has never ceased its mis-

sile activities started by A. Zasyadko

as far back as the 19th century. In

60-70ies, the Arsenal design bu-

reau developed the ZIF-101 and ZIF-

102 shipborne deck-based missile

launchers (Volna antiaircraft missile

system); ZIF-122 (OSA-M antiaircraft

[AA] missile system), as well as decoy-

target systems such as PK-16; PK-2М

(ZIF-121), which have also been ex-

ported many times. The Arsenal was

awarded the State Prize for its de-

velopment of the OSA-M AA m.issile

system.

A substantial contribution to the

development of the shipborne artil-

lery mounts such as АК and AA mis-

sile systems was made by the Arsenal

design bureau’s distinguished de-

signers such as A. Arefiev; P. Tyurin;

E. Malishevsky, etc. at different times.

In 1958, the Arsenal initiated R& D

efforts aimed to create the D-6 sub-

mersible launch strategic solid-pro-

pellant ballistic missile system for

shore targets. P. Tyurin supervised the

R& D efforts as the Chief Designer of

the system project; S. Korolyov (the

JDB-1) was the Research Manager for

the D-6. A great number of research

institutions and enterprises were en-

gaged in this project. Concurrently

with the performed research and

elaboration of design documenta-

tion, the Arsenal commenced large-

scale preparation of its production fa-

cilities. Meanwhile, the Government

assigned the designers a task to de-

velop similar stationary and mobile

ground missile systems. Despite the

fact that the D-6 system project was

recognized as inperspective in 1962,

the Arsenal and the JDB-1 continued

their close cooperation with a view

to develop ground missile systems.

Their joint efforts resulted in the fol-

lowing products in the 1970ies: the

15P696 mobile missile system with

the RT-15 ballistic missile; 15P098P si-

lo-based missile system with the RT-

2P missile (had been in operational

service till 1994). After all, the Arsenal

developed and commissioned the

D-11 submersible launch missile sys-

tem with the R-31 ballistic missile in

1980 (removed from the inventory

in 1990).

In the early 1960ies, the nation-

al Government assigned the scien-

tific society and the industrial sec-

tor a principally new problem to de-

velop the first-ever all-weather space

system for ocean-area observation

and above-water object acquisition

UFIKT small satellite

on the base of the

“Neva” bus

“Kosmos” series

spacecraft

“Neva” unified small

spacecraft bus

TECHNOLOGIES

14 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

with data transmission directly to

missile carriers or ground points. The

Arsenal, engaged in the develop-

ment of artillery and guided missile

systems in those times, did not im-

mediately start these new activities.

However, in 1969 the Arsenal was

handed over the space system de-

sign documentation partially devel-

oped by NPOMash (Reutovo) and as-

signed a task to elaborate design

documentation for the space vehicle.

Thus, the Arsenal design bureau has

acquired another area of activities,

which was supervised by V. Kalabin.

The Arsenal’s professionals, within

a very short period, which is always

representative for the Arsenal, suc-

ceeded in their efforts on the design

documentation for the electronic re-

connaissance space vehicle, renova-

tion and retrofit of the production fa-

cilities capable of manufacturing to-

tally new products. In 1973–1974, the

space observation system based on

the Kosmos series US-type space ve-

hicle successfully underwent flight

tests. The first stage of this system

was commissioned in 1975. In 1978,

this space system was delivered in its

full volume. Successful results of op-

erations carried out by the Arsenal’s

personnel became the grounds for

the Governmental decision to assign

the enterprise a status of Parent en-

terprise in the development of space

observation systems. The space ac-

tivities became the main field of con-

cern both for the design bureau and

for the plant. The space surveillance

system developed by the Arsenal

demonstrated its high perform-

ance in 1982 during the Falklands

War between the Great Britain and

Argentina. The system ensured com-

plete tracking and forecasting of the

sea situation, precisely determine

the landing time for the British land-

ing forces.

In subsequent years, the Arsenal

was continuously engaged in the

upgrading and improvement of US-

type space vehicles. In the process of

upgrading, the Arsenal worked out

a number of new technical solutions

i.e. electrojet propulsion system, in-

struments for a high-precision po-

sition control and stabilization sys-

tem (solar sensors, magnetic distur-

bance torque compensator, damp-

ing solenoid system, multi-channel

flywheels), etc. The Kosmos series

US-type space vehicles had been on

duty on the orbit up until 2008.

In the middle 1980ies, the Arsenal

developed the Plazma-А experimen-

tal space vehicle equipped with the

Topaz nuclear power plant built on

the thermal emission principle of

thermal-electric energy conversion;

its flight tests were carried out on el-

evated nuclear orbits.

Concurrently with the develop-

ment and manufacture of its own

space vehicles, the Arsenal was en-

gaged in the program on the de-

velopment of the Yantar and Kobalt

(Yantar-based) Earth photographic

observation space vehicles, which

main developer was SRP SRC TsSKB-

Progress. The Arsenal started the

batch production of these space ve-

hicles in the early 1980ies and effec-

tively continues with it nowadays.

Along with specialists from SRP SRC

TsSKB-Progress, the Arsenal’s design-

ers participated in the development

of the Orlets space vehicle. They de-

veloped the 17D712 multipurpose

regulated-impulse small-sized dry-

fuel brake engine providing high-

ly accurate and reliable operations

during drops of descent capsules to

the Earth.

As a part of the Buran project,

the Arsenal developed a brand new

structure for hydraulic steering gear

with digital control provided to move

the RD-170 engine chambers in the

Energiya launcher and a number of

their modifications — the most pow-

erful steering gear (30 tf) in Russia

and in the world for the oxygen-hy-

drogen engine of the second stage

in the launcher vehicle. At present,

the Arsenal carries out export de-

liveries of the RD-180-1000 steering

gear developed on the basis of the

steering gear for the first stage of the

Energiya launcher, to be installed in

the Atlas-5 launcher vehicles in the

USA. The Arsenal has also developed

an explosive-gas afterburner used

during launches of launcher vehicles.

Also, a major contribution was

made by the Arsenal’s profession-

als to the development of the Sea

Launch International Space Complex.

The Arsenal has developed and man-

ufactured specialized installation

and fabrication equipment for op-

erations with the upper stage rocket

of the Zenit SL launch vehicle at the

Assembly and Command ship.

The space production specifics re-

quired not only expansion of the en-

terprise’s production floor, but al-

so upgrading of the equipment, de-

velopment and implementation of

specialized brand new materials and

technologies. To provide the space

production, the Arsenal has imple-

mented such technologies as argon-

arc, contact, electron-beam weld-

ing of aluminum, magnesium, tita-

nium alloys and heat-resistant, high-

strength steels; vacuum soldering

of aluminum alloys; high-precision

casting and machining; bending of

waffle panels made of aluminum

and magnesium alloys; electrochem-

ical milling of large-sixed thin-walled

structures; figurine-shaped casting

of polyamide materials; procedures

to fabricate thin-walled large-sized

frame structures made of glass car-

“Sever” (North) small

satellite on the base

of the “Neva” bus

TECHNOLOGIES

5(55).2010 ● 15

bon plastic; fabrication of shaped

thin-walled hollow aluminum panels

for temperature-control systems; ap-

plication of composite nanocoatings

on metal or nonmetallic surfaces in

vacuum; plasma spraying and so on.

To test and completely check

space vehicles, the Arsenal has devel-

oped and installed up-to-date equip-

ment for its specialized “KITs” testing

system. The Arsenal has monitoring

and testing equipment for static and

dynamic mechanical tests; climatic

and electric tests. The plant’s Central

Laboratory provides on-line metallo-

graphic, spectrum, chemical, and ul-

trasonic inspection of manufactured

parts and units during manufactur-

ing processes.

The enterprise has its own well-

adjusted quality control system cer-

tified in accordance with the re-

quirements of GOST R ISO 9001 and

the requirements of the Product

Development and Putting into

Operation system, and employs a

multistage step-be-step quality con-

trol system.

The multicomponent nature of

products manufactured in the long-

term cycles requiring expansive en-

gagement of enterprises  — allied

suppliers has raised a demand for the

development and implementation of

a specialized control process plan-

ning and automation system. In re-

cent decades, the Arsenal has imple-

mented a CALS-technology system

for every stage of product develop-

ment, startup and fabrication.

The level of complexity and re-

search intensity of space or artil-

lery products continuously gener-

ates a need for improvement in the

qualification level of personnel in

the design bureau and the plant, at-

traction of new high-skilled scien-

tific, engineering and technical, en-

gineering and economic, and reg-

ular labor force to the Arsenal, pur-

poseful comprehensive preparation

of newcomers capable of ensuring

continuation and further scientif-

ic and engineering development of

the enterprise. Today, the Arsenal

has 16 Candidates and Doctors of

Engineering or Economics. With a

view to solve career-oriented chal-

lenges, the Arsenal maintains long-

standing cooperation with the Baltic

State Technical University and other

higher institutions and colleges in St.

Petersburg. The Arsenal has set up a

training center designed to train and

retrain specialists for the enterprise

and the missile and space industry.

With a centuries-long history of

the Arsenal’s scientific, engineer-

ing and production school, the en-

terprise is a worthy successor and

continuer of the traditions laid by

Peter the Great. The Arsenal, which

has forged the power of the Russian

Army for 300 years, is one of the lead-

ers in the Russian military industri-

al complex, a leading enterprise in

the missile and space industry and

one of the biggest enterprises in St.

Petersburg. Being the Parent enter-

prise for the development of space

observation systems and shipborne

artillery mounts, the Arsenal carries

out intense activities in the devel-

opment of its traditional technolo-

gy paths.

In November 2009, the Arsenal

commissioned a new space com-

plex and launched the Lotos trial

new-generation space vehicle devel-

oped by the Arsenal design bureau

of the Liana system for radiophysical

research of the Earth’s surface and

ocean area. At present, flight tests

with this space vehicle under way. In

the process of creation of this space

vehicle, designers of the Arsenal de-

sign bureau has developed and used

a number of new all-purpose struc-

tural elements, which can be widely

applied in the missile and space in-

dustry: small-sized electromechani-

cal drive for opening of antenna pan-

els; automatic semiconductor elec-

tric heater designed to maintain pre-

established surface temperatures of

the space vehicle frame elements

during their operation in areas with

temperatures below zero; unified py-

ro devices capable of providing a low

impact pulse, non-shattering actua-

tion with no gas emission; aluminum

gas-liquid figurine-shaped heat ex-

changer providing high heat trans-

fer characteristics, and many oth-

er exclusive structural elements. At

present, specialists of the design bu-

reau along with the specialists of

the plant develop more advanced

space vehicles on the basis of the

Lotos space vehicle. They develop

advanced vehicle-borne special-pur-

pose equipment for these space ve-

hicles and equipment for control

system. Also, they create special-

ized composite materials, structures

made of them and their processing

technologies.

Realizing that the scientific and

technical progress advances contin-

uously like in the years past, the

Arsenal looks into its future. The

Arsenal design bureau actively par-

ticipates in R&D efforts made as part

of the Federal Space Program. Based

on the available experience and the

technological advance, the design

bureau carries out design works

under the “Energetics-Arsenal  —

Plasma-2010” program aimed to de-

velop a multipurpose transport and

power module (spacecraft bus) with

enhanced power loading using a nu-

“Lotos” spacecraft

TECHNOLOGIES

16 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

clear power plant. The development

of a space vehicle equipped with

a nuclear power plant will provide

good prospects for further research

of the deep space, application of

space equipment to solve various so-

cioeconomic challenges.

Also, the Arsenal takes part in

conversion space programs. Based

on the Kosmos-series space vehi-

cles, the Arsenal has carried out the

Cone-A space experiment under the

joint Russian-US Wind-Konus space

project on the research of space

gamma radiation bursts using scien-

tific instruments provided by A. Ioffe

Physical-Technical Institute, has per-

formed a considerable amount of

works on preparation of the Nucleon

space experiment i.e. research of

high-energy cosmic rays, has devel-

oped and offered for implementa-

tion in the Federal Space Agency a

number of projects for construction

of small satellites based on the Neva

unified small space platform de-

signed to monitor the earth surface

for tracking seismic activity, ice situa-

tion, environmental monitoring and

solving other socioeconomic chal-

lenges. At present, specialists of the

Arsenal perform works on setting

up a North-West Space Information

Processing Center on the basis of

the Arsenal. Moreover, the Arsenal

works out the issues of future scien-

tific and technical cooperation with

the European Space Agency.

The same attention is paid by the

Arsenal to the development of ad-

vanced artillery mounts for the Navy.

In the late 1990ies  — ear-

ly 2000ies, the Arsenal plant com-

menced its batch production of the

new 100mm А-190 universal artil-

lery mount (max rate of fire: 80 rds/

min; max firing range: 21,000 m; max

mass: 15 tons; number of rounds

ready for automatic firing: 80), which

was developed by the Burevestnik

Central Research Institute Federal

State Uniyary Enterprise located in

Nizhny Novgorod. This mount is de-

signed to destroy air, surface and

shore targets; it is fitted out with an

automatic monitoring and control

system as well as a protection system

using Stealth technology, which in-

creases the ship’s protection against

radar observation facilities. Three

A-190 mounts have been supplied

by the Arsenal for their installation

on frigates built for India and have

already received positive feedback

from the foreign partners.

Along with the Burevestnik the

Arsenal has implemented projects on

the 76.2 mm АК-76М artillery mount

(rate of fire: 120-131 rds/min; max fir-

ing range: 15,700 m; max mass: 10

tons; number of rounds ready for au-

tomatic firing: 152); the 57mm А220М

artillery mounts (max rate of fire: 300

rds/min; max firing range: 12,000 m;

max mass: 6 tons; number of rounds

ready for automatic firing: 400).

Shortly, the Arsenal is to supply

to the Russian Navy the А-192-5P-10E

artillery mount developed by the

Arsenal Design Bureau along with

the Ametist Design Bureau Federal

State Unitary Enterprise. This artil-

lery mount is intended for ships with

DWT of 2,000 tons and over, and de-

signed to destroy air (including anti-

surface ship cruise missiles), surface

and shore targets. At present, the

artillery mount is under testing on

the ground. The 130mm А-192 artil-

lery mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/

min; max firing range, for air targets:

18,000 m, for shore targets: 23,000 m;

max mass: 25 tons), is provided with

both protection system using Stealth

technology and automatic fire con-

trol system.

The Arsenal’s professionals have

developed and put into operation

the UPKh-60 multipurpose hoisting

system designed for artillery mount

ammunition loading/unloading. This

system has been also supplied for

ships built as a part of export orders.

The Arsenal’s contribution to the

defense capacity of Russia is substan-

tial and incontestable. At the same

time the Arsenal traditionally pro-

vides solutions and purely civilian

products: compressor systems of dif-

ferent modifications and capacities;

refrigerating-gas machines designed

to produce liquid nitrogen; food and

chemical extruders; equipment for

waste water treatment plants (sludge

scrapers; sludge pumps), etc. When

developing civilian products, the

Arsenal often uses latest materials

and technologies developed earlier

for space and artillery systems. All

these products are always charac-

terized by guaranteed high quality

and reliability, which is highly appre-

ciated by consumers. The wastewa-

ter treatment equipment developed

and manufactured by the Arsenal is

installed actually in every wastewater

treatment plant of Vodokanal of St.

Petersburg JSC. In 2009, the VKU1/10

small-sized screw-type compressor

unit (capacity: 1 m3/min) developed

by the Arsenal design bureau and

supplied to the Russian Railways for

its installation in pneumatic systems

for electrically propelled vehicles was

awarded the “Made in St. Petersburg”

Quality Mark.

Turning over the pages of the

Arsenal’s history and becoming ac-

quainted with its current achieve-

ments, one can be sure that the

Arsenal represented by the design

bureau and the machine-building

plant is a reliable partner capable of

solving the most complicated chal-

lenges in a quality and prompt man-

ner.

Communications office of the Arsenal Design Bureau Federal

State Unitary Enterprise

Perspective space

vehicle equipped

with a nuclear

power plant

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SHIPBUILDING

18 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

evelopment and imple-

mentation of cutting-

edge technologies in

shipbuilding is a ma-

jor factor for competi-

tive capability. JSC SSTC in coopera-

tion with other leading research and

production centers of the Russian

Federation has been involved in this

process for over 70 years. Let us have

a brief review of our latest projects.

JSC SSTC together with JSC

Admiralty Shipyard has developed

a concept of up-to-date integrated

construction facility for non-nuclear

submarines based on the following:

■ Implementation of “compact

yard” principles in sub-surface

shipbuilding;

■ Implementation of latest re-

source-saving technologies, in-

cluding here shaping of parts by

local and rotation-local deforma-

tions, bending of welded frames,

automatic welding with adap-

tive control, 3D optoelectron-

ic measurement systems, chem-

ical modification of special coat-

ings tiles;

■ Establishment of new modern

workshops and bays, includ-

ing cleaning and painting bays

for sections and blocks, special

coatings bay, shop for assembly

of power propulsion plant with

electrochemical generator, pipe

shop with complex integrated

machinery.

A design of modern surface

shipbuilding facility for JSC Baltic

Shipyard Yantar was developed by

JSC SSTC in cooperation with IMG

(Germany). (See Fig.1).

Main goals for modernization of

JSC BS Yantar were decreasing of la-

bor input and reduction of construc-

tion time, including construction of

frigates, corvettes and landing ships

minimum by 25% as well as increas-

ing of metal processing volume by

100%.

A concept of modern boatbuild-

ing complex was prepared by JSC

SSTC for JSC Srednenevsky Shipyard.

This concept introduces a really

modern and multifunctional facili-

ty, intended for construction of wide

range of ships, including fishing ves-

sels, tugs, minesweepers with com-

posite hulls, missile and coast guard

boats. Special attention in the con-

cept was paid to implementation of

modern technologies for construc-

tion of hulls of composite materials.

(See Fig. 2).

Participating in military techni-

cal cooperation, JSC SSTC prepared

projects for augmentation of leading

ship repair yards in Republic of India

(such as Naval Dockyards in Mumbai

and Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Ship-

yard Ltd., Kochi and Naval Ship

Repair Yard in Karwar) for support

of Russian-built ship repairs (frig-

ates project 11356 and aircraft car-

rier project 11430). These projects

include full-scale augmenting of fa-

cilities with modern process equip-

ment as well as with test stands for

hull, mechanical and pipe shops, ar-

mament repair facility, instrumenta-

tion service.

By now, the major projects of

SSTC are projects of new large-scale

shipbuilding facilities in North West

and Far East regions of the Russian

Federation. (See Fig. 3 and 4).

A BREAKTHROUGH IN SHIPBUILDING

D

Fig. 1.

Modernization of

JSC BS Yantar. Scale

model, fragment

Fig. 2.

Modernization of

JSC Srednenevsky

Shipyard. Scale

model, fragment

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 19

These facilities are intended for

construction of wide range of large-

scale ships and marine structures,

including gas carriers, tankers, oil

rigs, nuclear ice-breakers, research

vessels. The ships will be construct-

ed in drydocks up to 500 m long,

equipped with 1000–1500 tons ca-

pacity cranes.

Key approach of JSC SSTC in mod-

ernization and creation of new ship-

building facilities is implementation

of modern innovative technologies

and equipment.

Broad implementation of laser

technologies will allow to achieve a

new level of productivity and quality

in construction of ship hulls.

JSC SSTC has developed a new

complex for laser cutting and mark-

ing, intended for precision process-

ing of metal plates up to 2.5 x 10 m in

size and up to 30 mm thick, with pro-

cessing error not exceeding 0.05–0.1

mm and maximum cut width 0.5–

0.7 mm. Employment of optic fiber

lasers instead of conventional gas

models will allow to achieve perfor-

mance parameters exceeding best

world samples, first of all in energy

saving (by 2–3 times), productivity

(up to 2 times), reliability and oper-

ational cost.

Estimation of welding deforma-

tions in hull structures with use of fi-

nite elements method allows to en-

sure high quality of ship hulls, espe-

cially for non-conventional projects.

Using estimations results one can

take necessary measures to reduce

(compensate) welding deformations,

select optimal welding and assembly

procedure to reduce volume of ad-

justment and improve manufactur-

ing quality. The desirable effect can

be achieved by using special tech-

niques, aimed to reduce welding de-

formations. Such techniques may be

incorporated in the procedure at the

stage of its modeling with use of FEM

and computing aids.

With the aim to resolve this issue,

JCS SSTC has developed a new meth-

od for estimation of welding defor-

mations in hull structures, with use

of estimated and experimental data

on welds shrinkage as well as refined

modeling of welded structures by fi-

nite elements method (FEM). In the

methodological aspect, FEM method

provided new capabilities in model-

ing of assembly and welding of com-

plex 3D structures.

JSC SSTC has developed a concept

of design and construction of ships

by large-scale blocks with modular

installation of onboard weapons sys-

tems. Effectiveness of such approach

is achieved due to enhanced simul-

taneous manufacturing of ship parts

with optimal conditions of highly

mechanized shop-floor assembly, as

well as optimization of ship assem-

bly on building platform and mini-

mization of adjustment operations.

This also provides conditions for spe-

cialization of shipbuilding produc-

tion facilities and enhancing coop-

eration between shipyards. As a re-

sult, sharp reduction in labor input

and construction time for ships can

be achieved.

For new objects and equipment,

whether they are military or civil,

and especially for objects with nu-

clear power plants, issues related to

leak-proofness are most critical for

their functional performance. Leak-

proofness standards and according-

ly procedures for checking joints of

components in leak-proof circuit of

structures can vary depending on

operational requirements to the sys-

tem. JSC SSTC has developed models

of cross-flow of operational, emer-

gency and testing media through

micro-defects. Such models allow to

resolve issues related to estimation

of leak-proofness norms, selection

of test methods and assigning of test

standards for new objects.

Mathematic methods of leak-

proofness checking (estimation) of

shipbuilding objects and structures

intended for various purposes are

a foundation of “tree of objectives”

for creation of automatic systems for

leak-proofness checking (estimation)

and implementation of such systems

in construction and exploitation of

environmentally hazardous objects.

In conclusion, I would like to em-

phasize that broad implementation

of up-to date technologies is a key

condition for successful progress of

shipbuilding.

V. D. Gorbach, D.Sc, Prof.,Director General

JSC SSTC

Fig. 3. Project of

new shipbuilding

facility in Far East

Fig. 4. Project of

new shipbuilding

facility on Kotlin

Island

SHIPBUILDING

20 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

his article proceeds with

and develops an issue of

military-technical coop-

eration initiated by the

author in our magazine

No. 1/2010.

The Shipbuilding Division of the

United Industrial Corporation (OPK)

includes Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC and Baltiysky Zavod JSC

being active entities in the military-

technical cooperation. They are

widely recognized as the builders

of the Project 956 E and 956 EM de-

stroyers for China, Project 1135.6 frig-

ates for India. By a decision of the

Ministry of Industry and Trade of

the Russian Federation, Severnaya

Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC was as-

signed as the main executor of ex-

port orders for the Project 20382 cor-

vette and the Project 22356 multi-

purpose frigate, a series of which for

the Russian Navy is being built by the

company nowadays.

On the eve of the 65th anniver-

sary of the Victory, as part of the

“reloading” process, the Russian

Government decided to make a

Russian contribution to support the

technical condition of HMS Belfast,

which is at present a museum ship

on the River Thames, in downtown

London. Russian Prime Minister

Vladimir Putin promised to “put the

cruiser into shape”. Russia obliged

to replace the cruiser’s rusted main

mast and fore mast, and to carry out

these works entirely at its own ex-

pense.

HMS Belfast was the flagship of

the Allied Fleet escorting north-

ern convoys and directly partici-

pated in escorting eight of them.

Courage and heroism of HMS

Belfast was recognized by Supreme

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed

Forces of the Russian Federation

Dmitry Medvedev, who awarded the

Certificate of Honor to this warship.

The fact that HMS Belfast is the last

existing British cruiser — a WW2 par-

ticipant — became determinant for

London authorities in their decision

to make the cruiser a branch of the

Imperial War Museum on the River

Thames just opposite to the Tower.

Being 190 m long and 20.2 m wide,

the cruiser has a full displacement of

14,900 tons.

Since the USSR’s Northern Fleet

had a relatively small number of large

surface ships, the British Admiralty

was in charge of convoys and their

direct escort all over the passage

from England to Soviet ports. The

Northern Fleet supplemented the

convoy escorts with ships in its op-

erating area, provided their air sup-

OPK’S SHIPYARDS AND MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION

T

Handing over

the embedded

plate (from left to

right — Andrey

Fomichev, General

Director; William

Elliot, Consul-

General; Andy Curren,

Director of the Royal

Museum Ship —

HMS Belfast)

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 21

port on the way to bases and swept

fairways.

As a result of a 4-year standoff,

the Third Reich lost nearly 100 ships,

including two battleships (“Tirpitz”

and “Scharnhorst”), a number of de-

stroyers and patrol ships, 34 sub-

marines and over 150 aircraft in the

Northern region.

The Royal Navy lost 36 com-

bat ships, including two cruisers

(“Trinidad” and “Edinburgh”), 8 de-

stroyers and 8 small escort ships. The

Soviet Fleet lost two destroyers, sev-

eral patrol ships and 21 submarines.

The German personnel losses were

nearly 9 ths. The Allied Fleet losses

were 2 ths naval and nearly 1 ths ci-

vilian servicemen.

The UIC’s decision to entrust

Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant

JSC with fabrication of masts was

not accidental. This decision was pri-

marily based on the fact that start-

ing from 1942 the convoys includ-

ed destroyers built by Severnaya

Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC:

“Grozny”, “Gromky” (Project 7, 1938),

“Gremyaschy” (Project 7, 1939г), and

“Valerian Kuibyshev” (Novik class,

1927). The destroyer “Karl Libkneht”

(Novik class, 1928) was under re-

pair in Arkhangelsk and protected

the harbor. Moreover, the yards tra-

ditionally repair ships and vessels

built not only by them but also by

other yards. Such ships include the

cruiser “Aurora” (1984-87), Project

1159Т (“Koni 2” Class frigate — by

NATO classification) patrol ships and

Project 1234Е (“Nanucka 2” Class cor-

vette — by NATO classification) small

missile boats undergoing repair or

upgrading under the program of

military-technical cooperation as

part of FSUE Rosoboronexport’s ac-

tivities. Almost 100 years of experi-

ence in construction and repair of

this ship class enable the yards to

promptly perform preproduction ac-

tivities and handle all the challeng-

es emerged.

On May 7, 2010, a ceremony of

handing over of the newly manu-

factured main mast and fore mast

for the museum ship Belfast to the

British Party was held on the prem-

ises of Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC. (fig. 1). In August 2010, the

masts were shipped to London and

a new stage — installation — com-

menced which will be also carried

out by Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC and will be completed by

mid-October 2010.

Undoubtedly, such a new trend

of military-technical cooperation fa-

cilitates further enhancing of the

Russian shipbuilding reputation in

the international market.

At present, the Russian shipbuild-

ing sector faces new challenges in

military-technical cooperation, the

most interesting of which is the elab-

oration of possibilities to build multi-

purpose assault landing ships such

as “Mistral” class helicopter carriers

or other classes.

“Mistral” is 199 m long and 32 m

wide with a displacement of 21,300

tons and may be basically built in

Russia only by Baltiysky Zavod JSC

and Admiralty Shipyards. Without

going deep into the analysis of

combat capabilities of this ship, its

furnishing with systems and oth-

er issues pertaining to the compe-

tence of the Russian Navy and the

Ministry of Defense of the Russian

Federation, the problems con-

cerned with organization of its con-

struction within the terms compara-

ble with the ones declared by DCNS,

French shipbuilder, i.e. 22 months,

should be considered.

It is rather difficult for the Russian

shipbuilding spinning up after the

recession of 90s to achieve this goal

by one enterprise, so the solution

should be found in combining the

efforts as well as in efficient use of

advanced manufacturing processes

of individual enterprises.

Due to their experience in the

construction of combat ships as well

as to complementarity of engineer-

ing capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod

JSC and Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC, and availability of sev-

eral joint management and logis-

tics divisions, the OPK ‘s yards can

legitimately, even more than oth-

er Russian enterprises, claim to the

performance of this objective. Thus,

Slipway “A” of Baltiysky Zavod JSC

is the biggest in Russia (350 m long,

36 m wide, 15,000 ton capacity) and

provides launching of ships up to

100,000 DWT. Slipway “B” is 350 m

long and 32.9 m wide (fig. 3 ). Large

vessels and ships built by this en-

terprise include the world’s big-

gest “Arktika” class nuclear-powered

icebreakers, 159 m long and 30 m

wide, with a full displacement of

25,000  tons; Project 1144 heavy nu-

clear missile cruisers with the last in

this series — “Pyotr Veliky”, 250.1 m

long and 28.5 m wide, with a dis-

placement of 25,860 tons.

Being the Russian shipbuilding

leader in the computer technology

utilization and the only Russian en-

terprise that has implemented 3D

modeling in its large-scale produc-

tion, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC has its own hull pro-

duction facilities with all-purpose

mechanized coke beds adjusted on

the basis of analytical data. These

capabilities provide effective for-

mation of side and bottom sections,

Transborder system,

Severnaya Verf

Shipbuilding Plant

JSC

SHIPBUILDING

22 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

which can be transported to the

slipways of Baltiysky Zavod JSC by

water. The launching and lifting sys-

tem includes a floating dock and a

4,500 ton transborder system (fig.

2). The dock capacity is 10,000 tons

with the dock floor, 150 long and 29

meters wide. Based on 3D models,

the pipe-processing facilities pro-

vide automatic fabrication of ma-

rine pipelines, up to 530 mm in di-

ameter. The outfitting quay of the

yards, 870 m long, ensures installa-

tion of marine equipment harmless-

ly to the existing program of con-

struction or repair of ships and ves-

sels. High-level machine-building

capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod JSC

eliminate the necessity to import

a considerable amount of equip-

ment including, for example, pro-

pulsion shafts and propellers, roll

and pitch stabilizers, heat exchang-

ers and many more. Such com-

plementarity enables the tandem

“Baltiysky Zavod JSC — Severnaya

Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC” to es-

tablish high-performance produc-

tion of prospective ship projects.

Both enterprises have common

computer networks between their

engineering departments and man-

ufacturing workshops. After visiting

both enterprises, representatives

of French companies were satisfied

with the quality level of their prod-

ucts as well as with the level of em-

ployed technologies.

Combining the capabilities of

two enterprises will ensure obser-

vance of target dates specified in the

Government order and minimization

of construction periods not only for

helicopter carriers but also for export

versions of the Project 20382 cor-

vettes, Project 11356, 22356 frigates,

floating power generating units for

nuclear thermal power stations, and

prospective icebreakers.

Andrey Fomichev, Director of Shipbuilding

Project, OPK, General Director, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding

Plant JSC and Baltiysky Zavod JSC,

Cand. Sc. (Engineering)

“St. Petersburg” ice-

breaker on Slipway

“В”, Baltiysky Zavod

JSC

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 23

SHIPBUILDING

24 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Mr. Trotsenko, in accordance

with the presidential decrees

Southern Center of Shipbuilding

and Ship Repair encompass-

es several enterprises. So, today

USC has four regional centres:

Northern, Western, Southern and

Far Eastern. Do you consider this

structure as optimal?

We aim to make business man-

agement more centralized. In this

regard we will supersede several

Administrative Management Control

Centres. As far as Regional Centres

are concerned we plan to keep on-

ly Far Eastern due to its remoteness.

The configuration of the south enter-

prises management is under devel-

opment for today.

What you think about the pos-

sibility to affiliate shipbuilding

assets of some enterprises from

defense-industrial complex, like

Baltiysky Zavod and Severnaya

Verf?

These assets are very interesting,

and the role, they are playing in the

Russian shipbuilding industry, is very

high. However we do not aim to

overestimate them.

How is the process of “Admiralty

Shipyards”relocation to the Kotlin

island going on?

Today the decision on relocation

from the Novo-Admiralteyskiy island

to Kronshtadt is in development and

is discussed. We'd like to perform the

project on a competitive basis, so

now together with the St. Petersburg

administration have received some

interesting offers, but all of them

should be considered as applications

for participation. The project to re-

locate the shipyards is not highly at-

tractive for St. Petersburg only, as the

city needs to modernize one of its

nice part, but also for Kronshtadt, in

order to revive its economy.

The plans of USC developments

are known to get two shipyards in

the Primorei Territory (in Bolshoi

Kamen and Chajma Bay), where

heavy-lift ships for oil and gas

blocks are going to be manufac-

tured. What is the current situa-

tion concerning these projects?

These two shipyards have been

designed. Unfortunately, we have

to seek a new construction site for

the “Vostok-Ruffls” due to the uncer-

tainty of the legal status of Chajma

Bay. Most probably the new site will

be in “Pyat Ohotnikov” bay. As far

SHIPS FOR THE NAVY SHOULD NOT BE PURCHASED ABROAD, BUT SHOULD BE BUILT IN RUSSIA

Editor-in-Chief of A4 Publishing House Viktor Murakhovskiy asked President of JSC United Shipbuilding

Corporation Roman Trotsenko to shed light on some question of present interest concerning the devel-

opment of the shipbuilding industry.

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 25

as the shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen

is concerned we have signed an

agreement with Sovkomflot where

we make a commitment to build

10 Aframax oil tankers. The hull of

the first is planned to be layout in

November this year. According to

the plans the enterprise will produce

from four up to six vessels a year de-

pending on complexity of a ship:

floating factories for liquid gas, sup-

pliers, icebreakers, ice-reinforced res-

cue ships and other special vessels.

The plans to develop shipbuild-

ing in the Far East stipulate the

need of well educated and high-

ly qualified engineers and work-

ers for all shipbuilding technology

processes, in other words from de-

sign up to building. How are you

going to solve the problem?

This is the most sophisticated is-

sue for the Russian shipbuilding in-

dustry. We established an engi-

neering centre in the Far East. The

same one we plan to establish in

St. Petersburg. We have embarked

on internship programs for students

and education programs in spe-

cialised colleges to encourage young

professionals.

The profitability of commercial

shipbuilding is known to be less

than of military shipbuilding. Are

there any perspectives to increase

the allotment of defence orders in

total output of USC?

Today the ratio of commercial ves-

sels and combat ships is 30 to 70 per-

cent. We plan to reach the ratio of

50/50. We consider that the allot-

ment of combat ships will be de-

creased due to new orders to build

commercial vessels and special ships.

The Russian made frigates, cor-

vettes, non-nuclear submarines

are known to command a large

sale. At the same time accord-

ing to the State-run Armament

Program - 2020 the number of or-

ders for the Navy is also going to

be increased. Are there enough

shipbuilding productive facilities

to meet the demands of the State

and foreign customers?

Enough. Moreover, we need to

feed our shipyards with new orders.

Besides we aim to upgrade and build

up productive capacities of the ship-

yards.

Recently Director General of

"Yantar" shipyard pleaded the

Federal Antimonopoly Service of

the Russian Federation to check

The United Shipbuilding Corporation [USC] was created to boost the de-

velopment of the scientific and industrial capacities of Russia's defence

industry, to ensure the state's defence capabilities, as well as to concen-

trate intellectual, industrial and financial resources in military and civil

shipbuilding projects, the development of the continental shelf and the

global shipping market. 100 percent of the shares of the USC are state-

owned, and it will be composed of all state-owned shipbuilding enter-

prises and government stakes in private companies.

JSC United

Shipbuilding

Corporation indus-

trial premises

SHIPBUILDING

26 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

the compliance with law of some

provisions of the State Defence

Order concerning the deal on four

French Mistral ships (amphibious

assault ship, a type of helicopter

carrier) for the Russian Navy. Can

USC offer up-to-date ship of this

class to the Russian navy?

Ships for the Navy should not be

purchased abroad, but should be

built in Russia. That's why we sug-

gest that these ships should be built

at the Russian shipyards, which are in

the structure of USC.

We think that our position over

this question should be taken in-

to consideration during negotiations

with France and other states on the

issues related to purchasing of am-

phibious assault ships. There are

no complicated things in the con-

struction. The Russian shipbuilders

are ready to start producing these

ships using USC productive facili-

ties. Moreover, Russia has experience

in building of such combat ships,

let us remember the “Ivan Rogov”

class landing ship. Another issue is

that the Ministry of Defence failed to

find the area where that ship could

be used.

In case of the designing Russian

version of the ship the total work

period is going to be increased up

to 18 months. Taking into account

the urgency of the issue we de-

veloped and sent to the Minister

of Defence A. Serdukov and

Commander-in-Chief of the Russian

Navy V. Vysotskiy a letter where we

ask for opportunity to take up a li-

cense to build the Dokdo amphibi-

ous landing ships. Dokdo is assessed

to be much more modern ship of

this class than French Mistral. Dokdo

is ahead of Mistral due to some main

technical characteristics.

We estimate the construction of

Dokdo in Russia about 450 million US

dollars, at the same time the French

Mistral ship costs 600 million Euro.

We think that rationally the cheeper

project should be selected.

We are intrinsically against with

some official representatives from

the Ministry of Defence that it will

take longer time for Russian ship-

builders to produce the ship. The li-

cenced construction of the Dokdo

assault landing ship at the shipyards

of USC will take 30 months. And USC

guarantees this term.

The main advantage of this vari-

ant is that USC in cooperation with

“Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine

Engineering Co. Ltd” has opportunity

to acquire the license to build these

ships in Russia.

The acquisition of French Mistral

actually means acquisition from

South Korea as the French shipyard

belongs to the Korean STX company.

But for Russia it is more profitable to

build this ship in the framework of a

Joint Venture on the Russian territory

under the State's control.

We hope that the Russian Ministry

of Defence, taking into account the

newly appeared alternative, will

conduct open and fair tender on

amphibious landing ships for the

Russian Navy. We also express our

hope that the Ministry of Defence

will remain the main customer of the

Russian shipyards for the Fleet.

Victor Murakhovskiy

Open JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK)

At the proposal of the government of the Russian Federation the open JSC OSK with 100% federal ownership

is to be formed in the period of four months. The initial authorized capital of OSK is formed on the basis of the

60% state owned shares of Nevskoe Design Bureau as well as 25 million rubles. Simultaneously the daughter

companies of OSK are established:

■ Open JSC “Western Center of Shipbuilding” (St. Petersburg), 100% state owned. The basis for the initial au-

thorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned “Svetlovskoe Enterprise "ERA" (Kaliningrad re-

gion) and 25 million rubles.

■ Open JSC “Northern Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair” (Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region), 100% state

owned. The basis for the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned “Design Bureau

Rubin-Sever” and 25 million rubles.

■ Open JSC “Far East Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair” (Vladivostok), 100% state owned. The basis for

the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned "Scientific Research Institute “Bereg”

and 25 million rubles.

President of USC

R. Trotsenko atends

The St. Petersburg

International

Economic Forum,

June 17, 2010

R. Trotsenko reports

Russian President

D. Medvedev the

results of USC, June

9, 2010.

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 27

Under�the�patronage�of�His�Highness�Sheikh�Khalifa�Bin�Zayed�Al�NahyanPresident�of�UAE�&�Supreme�Commander�of�the�UAE�Armed�Forces.

Register for more information at

www.idexuae.ae/priorityTo exhibit please contact

info@idexuae.ae

Attend�the�10th�anniversary�edition�of�IDEX,�the�largest�defence�andsecurity�event�in�the�Middle�East�and�North�African�region.

International�Defence�Exhibition�&�Conference مـعـــــرض ومـــــؤتـمـر الـــــدفــاع الـــــدولــي

Abu�Dhabi�National�Exhibition�Centre�(ADNEC)مركــــز أبـوظبـــي الوطنـــي للمعـــــارض

Organised by: In association with:

SHIPBUILDING

28 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Mr.  Pashin, what role do the

maritime activities play in the

world?

People have always struggled for

natural resources and ocean space.

The world economy has been in-

creasingly focused on ocean resourc-

es development as well as on the de-

velopment of marine power indus-

try. Nowadays it is focused mainly on

the near-shore resources. A half of

the world’s population lives on the

200-km coastal strip and more than

half of the world's industrial poten-

tial is concentrated there.

The maritime trade, commercial

fisheries, and ocean exploration are

the most important factors of our

time. Maritime activities and global-

ization are one of the key factors

which ensure a stable functioning of

global economy. Intensive maritime

activities provide transport and eco-

nomic national security, especially if

a country has any enclaves, facilitate

to dealing with geopolitical prob-

lems and providing more jobs.

All countries in the world pay

great attention to maritime activi-

ties. It is marine transport fleet that

meets 90% of all needs of the world

economy in transport services. Its

total deadweight amounts to more

than 1 billion tons, 75% of which is

accounted for the “golden billion”

countries.

The main features of commer-

cial fishery are competition between

countries, protectionism, and pol-

icies on legal and economic as-

pects in the field of efficient fishery

management. The price of annually

caught fish and seafood ranges from

35 to 40 billion dollars. It should be

noted that, despite a sharp decline

in fish stocks, the fish production

still increases. Fish and seafood con-

sumption in major maritime powers

reaches 64.7 kg per capita in Japan,

47.4 kg per capita in Norway, 22.6 kg

per capita in the United States, and

25.7 kg per capita in China.

Offshore oil and gas production

gives much profit as well (that is 80-

100 billion dollars according to the

expert). Today, over 35% of oil and

32% of gas are recovered on the con-

tinental shelf, and in 2010, accord-

ing to the pre-crisis forecast, their re-

covery should reach 50-60%. A sig-

nificant amount of hydrocarbons is

stored in the Arctic. In general, there

are more than 6,000 offshore plat-

forms located on the continental

shelf, including 4,000 offshore plat-

forms in the Gulf of Mexico, 950, in

South-East Asia, 700, in the Middle

East, and nearly 400, in Europe and

West Africa. Currently, oil and gas are

recovered by 54 countries, includ-

ing Russia.

Growth in demand for raw ma-

terials along with the depletion of

reserves on the mainland resulted

in resurgence of exploration. Such

SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY DRIVES MARITIME ACTIVITIES

Viktor Murakhovskiy, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House A4, asks Valentin Pashin, the prominent

Russian scientist and academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Advisor and Director

of the Krylov Central Research Institute, to tell us about the modern trends in maritime activities.

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 29

countries as Canada, Australia, the

United States, Brazil, South Africa,

etc. spend 5-8% of the value of pro-

duction on exploration. The mari-

time exploration has been driven

by the advent of systems that col-

lect coordinated and integrated data

regarding the marine environment

(e.g. satellite observations).

Everything you have just no-

ticed makes it possible to say that

such a significant amount of mar-

itime activities cannot go under

the radar of naval forces of the lit-

toral countries, can it?

Indeed! The Navy is a sort of a

“long arm” of the state, a unique tool

for an active foreign policy. Sea lines

of communications as well as glob-

al economy can be controlled by the

world's navies whose total tonnage

amounts to 8.5 million tons. The ex-

penditures on the Navy all over the

world amount to over 200 billion

dollars a year, two thirds of which fall

are accounted for the United States.

The “golden billion” countries have

unquestioned superiority at the sea

which is provided mainly by the

United States Navy power account-

ed for about 40% of the total ton-

nage. As Roosevelt said, “the Navy is

an insurance that a state pays to pro-

vide security of its values.”

The Navy, provided with high-

precision cruise missiles with con-

ventional warheads and with a range

of 1,000 km, is capable to control

75% of the world's industrial poten-

tial and almost all capitals at 500 km

from the coast. In fact, this is the abil-

ity to provide strategic deterrence

even without application of nucle-

ar weapons.

Can you describe in detail the

modern trends in the develop-

ment of foreign naval forces?

The United States launched new

strategic concept for the United

States Navy development called

“Sea Power 21”. It provides a distri-

bution of detection systems, com-

bat systems, and amphibious forces

throughout the ocean. The authors

of the concept note that the United

States control of coastal waters and

Open Ocean will protect not only

the territories of the United States

but the whole area of their “nation-

al interest”. Special subsystem “Sea

Enterprise” provides the United

States and their allied forces with

support as well as with the securi-

ty of sea-based systems. During the

operation, according to the United

States strategists, the carrier bat-

tle groups, expeditionary forces of

prompt response and rapid deploy-

ment “shall effectively protect the al-

lied forces against possible threats.”

Accordingly, the United States Navy

is centred on 37 strike groups, name-

ly as follows:

■ 12 carrier strike groups;

■ 12 ambitious strike groups;

■ 9 strike/missile defence surface

action groups (equipped with

Tomahawk cruise missiles and

antiballistic missile defence sys-

tems);

■ 4 nuclear-powered submarines

equipped with 154 Tomahawk

missiles and provided with spe-

cial forces (from 66 to 103 men).

The United States allies in Europe

and Asia are developing their Navies,

primarily as a component of the uni-

fied armed forces. The total num-

ber of the NATO ships will be around

1,000, including 200 cruise missile

carriers whose total ammunition

load will amount to 4,500 units by

the year 2016. China and India pur-

sue an independent policy. By 2050,

China's Armed Forces “must be able

to prevail in any possible conflict re-

gardless its scale and duration”. India

claims to be a leader in the Indian

Ocean while Brazil Navy pursues the

same policy in South America.

How maritime activities of the

countries are stimulated?

The importance of the mari-

time activities lies at the heart of

the national policy toward shipbuild-

ing industry pursued by the lead-

ing maritime powers. Shipbuilding

products serve as maritime activ-

ity tools. Today, shipbuilding mar-

ket volume amounts to some 100-

120 billion dollars. All maritime pow-

ers economically support the na-

tional shipbuilding industry. The vol-

ume of this support is so significant

that the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development

(OECD) adopted a special agreement

World sea transpor-

tation route map

SHIPBUILDING

30 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

limiting the direct financial support

in order to establish normal compet-

itive conditions for commercial ship-

building industry.

Shipbuilding is a very specific in-

dustry that requires large capital in-

vestments frozen at a relatively long

period of ship’s construction. The

foreign shipbuilding enterprises are

provided with loans in the volume

of up to 80% of the ship’s price at

8.6% interest for a period of 10 years.

Besides, ship’s construction can be

directly subsidized. These conditions

provide investment-friendly condi-

tions for the development of civil

shipbuilding. The naval shipbuilding,

instead, is a national concern and, ac-

cordingly, is funded by the nation-

al budget.

Today, the “floating tonnage” in-

dices between civilian and combat

vessels are identical (nearly 1 trillion

dollars). In this regard, the actual ton-

nage of the Navy is about 100 times

less, provided that each vessel great-

er cost of each unit.

What types of general purpose

vessels, in your opinion, will be

needed in the nearest future?

The most important means of

general-purpose naval forces in

the first half of the 21st century

will be multi-purpose submarines.

Application of high-precision cruise

missiles will give them the quali-

ty of strategic deterrent weapons.

The most important distinguish-

ing feature is their versatility and

universality. Stealth is their main

feature. Only five countries have

multi-purpose submarines. Diesel-

electric submarines are in service

in 43 countries worldwide. Their to-

tal number is about 380 vessels.

The market of diesel-electric sub-

marines will be filled with mostly

“coastal” limited displacement (500-

1500 tons). The most important fea-

tures of diesel-electric submarines,

apart from stealth capability, will

be an increase in capacity and num-

ber of combat-ready weapons, en-

hancement of underwater speed as

well as an improvement of contin-

uous underwater autonomy due to

application of the use of air-inde-

pendent power plants.

The list of combat surface ships

of general purpose naval forces in-

cludes aircraft carriers, multi-pur-

pose ships, amphibious assault ships,

ocean-zone multi-purpose ships in-

tended for support of aircraft carriers

as well as for independent actions

(destroyers), multi-purpose ships of

maritime zone (frigates), short-range

maritime-zone ships (corvettes), and

mine countermeasures ships.

Aircraft carriers due to their

uniqueness and high cost will be

still in service only in a few countries.

Their key performance characteris-

tics will be determined by resource

and technological capabilities of the

countries. The optimal ships are not

the big ones but the ones which cor-

respond to the capabilities of one or

another country. The optimal ships

for the United States are 100-thou-

sand tons carriers, for France and

England, 60-70 thousand tons, and

for Thailand even 30 thousand tons

is enough.

Amphibious assault ships and he-

licopter carriers with dock compart-

ment and carrier-based design will

be provided with hangar deck for

helicopters and aircrafts, compart-

ments for mobile equipment, rooms

for landing troops, hospital, landing

craft, etc.

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 31

Multi-purpose ships of ocean

zone combine the functions of a

destroyer, large antisubmarine ship,

and rocket and artillery ship. They

will be provided with missile systems

with multi-purpose vertical launch-

ers.

As practice shows, the common

trend for all general purpose na-

val forces ships will be their unifica-

tion by purpose and type of weap-

on applied. Littoral Combat Ships

(LCS) used for the control / domi-

nance in coastal waters are the new

direction in the development of na-

val forces. The vessels of this type be-

ing constructed in the United States

(with cruising speed of 40 knots and

cruising range of 3,500 miles) are ca-

pable to carry exchangeable modu-

lar payloads. This is mostly uninhab-

ited underwater vessels (reconnais-

sance and mine countermeasures

ships), unmanned combat boats, un-

manned reconnaissance and attack

aircrafts, and a means to intercept in-

tercontinental ballistic missiles in the

initial phase of their flight.

The Arctic has become rath-

er popular issue in the media in

recent years, especially if it re-

lates to economic development.

However, it is obvious that this re-

gion will not remain without the

attention of the naval forces...

The increasing struggle for hydro-

carbon resources aroused an inter-

est of many countries in the Arctic

Region. The United States, Canada,

Norway, Denmark, China declare

their rights to the Arctic. Some

United States politicians just state

that the Arctic is an issue of United

States national interests which are to

be defended even by military means,

if required. “The nation should be

able to operate both in the South

and North Poles”; “the United States

national interests in the Arctic stand

at billions if not trillions of dollars”;

these are just some of statements.

Admiral Allen told the United States

Congress that the White House was

actively preparing a document on

protection of national interests in

the Arctic, which was to be ready in

the nearest future.

Interest in the Arctic region will

lead to emergence of new types of

ships. Formally, this will be conven-

tional types of ships, but in fact they

will be the hybrids of ice naviga-

tion ships and boats. The appear-

ance of these ships will be largely de-

termined by new developments and

technologies. Today, there are five or

six core technologies having been

developed up to now. These are

new guidelines to reduce the level

of physical fields at increasing role of

non-acoustic fields, technologies of

integrated approach to ensure sur-

vivability, application of robotic sys-

tems, CALS-technologies, and tran-

sition to “electric-powered vessels”.

Thus, military and defence

ships are still the most high-tech

naval vessels today, aren’t they?

I do not think so. Today, there is

a tendency of gradual transition of

functions of generator and techno-

logical progress carrier in marine en-

gineering from the Navy to civil fleet.

In some ways the civil fleet has “over-

come” the Naval Forces. It deals pri-

marily with the level of automation

and reliability, fire and explosion,

high environmental compatibility,

maintainability, fuel efficiency, nav-

igation safety, development of new

types of power plants, new types of

propulsion systems, etc.

This is due to several objective

factors. At approximately equal val-

Attack nuclear

submarine “Gepard”,

project 971

SHIPBUILDING

32 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ue (one trillion dollars each), the civil

fleet tonnage, as it has been already

mentioned, is 100 times more than

the tonnage of the Navy. The civil

vessels are being used more. Here it

is their economic effectiveness that

is the main criterion of higher inten-

sity of their application.

Naturally, the technical solutions

in civil shipbuilding are more ratio-

nal and reasonable and have been

proven by more exploitative prac-

tices. No wonder a number of civ-

il classification societies have devel-

oped appropriate guidelines and

rules for the design of naval ships.

Thus, the English Lloyd's has estab-

lished a special department for the

development of naval ships design

rules. In 1999 this department is-

sued the interim rules of classifica-

tion of naval ships in terms of their

strength, hull construction, main en-

ergy and electric power plants, sea-

worthiness, and safe navigation. The

Italian naval register issued regula-

tions classifying naval ships and aux-

iliary vessels in 2003. One can al-

so mention the American Bureau of

Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, etc.

In addition, civil shipbuilding has a

strict system of fundamental docu-

ments, i.e. the international conven-

tions (SOLAS, MARPOL, IMO reso-

lution) which make adjustments to

the rules of construction and clas-

sification of the national classifica-

tion societies. The rules of classifica-

tion societies has already been used

in some ships, namely the British

aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth and

the amphibious assault ship Ocean,

the American LCSs, large landing

ships Mistral (France), Rotterdam

(Netherlands), Ghalia and Rey Juan

Carlos (Spain), etc. The electronic

commercial technologies are widely

used in REV systems of the American

Virginia submarines.

What modern trends in the civ-

il shipbuilding can you mention?

I would have broadened this

question because it is not just about

the conventional vessels but also

about special-purpose marine en-

gineering. Indeed, in recent years a

number of fundamentally new di-

rections of maritime activities have

appeared. This is the oil and gas

offshore development (in the North

Sea, Gulf of Mexico shelf of Angola,

Australia, Vietnam, Africa, Persian

Gulf, etc.) that should be mentioned

in the first place. These activities

have given impetus to the advent of

ocean engineering and specialized

shipbuilding productions. Norway is

the typical example here. It has de-

veloped this industry from scratch.

New types of marine equipment

have emerged in the process of off-

shore development. It includes ex-

ploration, production, pre-process-

ing for transportation, natural-gas

liquefaction, transportation, ship-

ping-receiving terminals, and re-gas-

ification facilities.

Some of these facilities are non-

floating, some are floating. All in

all, offshore development brought

drilling vessels, semi-submersible

or jack-up platform for exploration

drilling, stationary (technological)

platforms for various types of hy-

drocarbon extraction and prepara-

tion for transportation. Vessels for

liquefied or compressed natural gas

have become the most important

type of vessels which main function

is LNG storage. Apart from that there

are numerous innovative supply ves-

sels and ships being developed as

Steregushchy class

corvette, project

20380

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 33

well (barges, platforms for delivery

of technical means, maritime pipe-

laying machine, supply vessels, oil

skimmers, interchange platforms,

etc.). This type of ships, as well as the

previous one, is rich in unique tech-

nical solutions, new technologies,

and know-how, which the Russian

shipbuilding industry has to learn for

the first time.

Thus, the Government realizes

that the industries related to mar-

itime activities should be modern-

ized. Is it true?

Optimism inspires understanding

of how maritime activities and ship-

building industry are important for

the country. The main shipbuilding

market niches are determined by the

government programme for arma-

ment development as well as by de-

velopment strategies for those eco-

nomic sectors which are the con-

sumers of shipbuilding industry

(first of all, this is oil and gas sec-

tor). The strategy for the develop-

ment of industries  — consumers of

shipbuilding products are being im-

plemented within the federal target

programmes, namely “DIC develop-

ment”, “Development of Transport

System of Russia (for 2010–2015

years)”, “Improvement of application

effectiveness and development of

the resource potential of the fish-

ery industry for the period of 2009–

2013”, etc.

The development of technologi-

cal advance in development of state-

of-the-art marine engineering for the

period 2009  — 2016 is determined

by the Federal Target Programme

“Development of the Marine Civil

Engineering for the period of 2009–

“Gazprom” delega-

tion familiarize with

the last develop-

ments of the Krylov

Shipbuilding

Research Institute

“Moskva” icebreaker

built by the Baltic

Shipyard

upon the project

of the Krylov

Shipbuilding

Research Institute

SHIPBUILDING

34 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

2016”. The main objective of this pro-

gramme is to develop marine equip-

ment for offshore development. The

Strategy resulted in establishment of

the United Shipbuilding Corporation

in 2009. It integrated the leading de-

sign bureaus, factories, and manu-

facturers broken down by geograph-

ical position (Western, Northern and

Far Eastern Centres) as its subsid-

iaries.

Undoubtedly, the USC establish-

ment has already fulfilled one of the

main tasks, namely corporatization

of the enterprises. What should be

done now is to develop the main

strategies of the USC development.

There are many issues to deal with.

Cooperation with the federal bod-

ies of executive power, distribution

of administrative functions between

the USC upper level and the leader-

ship of enterprises which hold the

contracts and been responsible for

their execution, internal competi-

tion of USC enterprises, fundamen-

tal modernization of design bureaus

and factories , public-private part-

nership (apart from the USC there is

MIC, Caspian Energy, Vyborg Group,

and a number of private civil de-

sign bureau and factories that had

belonging to the Ministry of Navy,

Ministry of Fishery, Ministry of River

Fleet) are the main issues to be deal

with.

The main targets indicators of

the shipbuilding industry develop-

ment strategy is satisfying the Navy

needs and the needs of other secu-

rity agencies, developing ocean en-

gineering for offshore development,

and ensuring naval shipbuilding at

the level of 15-20% and export of ci-

vilian goods at the level of up to 2%

from world sales. These are relative-

ly small figures compared with oth-

er industries, but the real figures.

Today, notwithstanding the crisis,

development of shipbuilding indus-

try goes in full compliance with the

adopted “Strategy”.

In June this year there was a meet-

ing of the Russian Security Council

that reviewed the issues regarding

the Russian shipbuilding industry

and adopted a number of important

decisions on the prospects for its de-

velopment taking into account its

strategic importance.

Deepsea Delta

semisubmersible

rig at the Shtokman

deposit in the

Barents Sea

SHIPBUILDING

5(55).2010 ● 35

36 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

WEAPONS

n accordance with

weight and dimensions

the torpedoes can be

classified into heavy,

the caliber of 450 mm

and higher, and light, with smaller

caliber Heavy torpedoes (could be

multipurpose or single-purpose) are

used to engage submarines and sur-

face ships. Usually they have two or

three speeds, that provides to attack

sea targets at any speed; acoustic

homing system with a controllable

operating range and digital process-

ing of acoustic signals ensuring the

high target selectivity for the torpe-

do in conditions of natural interfer-

ence (shallow water, seaways, local

acoustic non-uniformities, etc.); and

hydroacoustic countermeasures tak-

en by the target, which is under at-

tack; remote control that allows the

crew to minimize launch preparation

time, effectively classify the detected

targets, enhance target hit probabil-

ity, and thereby reduce torpedo con-

sumption two to three times; a high-

power explosive charge (200 kg and

more) that ensures target engage-

ment by one torpedo.

Light torpedoes can be used by

various carriers: surface ships, fixed-

wing aircraft and helicopters. They

can be used as components of mis-

sile/torpedo and mine/torpedo ar-

mament systems. Light torpedoes

are designed to engage submarines.

Today, the antisubmarine torpe-

do market offers a wide range of

multipurpose heavy torpedoes and

light torpedoes that are fielded at

surface ships and submarines. The

RUSSIAN TORPEDOES. RUSSIAN TORPEDOES. SOLUTIONS FOR DOMESTIC USE AND EXPORTSOLUTIONS FOR DOMESTIC USE AND EXPORTToday underwater weapon systems are one of the main attack and defense means for general-purpose

naval forces. At the same time the underwater weapon systems play the key role to provide combat

stability for naval strategic nuclear forces. The torpedo as an element of such system can be assessed

as a powerful deterrent factor. As an effective antisubmarine weapon, torpedoes are, and will remain

in the foreseeable future, the main armament of combat ships.

I

THE USE OF TORPEDOES IN WWII

Carriers SubmarinesNaval

AviationTorpedo Boats Destroyer Total

Torpedoes Fired 1594 1294 845 16 3749

Sunk Ships and Submarines 411 399 190 4 1004

Consumption of Torpedoes

for One Sunk Ship3,9 3,3 4,4 4 3,7

5(55).2010 ● 37

WEAPONS

Russian Federation is one of the main

supplies of this weapon system to

the international market along with

the United States, Great Britain,

Germany, France, Italy and Sweden.

In Russia the first torpedo was

manufactured in the middle of 70-s of

the 19th century by I. Alexandrovsky

and was tested in 1874. As far as the

Soviet period of the history is con-

cerned, the 53-27 torpedo was ad-

opted for service with the Navy in

1927. The experience of the Second

World War shows that torpedoes

were widely used by both sides.

Between 1941 and 1945 3749 torpe-

does were fired and 1004 ships (both

combat and commercial) were sunk

due to torpedo attacks.

Today, the main types of torpe-

does that are fielded at submarines,

surface ships and naval aircraft, built

by Russia for export and adopted for

service by several countries, are 53-

65KE, SET-65KE, TEST-71MKE, APR-3E,

and UMGT-1ME.

53-65KE ANTI-SHIP TORPEDO

The 53-65KE, a heavy gas-tur-

bine propulsion, wave-homing anti-

ship torpedo originally developed in

1965, is designed to engage surface

ships and can be launched from sub-

marines and surface ships. The torpe-

do is fitted with a unique wave-hom-

ing system, which enables the torpe-

do to chase the tail marks of surface

ships. This provides the torpedo with

very high jamming immunity to con-

ventional means of torpedo-defence

countermeasures. The course, depth,

and roll control system of the torpe-

do provides for two-plane manoeu-

vring and steers it into the proximi-

ty fuse actuation zone or ensures a

direct hit on the target. Its turbine-

type thermal propulsion system en-

sures a considerable operating range

and running speed. The 53-65KE

is reliable and easy to operate, re-

quiring no maintenance even when

stored in torpedo tubes, on carrier

racks, or in arsenals for a long time.

The late 1960s witnessed the in-

troduction of an oxygen version 53-

65K which was extensively employed

by the Soviet Navy. The 53-65KE is

the improved export variant which

has been sold to many countries.

The Chinese Navy ordered some of

the 53-65KE and TEST-71 torpedoes

in the late 1990s to arm its four Kilo

class diesel-electric submarines.

SET-65KE ELECTRICALLY-

PROPELLED HOMING TORPEDO

The SET-65KE torpedo is designed

to destroy modern submarines of

any type and high-tonnage surface

ships. The torpedo may be used by

Russian-built submarines and sur-

face ships (exported, modernized or

newly built) or foreign-built subma-

rines and surfaces ships (with torpe-

does adapted to launchers, loaders

and fire control systems).

The warhead is equipped with

an explosive charge and a proximi-

ty and contact fuze system. The SET-

65KE torpedo is driven by an electric

power plant with a single-use self-ac-

tivated battery. The on-board equip-

ment includes a jamming-proof ac-

tive-passive homing system to en-

gage submarines and a wake-follow-

ing system to engage surface ships.

TEST-71 ANTI-SUBMARINE

TORPEDO

TEST-71 wire-guided, electric-pro-

pulsion anti-submarine torpedo ini-

tially introduced in the 1970s. It uses

a wire-guidance operated by the tor-

pedo operator, together with an ac-

tive/passive acoustic-homing guid-

ance. The operator can manually

switch the torpedo to an alterna-

tive target during midcourse, or con-

trol the torpedo to manoeuvre in

two axes.

The anti-submarine TEST-71MKE

remotely controlled torpedo has an

active sonar homing system with TV

guidance which allows the operator

to manually switch to an alternative

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARA CHARACTERISTICSOF 53-65KE

Calibre 533mm

Length 7,945mm

Weight 2,100kg

Warhead 300kg

Propellant Kerosene-Oxygen turbine

Speed 45kt

Range 11.18 miles

Guidance Wave-homing

Explosive Charge 205 kg

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SET-65KE

Caliber, mm 533

Length, mm 7800

Weight, kg:

of torpedo 1740

of explosive charge 205

Service life, years 10

Time of storage on carrier, years up to 1.5

38 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

WEAPONS

target, and can manoeuvre in two ax-

es. In 1990s the torpedo was also ex-

ported to China.

APR-3E

The Russian made APR-3E is a tor-

pedo powered by a turbo water-jet

solid-propellant rocket motor and

is designed to destroy surfaced and

submerged submarines at a depth

of up to 800 meters and moving at

speeds of up to 45 knots. It was de-

veloped to be released by airborne

platforms such as helicopters and

fixed-wing aircraft (Tu-142, Il-38, Ka-

28, Mi-17). The APR-3E is equipped

with a passive acoustic homing head

with the engine shut during gravi-

ty submersion along a spiral trajec-

tory. The homing head can detect

targets at ranges of up to 2,000 me-

ters. Once the APR-3E has detect-

ed a potential target the engine ig-

nites and the APR-3E is ensured to hit

the designated target in 1 or 2 min-

utes which shortens the odds of the

target applying countermeasures or

getting away. The underwater mis-

sile has a top speed of 120 kph or 65

knots with an engine endurance of

113 seconds.

UMGT-1ME

The Russian UMGT-1ME is an an-

ti-submarine warfare torpedo de-

signed to be released from airborne

platforms inside a parachute-con-

tainer against either surfaced or sub-

merged submarines. It is equipped

with hydro-acoustic active/pas-

sive homing head which provides

fire-and-forget capability indepen-

dently of the target's noise lev-

el. The Russian Navy has deployed

the UMGT-1ME torpedo with both

ASW helicopters and maritime patrol

fixed-wing aircraft.

The UMGT-1ME's homing head al-

lows to engage both stationary and

maneuvering targets with its 60 kg

explosive charge detonating by im-

pact or by a proximity fuze. Its mod-

ular design allows for a service life of

up to 10 years with minimum mainte-

nance. Being 3.845 meters in length,

400mm in diameter and weighing

725 kg, the torpedo is carried inside

a parachute-container with 500mm

in diameter.

VA-111 SHKVAL

Talking about torpedoes, one can-

not fail to mention one of the latest

and powerful underwater weapon

as the VA-111 Shkval (squall) that can

reach speeds around 200 knots. This

speed is a result of supercavitation:

the torpedo is, in effect, flying in a gas

bubble created by outward deflec-

tion of water by its specially shaped

nose cone and the expansion of gas-

es from its engine. By keeping water

from coming into contact with the

surface of the body of the torpedo,

drag is significantly reduced, allow-

ing extremely high speeds. In effect,

the Shkval is an underwater missile.

The story over the Shkval under-

water missile was tanned in 2000,

when former U.S. Naval intelligence

officer Edmond Pope was arrested,

tried, and convicted of espionage

related to information he obtained

about the Shkval weapon system.

Russian President Putin pardoned

Pope in December 2000, allegedly

on humanitarian grounds because

he has bone cancer.

The unique characteristics of

Shkval were highly estimated not on-

ly in Russia, but also abroad. Several

countries, including traditional buy-

ers of the Russian weapon systems,

like China and Iran, showed inter-

est towards the torpedo and nego-

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEST-71

Calibre 533mm

Length 7,900mm

Weight 1,820kg

Warhead 205kg

Propellant Electric (Silver-zinc battery)

Speed 35~40kt

Range9.32 miles (at a speed of 40kt);

12.43 miles (at a speed of 35kt)

Depth of Search/attack Up to 400m

Guidance Wire-guided with active/passive acoustic homing

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APR-3E

Dimensions Diameter 350 mm, Length 3.6 m, Wingspan 500 mm

Weights Warhead 100 kg, Weight 550 k

Performance

Hit Probability 85 %, Max Detection Range 1,07 nm, Max

Operating Depth 800 m, Target's Max Speed 45 kt, Top

Speed 75 mph

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UMGT-1ME

Dimensions Diameter 400 mm, Length 3.9 m

WeightsExplosive Weight 60 kg,

Weight 725 kg

Performance Service Life 10 years

5(55).2010 ● 39

WEAPONS

tiations on purchase are said to be

on track.

UGST

The last but not least is the new

Russian-made versatile torpedo, des-

ignated UGST (abbreviation starts

from the first letters in Russian  —

Multipurpose Deepwater Homing

Torpedo) , continues the traditions

of the national torpedo-building in-

dustry.

As the UGST torpedo has a mod-

ular design. The modularity makes

it adaptable to different applica-

tions. For instance, the 7.2-m long

basic model of the torpedo can be

launched from platforms designed

to Russian standards, while its 6.1-m

long modification fits torpedo tubes

designed to NATO standards.

The UGST torpedo is equipped

with an axial-piston engine which

consists of a rotating combustion

chamber where liquid monofuel

is injected into. The hydrodynam-

ic system has twin control surfac-

es, which unfold when the weapon

leaves the torpedo tube. This tor-

pedo design reduces its noise. The

high efficiency of the control sur-

faces is particularly noticeable when

the target distance is short.

A warhead section accommo-

dates a removable vessel containing

an explosive charge. Modifications

of the warhead section involve vary-

ing types and weight of explosive

materials and use of different det-

onation techniques, which makes it

possible to obtain various direct-ac-

tion patterns of warhead.

The active/passive homing sys-

tem employs a planar transmit/re-

ceive antenna array which scan sec-

tor can be adjusted, as well as spe-

cific multichannel active sonar sub-

systems. The homing system is ca-

pable to detect surface and under-

water targets over several channels

both in deep and shallow waters,

guide the torpedo onto the mid-

section of the target ship hull and

detonate the warhead at the re-

quired distance to the target.

As one can sea, the torpedo is

one of the oldest weapons in the

Naval Inventory. But at the same

time it remains one of the deadliest

anti-ship and anti-submarine weap-

on. It is far more lethal to subma-

rines and surface ship than any oth-

er conventional weapon.

Anton Chernov

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICSOF VA-111 SHKVAL

Length 8.2 m

Diameter 533 mm

Weight 2700 kg

Warhead weight 210 kg

Speed

Launch Speed 50 kt

Maximum Speed 200+ kt

Range Around 3,7 nm to 7 nm

AIR DEFENSE

40 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

THE BEGINNING

The history of the Fleet air defense

systems in the Soviet Union started

after the WWII. In forties and fifties

of the last century a very new weap-

on system, the missile, emerged.

The first missiles appeared in Fascist

Germany and were implemented in

some combat operations. Apart from

the V-1 aircraft-type missile and V-2

ballistic missile the Germans invent-

ed the “Wasserfall”, “Rheintochter”,

“Encian”, “Schmetterling” AA missiles

at a range of fire from 18 up to 50 ki-

lometers and they were used to re-

buff air raids by the Allied aviation.

After the WWII the United States of

America and the Soviet Union active-

ly embarked on the development of

AD systems. USA were very deep-

ly involved in the development and

as a result in 1953 the “Nike Ajax” AA

system was fielded in the Army and

Air Force. The “Nike Ajax” ‘s range of

fire was 40 kilometers. The Navy re-

ceived the “Terrier” AA system with

the same firing range.

The fielding of the AA missile sys-

tems at the surface ships was caused

by the appearance of the jet aviation

in the end of forties. Due to the high

speed and altitude the jets could be

hardly stroked by the surface ship AA

artillery.

The Soviet Union considered the

development of AA systems as a par-

amount task. That’s why since 1952

the C-25 “Berkut” (SA-1 according to

NATO classification) AA system was

fielded around Moscow. However

usually the Soviet anti aircraft sys-

tems that were mainly consisted of

interceptors and AA artillery could

not prevent the continuous viola-

tions of the country’s airspace by the

numerous American reconnaissance

aircraft. That situation lasted up to

the end of 1950-s when the Soviet

Union fielded the C-75 “Volhov” mo-

bile AA missile system (SA-2 accord-

ing to NATO classification) with tech-

SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIAN FLEET AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS

One of the famous Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgiy Zhukov once said that a state would face a

great challenge in a war in case it was not capable to rebuff an air attack. Since 1940 the experience of

naval combat operations has shown that the main enemy for the Navy is aircraft and missiles, which

can be used by different platforms. Up to 60% of losses the Navies of the belligerents suffered from

aircraft assault. That tendency continued after the WWII and even was increased in local conflicts and

wars. The air operations during the “Musketeer” operation, conflicts in the Middle East and war in

Vietnam have shown that being developed, the aircraft became the main factor to fight the enemy

Navy at the sea. The wide combat use of aircraft at the sea led to the development of naval air defense

systems. This article is devoted to the Fleet AD systems designed in the Soviet Union and the Russian

Federation.

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 41

nical characteristics that provided in-

terception of any aircraft of that time.

Later in 1961 the USSR Air Defense

Units were equipped with the C-125

“Neva” low-altitude AA missile sys-

tem that could engage a target at a

range of 20 kilometers.

The AA systems in the Soviet

Union spring exactly from the above

mentioned anti-aircraft missiles due

to the fact that AA systems initial-

ly were developed and fielded in

the Army and Air Defense Units. The

idea was to unify the ammunition, in

other words the missile. At the same

time abroad ad hoc Fleet AA systems

were usually developed.

The M-2 “Volhov-M” (SA-N-2 ac-

cording to NATO classification) AA

missile system was the first one de-

signed for the Soviet Fleet and in-

stalled at the cruisers. The system

was developed from the C-75 AA mis-

sile system fielded in the AD units.

The works on marinization of the AA

system were led by Chief Designer

S. Zaytsev. Chief Designer P. Grushin

from the “Fakel” Navy Design Centre

was in charge of missile develop-

ment. At the end the system ap-

peared to be cumbersome one. Radio

command guidance system made

the “Korvet-Sevan” antenna station

too big and the B-753 two-stage-

liquid-propellant-jet-engine SAM of

considerable dimensions needed the

proper launcher and ammunition de-

pot. Furthermore a missile needed to

be fueled with oxidizer prior to the

launch, and as a result the fire pow-

er potential left something to be de-

sired. As far as the combat stock is

concerned it was too small — only 10

AA missiles. The M-2 “Volhov-M” was

fielded at the “Dzerzhinsky” project

70E experimental ship. However the

system was in a single copy and nev-

er deployed at other ships in spite of

being officially passed into service in

1962. Later on the AA system was de-

activated and never used.

M-1 “VOLNA” ANTI-AIRCRAFT

MISSILE SYSTEM

Almost at the same time with the

development of M-2 AA system the

M-1 “Volna” (SA-N-1 according to

NATO classification) anti-aircraft mis-

sile system had been under devel-

opment at the “Altair” Research and

Development Centre under the di-

rection of Chief Designer I. Ignatyev

since 1955. The system was based on

the Army Air Defense System C-125.

P. Grushin was in charge of improv-

ing the missile. The development

prototype was tested at the “Bravy”

project 56K destroyer. The fire pow-

er potential (estimated) was 50 sec-

onds between the salvos, maximum

range of fire was from 12 up to 15 ki-

lometers depending on the altitude

of a target. The M-1 “Volna” consist-

ed of double-girder stabilized guid-

ed launcher equipped with the feed

and loading system, “Yatagan” com-

mand and control system, 16 B-600

SAMs, stored in two underdeck am-

munition magazines, and main-

tenance equipment kit. The radar-

homing B-200 missile had two stages

and gunpowder booster and sustain-

er engines. The warhead consisted of

several sensor fuses and 4500 pre-

fragmented elements. Antenna sta-

tion had five antennas: two small for

approximate aiming, one for com-

mands transmitting and two anten-

nas for tracking and accurate aiming.

The M-1 “Volna” was a single chan-

nel aiming AA system, it means that

other targets servicing was impossi-

ble until the first target engagement.

Furthermore in case of large rang-

es the degradation of accuracy took

place. However for that time the an-

ti-aircraft system appeared to be ef-

fective. In 1962 it was fielded at the

“Komsomolets Ukrainy” project 61,

61M, 61MP and 61ME large anti-sub-

marine ship as well as the “Grozny”

project 58 and “Admiral Zozula” proj-

Volna AA Missile

System at large anti-

submarine ship

Volna AA Missile

System at large anti-

submarine ship

AIR DEFENSE

42 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ect 1134 missile cruisers and upgrad-

ed destroyers project 56K, 56A, 57A.

Later on in 1965 and 1968 the M-1

“Volna” was upgraded and equipped

with a new missile B-601 which was

able to engage a target at a range

of 22 kilometers. In 1976 “Volna” was

upgraded once more and named

“Volna-P”. The system was enhanced

with highly resistant to jamming

system. In 1980 when sheeps were

needed to be protected from low-

flying anti-ship missiles, the system

was deeply upgraded and named

“Volna-N” armed with the B-601M

SAM. The upgraded command and

control system provided the engage-

ment both low-altitude targets and

surface targets. Gradually the M-1

AA system became a Multipurpose

Air Defense System. According to the

main technical characteristics and

combat effectiveness the “Volna” AA

missile system was comparable to

the “Tartar” AA missile system made

in the United States of America for

it's Fleet. However the Soviet made

AA system lost on range of fire

against the last modifications of the

American “Tartar” AA missile system.

Today the “Volna-P” is fielded at

the “Smetlivy” large anti-submarine

ship project 61 based in the Black Sea

Fleet. In 1987-1995 the ship was up-

graded in accordance with the proj-

ect 01090 and armed with the “Uran”

anti-ship missile system. Currently

the ship has been reclassified to the

destroyer class.

There was no classification of the

Fleet Air Defense Systems at the be-

ginning. However in the beginning

of sixties the Fleet AD systems were

classified as following: systems with

range of fire above 90 kilometers

were called long range AA missile sys-

tems, up to 60 kilometers — medium

range AA missile systems and up to

30 kilometers short range AA missile

systems. AA missile systems with 20

kilometer-range-of- fire were called

ship self-defense missile systems.

“OSA-M” AA MISSILE SYSTEM

The first “OSA-M” (SA-N-4 accord-

ing to NATO classification) ship self-

defense missile system was devel-

oped in 1960 by Scientific Research

Centre #20. at the beginning this

AA missile system was developed

in two variant: for Army and Navy.

The Fleet system was planned to

be used to engage both air and sur-

face targets at a range up to 9 kilo-

meters. Mr. V. Efremov was appoint-

ed as a Chief Designer. Initially the

missile was planned to be equipped

with homing device, however, at that

time it was technically very hard to

implement the idea as well as the

cost of the missile was estimated as

very high. As a result the missile was

equipped with radar guidance sys-

tem. “OSA-M” used the same 9M33

SAM as the AA missile system devel-

oped for the Land Forces and as far

as command and control unit is con-

cerned the unification rate was 70%.

The canard missile had one-stage-

two-mode solid propellant engine.

The warhead was equipped with a

radio proximity fuse. The distinguish-

ing feature of the Fleet version of

this AA missile system was the lo-

cation of it's own radar unit 4P33 in

the integrated antenna station to-

gether with target tracker and com-

mand transmission station. The ra-

dar unit provided the target acquisi-

tion at a distance from 25 up to 50 ki-

lometers (it depends on the altitude

of a target). Therefore the AA missile

system was able to detect and en-

gage targets itself. The combat re-

action time was decreased subse-

quently. The “OSA-M” AA missile sys-

tem consisted of the ZiF-122 launch-

er, which two ramps in-down posi-

tion were housed in a cylindric mag-

azine. In battery the ramps moved up

with two AA missiles on them. The

missiles were housed in four rotating

drums, five missiles in each.

The tests of the “OSA-M” AA mis-

sile system took place in 1967 at the

OS-24 project 33 experimental ship

(the re-built light cruiser “Voroshilov”

project 26 bis). Afterwards the sys-

tem was tested up to 1971 at the

leadeng ship project 1124. After a lot

Antenna Post of

OSA-M AA missile

system fielded at

missile speed boat

Launcher of OSA-M

AA missile system

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 43

of weaponization works had been

done, in 1973 the “OSA-M” AA mis-

sile system was passed into service.

Due to its perfect technical charac-

teristics and operating convenience

the AA system became a popular

Fleet anti-aircraft missile system. The

system was fielded not only at big

surface ships like the “Kiev” project

1143 heavy aviation cruiser and the

“Nikolaev” project 1134B large an-

ti-submarine ship as well as at the

“Bditelniy” project 1135 and 1135M

frigates, but also at small-displace-

ment ships, like small anti-submarine

ships, guided missile boats.

In 1975 the modernization of the

“OSA-M” AA missile system began

with the aim to decrease the altitude

of a target engagement from 50 me-

ters up to 25 meters. The modernized

version was named “OSA-MA” and

passed into service in 1979. the sys-

tem was fielded at the “Slava” proj-

ect 1164 and 11641 missile cruisers

as well as the “Kirov” project 1144 nu-

clear powered guided missile cruis-

ers. In the beginning of 1980-s the

second stage of modernization took

place. The AA missile sustem was des-

ignated as “OSA-MA-2”. It was able to

engage a target at an altitude of five

meters. The technical characteristics

of the Russian “OSA-MA-2” anti-air-

craft missile system can be compared

with French “Crotale Naval” wich was

developed in 1978 and one year later

passed in to the service. The French

“Crotale Naval” AA system has a light-

er missile and is based on a uni-

fied launcher with guidance control

unit, however it does not have its

own target acquisition radar. At the

same time the “OSA-MA-2” was sig-

nificantly not up to the American

“Sea Sparrow” AA missile system, es-

pecially in range of fire and rate of

fire. “OSA-MA-2” was not up to the

British “Sea Wolf” in simultaneous tar-

get handling capacity.

Today the “OSA-MA” and “OSA-

MA-2” anti-aircraft missile systems

are fielded at the “Marshal Ustinov”,

“Varyag” and “Moskva” project 1164

and 11641 guided missile cruisers,

the “Kerch” and “Ochakov” project

1134B large anti-submarine ships,

four frigates project 1135, 11352 and

1135М, two Bora Class guided missile

hovercraft (project 1239), 13 missile

boats project 1134, 11341 and 11347,

two the Gepard class frigates (proj-

ect 11661K) and 20 small anti-subma-

rine ships (project 1124, 1124M and

1124MU).

“SHTORM” M-11 AA MISSILE

SYSTEM

In 1961 in Scientific and Research

Centre #10 Chief Engineer G. Volgin

embarked on the development of

The Launch of

SHTORM AA Missile

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIANFLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

Name M-1 “Volna” M-1 “Volna” M-11 “Shtorm”

Passed into Service 1962 1968 1969

NATO Classification SA-N-1A SA-N-1B SA-N-3A

Range of Fire (m)

Min.:

Max.:

4000

15000

4000

22000

6000

33500

Operating Altitude

Min.:

Max.:

100

10000

100

14000

100

25000

Simultaneous Target

Handling Capacity (number

of targets)

1 1 1

Simultaneous Target

Handling Capacity (number

of missiles)

2 2 2

Designation of Missile V-600 V-601 V-611

Number of Stages 2 2 1

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching Weight

(kg)923 980 1840

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

5,89

0,38 / 0,55

5,95

0,38 / 0,55

6,17

0,65

AA Missile Maximum Speed

(m/sec)~700 730 900

Maximum Target Speed

(m/sec)600 700 800

Type of warhead

High Explosive with

with Ready-Made

Elements

High Explosive with

with Ready-Made

Elements

High Explosive

Warhead Weight (kg) 60 72 125

Guidance SystemBeam-Rider

Guidance System

Beam-Rider

Guidance System

Beam-Rider

Guidance System

C2 system YATAGAN YATAGAN GROM, GROM-M

Antenna Station 4P90 4P90 4P60

Tracking Range (km) ZiF-101 ZiF-101 or 102 B-189 / B-187 /B-192

Launcher DesignationPedestal Mount

Trainable Launcher

Pedestal Mount

Trainable Launcher

Pedestal Mount

Trainable Launcher

Number of Launching Ramps 2 2 2

Combat Stock per One

Launcher16 16 or 32 48 / 24 / 40

Firing Interval (sec) 50 30 50

AIR DEFENSE

44 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

a multipurpose AA system special-

ly for the Soviet Union Navy. M-11

“Shtorm” (according to NATO clas-

sification SA-N-3” was designed to

engage high-speed-all-altitude tar-

gets at a distance of 30 kilome-

ters. Its main elements were the

same as the elements that were

used in the “Volna” anti-aircraft mis-

sile system. However the dimen-

sions of some elements were slight-

ly increased. The fire could be done

in salvo of two missiles with the in-

terval between salvos of 50 seconds.

The two-ramp and stabilized system

mas mounted on the B-189 pedestal

with underdeck magazine for stor-

age and feeding the missiles. The

magazine consisted of four drums

with six missiles in each. The B-611

one-stage—solid-propellant engine

SAM had 150 kg. high explosive war-

head which was equipped with a ra-

dio proximity fuse. The “Grom” ra-

dio command and control system

included the 4P60 antenna station

that consisted of two couples of tar-

get and missile tracking parabolic

antenna and a command transmis-

sion antenna. The updated version

“Grom-M”, which was specially de-

signed for the large anti-submarine

ships, was able to provide command

and control not only over anti-air-

craft missiles but also the “Metel”

anti-submarine missile system.

The tests of the M-11 “Shtorm”

were conducted at the OC-24 ex-

perimental ship. In 1969 the sys-

tem passed into sevice. Due to the

powerful warhead the anti-aircraft

system provided effective both air

and surface target engagement

level with 40 meter accuracy. The

9М317М radar was able to track and

detect small targets flying at very

low altitudes and lock a missile on

the target. However despite its out-

standing technical characteristics

the M-11 “Shtorm” AA system could

be housed only at the ships with dis-

placement over 5500 tons. The sys-

tem was fielded at the “Moskva”

and “Leningrad” (project 1143) heli-

copter carriers and also at the large

anti-submarine ships projects 1134A

and 1134B.

In 1972 the modernized

“Shtorm-M” AA missile system was

put into service. The system has

100-meter low limit of target en-

gagement as well as it is able to en-

gage high-altitude targets including

receding target engagement. Later

on in 1980–1986 the system was a

subject of deep modernization and

named “Storm-N”. The system re-

ceived a new missile — B-611M. The

missile was able to engage low-flying

anti-ship missiles. Some ships (proj-

ect 1134B) were armed with this AA

missile system.

Taking into account main techni-

cal characteristics the M-11 “Storm”

anti-aircraft missile system was at the

same level with American “Terrier”

and British “Sea Slag”. However the

Soviet made AA missile system lost

some points in weight and range of

fire at the end of 60-es the begin-

ning of 70-es, when in West some

new anti-aircraft systems were put in

inventory. In addition Western made

anti-aircraft missiles were equipped

with semi-active guidance systems

that time.

Today the M-11 “Storm” anti-air-

craft missile system is fielded at two

large anti-submarine ships — “Kerch”

and “Ochakov” (project 1134 B), both

Antenna Post of

Shtorm AA missile

system fielded at

large anti-subma-

rine ship

Shtorm AA missile

system fielded at

large anti-subma-

rine ship

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 45

are enlisted to the Russian Black Sea

Fleet.

C-300F “FORT” ANTI-AIRCRAFT

MISSILE SYSTEM

C-300 F “Fort” (SA-N-6 accord-

ing to NATO classification) was the

first long-range Soviet AA mis-

sile system that was able to pro-

vide Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity. The system was cre-

ated by the “Altair” Research and

Development Institute. The reason of

the long-range missile development

in the Soviet Union was caused by

the intention of the leading Western

countries to engage enemy targets

at a longer distance as well as the

appearance of than up-to-date anti-

ship missiles that were able to launch

them from the standoff distance.

Another reason was to create the

Joint Air Defense of Naval Force. New

anti-ship missiles were characterized

by high speed, highly-maneuverable

capabilities, stealth technologies and

had very high damage affect. So, the

available fleet anti-aircraft systems

were not effective especially in case

of mass launch. Therefore the main

task was not only to increase the

range of fire but also to increase fire

power potential.

The C-300F “Fort” AA missile sys-

tem was based on the C-300 AA mis-

sile system that was fielded in the

Soviet Union's Air Defense Units. The

naval version had the same missile —

B-500P one stage SAM. The sys-

tem was designed to engage high-

speed- maneuverable pinpoint tar-

gets (in particular the “Tomahawk”

and “Harpoon” anti-ship missiles) at

all altitudes from 25 meters up to op-

erational ceiling of all aircraft as well

as to destroy anti-ship missile air car-

riers and jammers. For the first time

in the world Soviet engineers imple-

mented the fly-out method and jam-

resistant multichannel control which

was planned to track simultaneous-

ly up to 12 targets and engage si-

multaneously up to six air targets.

Moreover the 130-kilogram missile

warhead was able to engage surface

targets at a distance of radar hori-

zon. The C-300F “Fort” AA missile sys-

tem was equipped with illuminating

and guidance radar with phased ar-

ray antenna which provided not on-

FORT AA Missile

System

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIANFLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

Name M-11 “Shtorm-N” S-300F “Fort” S-300F “Fort”

Passed into Service 1980 1983 1990

NATO Classification SA-N-3B SA-N-6A SA-N-6B

Range of Fire (m)

Min.:

Max.:

6000

35000

5000

75000

5000

93000

Operating Altitude

Min.:

Max.:

100

25000

25

25000

25

25000

Simultaneous Target

Handling Capacity

(number of targets)

1 6 6

Simultaneous Target

Handling Capacity

(number of missiles)

2 12 —

Designation of Missile В-611М В-500Р 48Н6

Number of Stages 1 1 1

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching

Weight (kg)1840 1665 1900

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

6,17

0,65

7,25

0,51

7,5

0,52

AA Missile Maximum

Speed (m/sec)900 2000 3000

Maximum Target

Speed (m/sec)800 1300 2800

Type of warhead High Explosive High Explosive High Explosive

Warhead Weight (kg) 125 133 143

Guidance SystemBeam-Rider Guidance

System

Track-via-Missile

Beam-Rider Guidance

System

Track-via-Missile

Beam-Rider Guidance

System

C2 system GROM-M FORT FORT

Antenna Station 4P60 — —

Tracking Range (km) 50 — —

Launcher Designation B-187 / B-192 B-203/B-204 / B-203А B-204 / B-203А

Launcher TypePedestal, guided

Mount

Pedestal, guided

Mount

Pedestal, guided

Mount

Number of Launching

Ramps2 2 2

Combat Stock per One

Launcher16 16 or 32 48 / 24 / 40

Firing Interval (sec) 50 30 50

AIR DEFENSE

46 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ly the SAM guidance but also target

location of high-altitude targets. The

combined SAM guidance method

was implemented in the command

and control system. At first the con-

trol was executed by radar and at the

final stage by a semi-active airborne

radio direction finder. Due to new

components that were used in the

solid-propellant engine the SAM be-

came lighter then the missile used in

the “Shtorm” AA missile system, but

at the same time C-300F “Fort” AA

missile got range of fire three times

as big as “Shtorm” had.

Due to the vertical launch system

the preset firing interval appeared

to be three seconds and pre-launch-

ing time was significantly decreased.

Transporter-launcher containers with

SAMs were housed under the deck in

rotating magazines with eight mis-

siles in each magazine. To decrease

the number of starter openings on

the deck every magazine had one

missile hatch. When SAM is launched

the magazine rotates automatically

and a second missile missile is put in

firing position. The revolving system

negatively affected to the weight

of the vertical launch system which

became also very bulky. Due to this

fact the C-300F “Fort” AA missile sys-

tem was fielded at the ships with dis-

placement more then 6500 tons.

The System was tested at the

“Azov” large anti-submarine ship in

1975. Officially C-300F “Fort” was

put into service in 1983. The “Kirov”

and “Slava” (projects 1144 and 1164)

guided missile cruisers were armed

with C-300F. In the end of eight-

FORT AA Missile

System at Heavy

Nuclear-Powered

Cruiser

FORT AA Missile

System at Missile

Guided Cruiser

Antenna Post of

FORT-M AA Missile

System at Heavy

Nuclear-Powered

Cruiser

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 47

ies of the last century a new SAM,

48H6, was developed by the “Fakel”

Design Bureau for the C-300F AA

missile system. SAM was unified with

C-300 PM for Air Defense Units and

had 120-kilometer range-of fire. New

SAMs were fielded at the “Kirov”

guided missile cruiser. In 1990-s the

export variant of the AA system ap-

peared. It was named “Rif”. Later on

the C-300F was upgraded and desig-

nated as “Fort-M” where lighter an-

tenna station and up-to-date com-

mand and control system were used.

Nowadays “Fort-M” is fielded at the

“Pyotr Velikiy” heavy nuclear-pow-

ered cruiser. Beside this cruiser, the

“Fort” AA missile system is fielded at

the “Marshal Ustinov”, “Varyag” and

“Moskva” (projects 1164 and 11641)

guided missile cruisers. The further

modernization is said to be done in

the near future with the aim to de-

crease the dimensions of SAM. The

modernization will positively effect

combat effectiveness and increase

SAM combat stock four times.

ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM

M-22 “URAGAN”

Almost at the same time with

“Fort” AA system the development of

the short-range Anti-Aircraft Missile

System M-22 “Uragan” (SA-N-7 ac-

cording to NATO classification) start-

ed. The range of fire was planned to

be up to 25 kilometers. The develop-

ment of the AA system was conduct-

ed in “Altair” Research Institute un-

der the leadership of Chief Engineer

G. Volgin. According to the tradition

the missile of the M-22 “Uragan” AA

system was unified with the “BUK”

AA system that was in service in the

Army. “Uragan” is designed to engage

different air targets at all altitudes in-

cluding low-altitude and high-alti-

tude targets, which fly from different

directions. For this purpose the AA

system has modular structure that

provided 12 targeting channels on

board of a ship and made the system

easy in service. “Uragan” was planned

to be fielded not only at new com-

bat ships but also insted of old an-

ti-aircraft missile system “Volna” af-

ter the up-grade of some old ships.

The destingushing feature of the new

AA system was the “Oreh” (Nut) com-

mand and control station with semi-

URAGAN AA Missile

System

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIANFLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

NameS-300 FM

"Fort-M"

M-22

"Uragan""Uragan-Tornado

Passed into Service 1990s 19831990s

(development)

NATO Classification SA-N-6C SA-N-7 —

Range of Fire (m)

Min.:

Max.:

8000

120000

3500

25000

Operating Altitude

Min.:

Max.:

10

25000

10

15000

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of targets)6 6

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of missiles)12 12…18

Designation of Missile 48Н6Е2 9М38(М) 9М317М

Number of Stages 1 1 1

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 1800 690

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

7,5

0,52

5,55

0,4

AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 3000 1100

Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 2800 850

Type of warhead High Explosive High Explosive High Explosive

Warhead Weight (kg) 143 70 70

Guidance System

Radio-Command

With Semi-Active

Guidance

Semi-Active

Radar

Semi-Active

Radar

C2 system Fort-M ZR90 Oreh Tornado

Antenna Station — OP-3 —

Tracking Range (km) — — —

Launcher Designation B-203А МС-196 —

Launcher TypeVertical-launch

revolver type

Pedestal, guided

Mount

Vertical-launch

honeycomb sys-

tem

Number of Launching Ramps 6 1 36

Combat Stock per One Launcher 46 24 36

Firing Interval (sec) 4 12 —

AIR DEFENSE

48 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

active guidance system. “Uragan”

did not have its own search and de-

tection equipment, the initial infor-

mation regarding a target was re-

ceived from the Radio Detection and

Ranging equipment of a ship. By The

missile guidance was provided by a

target illumination searchlight con-

trol radar and the number of target-

ing channels depended on the num-

ber of that radars. The feature of the

AA system is that the launch of a mis-

sile is possible only after homing-

head lock-on. That is why the M-22

“Uragan” AA system used a single-

girder launcher МС-196. The use of

the single-girder launcher decreased

the reload time in comparison with

“Volna” and “Shtorm” AA missile sys-

tems. The estimated gap between

salvos was 12 seconds. The under-

deck depot housed 24 anti-aircraft

missiles. The 9M38 single-stage mis-

sile has two-mode solid-propellant

jet engine and 70 kg high-explosive

warehead with contact and proxim-

ity radio fuse. The former is used for

surface targets and the latter for air

targets.

The tests of “Uragan” were con-

ducted in 1976-1982 at the “Provorny”

large anti-submarine ship. In 1983

the AA missile system was put in-

to service and was fielded at the

“Sovremenny” (project 956) destroy-

ers. Prior to putting into service the

“Uragan” AA system was armed with

upgraded missile 9М38М1 which

was unified with the “BUK-M1” AA

missile system used in the Army.

By 1990 another missile  —

9М317 — was developed and tested.

The missile could be used both na-

val “Uragan” and Army “BUK-M2” an-

ti-aircraft missile systems. The missile

was able to engage cruise missiles

more effectively and had extend-

ed range of fire up to 45 kilometers.

At that time the use of single-girder

launchers were considered to be out-

dated and vertical-launch missile sys-

tems appeared. Therefore a new an-

ti-aircraft system “Uragan-Tornado”

with the upgraded vertical-launch

9М317М missile was developed. The

missile has new target seeking de-

vice, new solid-propellant jet engine

with gas-dynamic system, that pro-

vides the missile inclination to a tar-

get right after the launch. The contin-

uation of development and further

tests of the AA missile system were

failed to be continued due to the col-

lapse of the Soviet Union.

In the end of 90-s Russia inked

the agreement with China to build

some destroyers project 956E, which

were armed with the export ver-

sion of the M-22 anti-aircraft mis-

sile system named “Shtil”. Between

1999 and 2005 the Chinese Navy re-

ceived two ships project 956E and

two ships project 956EM armed with

the “Shtil” AA missile system. Today

Russian Navy has only seven destroy-

ers project 956 and 956A which are

armed with the “Uragan” system.

Today a new version named “Yej”

Illuminating Lightof URAGAN AA Missile System

URAGAN (SHTIL) AA Missile System

URAGAN-

TORNADO AA

Missile System

Mock-up

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 49

(Hedgehog) is said to be under de-

velopment for the Russian Navy. The

system is planned to be armed with

the vertical-launch 9М317М missile.

ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM

“KINJAL”

In the beginning of 80-s the

“Garpun” and “Exocet” anti-aircraft

missiles were fielded in the navies

of the Unitaed States of America and

other NATO countries. This forced the

Russian Navy Command to expedite

the development of a new genera-

tion self-defense anti-aircraft missile

system. The engineering of the AA

missile system started in Scientific

Development and Production Center

“Altair” in 1975 under the “Kinjal”

(SA-N-9 according to NATO classifi-

cation) designation. The chief of the

project was S. Fadeev. The 9M330-

2 missile was developed in Design

Bureau “Fakel” under the leader-

ship of P. Grushin. The missile is uni-

fied with the “TOR” self-propelled

AA missile system that is used in

the Army. To get high performance

of “Kinjal” the designers used the

key features of the “Fort” long-range

AA missile system. In particular the

differential radar with electronical-

ly-controlled-beam phased array an-

tenna, vertical launch, revolver-type

launcher with eght missiles. To in-

crease the endurance, like “OSA-M”

has, a in-built omnirange radar was

included in the system. The radar is

housed in the 3Р95 antenna post.

The radio command and control sys-

tem was used which distingushed by

its high accuracy. In 60x60 degrees

volumetric coverage the AA system

is able to simultaneously engage up

to four high-altitude targets by eight

missiles. A television-optical track-

ing system was used to increase jam-

ming resistance. The 9М330-2 single

stage AA missile has solid-propellant

jet engine with gas-dynamic system

that provides a missile inclination to-

wards a target right after the launch-

ing. The estimated period between

salvos is three seconds. The “Kinjal”

AA missile system can have three-

four the drum-type 9C95 launchers.

The tests of the “Kinjal” AA missile

system were held since 1982 at the

“MPK-104” small antisubmarine war-

fare ship, which was built under proj-

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIANFLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

Name “Osa-M” “Osa-MA-2” Kinjal

Passed into Service 1973 1980-s 1986

NATO Classification SA-N-4A SA-N-4C SA-N-9

Range of Fire (m)

Min.:

Max.:

1500

9000

1500

10000

1500

12000

Operating Altitude

Min.:

Max.:

50

6000

5

6000

10

6000

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of targets)1 1 4

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of missiles)2 2 8

Designation of Missile 9М33 9М33 9М330-2

Number of Stages 1 1 1

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 127 127 165

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

3,15

0,21

3,15

0,21

3,1

0,35

AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 800 800 850

Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 420 ~500 700

Type of warhead High Explosive High Explosive High Explosive

Warhead Weight (kg) 15 15 14,5

Guidance SystemBeam-Rider

Guidance System

Beam-Rider

Guidance System

Beam-Rider

Guidance System

C2 system 4Р33 4Р33 3Р95

Antenna Station — — —

Tracking Range (km) ZiF-122 ZiF-122 CM-9

Launcher DesignationGirder, extend-

able, guided

Girder, extend-

able, guided

Vertical-launch

honeycomb

system

Number of Launching Ramps 2 2 4...8

Combat Stock per One Launcher 20 20 32....64

Firing Interval (sec) 30 30 3

KINJAL AA Missile System

AIR DEFENSE

50 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ect 1124K. Rather complicated de-

sign of the anti-aircraft missile sys-

tem lagged the end of the tests, so

it was put into service only in 1986.

As a result some combat ships that

were planned to be armed with the

“Kinjal” AA missile system, were not

able to get it, like the “Udaloy” large

antisubmarine warfare ship (project

1155). “Kinjal” was not fielded at the

“Novorossiysk” aircraft carrier (proj-

ect 11433), “Frunze” and “Kalinin” nu-

clear-powered guided missile cruis-

ers (project 11442), however, the

places for further installation of

the AA systems were reserved. The

“Admiral Chabanenko” large antisub-

marine warfare ship (project 11551),

“Baku” aircraft carrier (project 11434)

and “Tbilisi” aircraft carrier (project

11435), as well as “Petr Velikiy” nu-

clear-powered guided missile cruis-

ers (project 11442), “Neustrashimy”

corvette (project 11540) were armed

with the “Kinjal” AA missile system.

Beside the aircraft carriers project

11436 and 11437 were planned to

be armed with the system. In accor-

dance with technical assignment of

“Kinjal” the system should have the

same weight and dimensions param-

eters as “OSA-M” self-defense AA sys-

tem has. However they failed. That is

why the anti-aircraft system can be

fielded only at ships from 1000 up to

1200 tone displacement.

If one compares the “Kinjal”

AA missile system with the same

class Western made systems, like

American “Sea Sparrow” and British

“Sea Wolf 2”, it is getting clear that

“Kinjal” is second to former in main

tactical characteristics, but is equal

to the latter one.

Today the “Kinjal” AA missile sys-

tem is fielded at eight ships project

1155 and 11551, “Petr Velikiy” nucle-

ar-powered guided missile cruisers

(project 11442), “Kuznetsov” aircraft

carrier (project 11435), two corvettes

project 11540. the system under des-

ignation “Klinok” is offered to foreign

customers.

COMBINED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM

Along with production of anti-

aircraft missile systems the develop-

ment of combined artillery-missile

anti-aircraft systems were in pro-

ces in the Soviet Union. In the be-

KINJAL AA Missile System

KOMAR-GIBKA AA Missile System Mock-up

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 51

ginning of 80-s in Tula Instrument

Design Bureau, the 2C6 “Tunguska”

self-propelled air defense system

was invented. “Tunguska” has 30-

mm guns and two-stage anti-air-

craft missiles. It was the first in the

world the series-produced com-

bined gun-missile anti-aircraft sys-

tem. Based on the “Tunguska” AA

system the desicion to develop a na-

val version of a short range AA sys-

tem to effectively engage high-alti-

tude air targets including anti-ship

missiles in shadow zones of mis-

sile AA systems as well as to substi-

tute AA small-caliber gun systems.

The development of the naval ver-

sion, that was designated as 3M87

“Kortik” (CADS-N-1 according to

NATO classification), was assigned

to Tula Instrument Design Bureau.

The Chief Designer, who was re-

sponsible for the development, was

A. Shipunov. The system consisted

of one command-and-control unit

with a radar and from one up to

six modules. Each combat module

was made as a turret that is able to

rotate 360 degrees, and had two

30-mm automatic guns AO18 with

6-burrel rotating unit, linkless am-

munition feed magazines for 30mm

rounds and two launching units

with four missiles in a unit, tracking

radar, missile guidance station, TV-

Optical system and instrument com-

partment. There are 24 additional

AA missiles in a under-turret com-

pound. The 9M311 two-stage radio-

command AA missile(SA-N-11 ac-

cording to NATO classification) has

solid-propellant jet engine and high

explosive-rod warhead. It was ful-

ly sutable for use at the “Tunguska”

AA system used in the Land Forces.

The “Kortik” anti-aircraft system is

able to engage pinpoint maneu-

ver air targets at a distance of 1.5

up to eight kilometers and then to

keep on inflicting demage on the

target using 30-mm guns. The tests

of “Kortik” took place in 1983 at the

“Molniya” speed boat which was

specially redesigned under project

12417. The tests with combat fir-

ing showed that the AA system was

able to engage consequently up to

six targets during one minute. The

“Positiv” or similar radar was needed

to execute the target assignment. In

1988 “Kortik” was officially put in-

to service. The aircraft carriers proj-

ect 11435,11436, 11437 as well as two

last nuclear-powered guided missile

cruisers project 11442, one large an-

ti-submarine ship project 11551 and

two corvettes project 11540 were

armed with the 3M87 “Kortik” an-

ti-aircraft system. At the beginning

they planned to substitute AK-630

anti-aircraft gun with “Kortik” how-

ever the plannes were failed as the

dimensions of the combat module

would be increased in two times.

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIANFLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

Name 3M87 “Kortik” 3M89 “Palash” “Palitsa”

Passed into Service 1988 2005 (under tests)2010 (develop-

ment)

NATO Classification CADS-N-1 CADS-N-2 —

Range of Fire (m)

Missiles:

30-mm guns:

1500...8000

500...3000

1300...8000

500...3000

1200...20000

500...4000

Operating Altitude

Missiles:

30-mm guns:

10...4000

5...1500

5...6000

5...1500

5...15000

5...1500

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of targets)1 1 1

Time Between Salvos, sec 08.10.10 ----- ------

Designation of Missile 9М33 9М33 9М330-2

Gun Rate of Fire, rounds/min 10000 10000 10000

Missile Designation 9М311 9М337 “Sosna-R” 57Э6

Number of Stages 2 2 2

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 60 30 74,5

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

2,63

0,17

2,32

0,13 / 0,072

3,2

0,09 / 0,076

AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 900 900 1300

Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 700 700 1000

Type of warheadHigh Explosive-

Rod

High Explosive-

RodRod

Warhead Weight (kg) 9 5 20

Guidance System Radio Laser Beamrider Radio

Number of Launching Ramps 8 8 —

Combat Stock per One Launcher 24 — —

30-mm Gun Designation АО-18 АО-18КD АО-18КДD

Number of Barrels 2х6 2х6 2х6

KOMAR-GIBKA AA

Missile System

AIR DEFENSE

52 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

When Russian made “Kortil” was

put into service, there were no sim-

ilar anti-aircraft sysytems that were

developed abroad. As a rule, the mis-

sile and gun anti-aircraft systems

were developed separately. The

Russian made system can be com-

pared in missile unit with the RAM

anti-aircraft self-defense system that

was co-developed by Germany, USA

and Danmark and was put into ser-

vice in 1987.

Today “Kortik” is fielded at the

“Kuznetsov” aircraft carrier, “Pyotr

Velikiy” heavy nuclear-powered

cruiser, “Admiral Chabanenko” large

antisubmarine warfare ship and two

“Neustrashimy” class corvettes. In

2007 when the Steregushchy class

corvette (project 20380) was put in-

to service it was also armed with the

“Kortik-M” modernized version (In

this version the weight of the system

was significantly decreased).

In 1990 “Kortik” was offered

abroad under the “Kashtan” desig-

nation. Today it is fielded at two

Chinese corvettes project 956EM.

In 1994 the production of “Kortik”

was totally over but at the same time

Tula Instrument Design Bureau to-

gether with “Ametist” Design Bureau

embarked on the development of a

new combined anti-aircraft system

that received the “Palash” designa-

tion (CADS-N-2 according to NATO

classification). When it was designed

the main principles and schemes,

used in “Kortic”, were implemented.

The distinguishing feature is a new

jam-resistant command-and-con-

trol system based on small-size dig-

ital computer and the “Shar” opti-

cal-electronic guidance system with

TV, IR and Laser channels. The guid-

ance can be executed using organic

ship-in built radar stations. The A-289

combat module consists of two up-

graded AO-18KD six-barrel 30-mm

AA guns, two launching units for

four AA missiles each and command-

and-control unit. The two-stage-

solid-propellant-jet-engine 9M337

“Sosna-R” anti-aircraft missile has the

beam guidence system at the initial

stage of flight and after it is guid-

ed by laser. The tests of “Palash”

took place in the city of Feodosiya

and in 2005 it was installed at the

R-60 “Molniya” missile boat, project

12411. The tests of this anti-aircraft

system were conducted until 2007

with some breaks. Finally at that year

it was officially put into service. It

is worth to mention that only artil-

lery tests of the AA system were con-

ducted. As far as AA missile is con-

cerned the system was supposed to

be armed with the “Sosna-R” missile

only for foreign customers. Finally

the works and tests of the “Palash”

were over and the attention of the

commanders of the Russian navy was

focused on a new combined anti-air-

craft system.

The new AA system was desig-

nated as “Palitsa”. Tula Instrument

Design Bureau is engaged in to the

development of this system. The

“Palitsa” AA system is based on the

mobile “Pantsir-C1” anti-aircraft sys-

tem which is used in the Army Air

Defense units. There is no much in-

formation regarding this system.

However, it is known that anti-air-

craft guns remain the same  — AO-

18KD, the AA missiles are 57E6 two-

stage hypersonic missiles which

are able to engage targets at a dis-

tance of 20 kilometers and integrat-

ed three-dimensional search radar.

The guidance system has radio-com-

mand guidance. The command-and-

control system has target-track radar

with phased array antenna and op-

tical-electronic station. “Palitsa” was

said to have very good fire power

potential and is able to engage up to

10 targets during a minute. It could

not be ruled out that the “Palitsa” an-

ti-aircraft system is going to be in-

stalled at the “Gorshkov” frigate proj-

ect 22350 which is now under con-

struction.

VERY SHORT-RANGE ANTI-

AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEMS

Talking about naval anti-aircraft

systems it is necessary to mention

man-portable SAM weapon. Since

1980s the Army used man-portable

SAM weapon systems, like “Strela-

2M”, “Strela-3”, later “Igla-1”, “Igla”,

“Igla-C”, were fielded at small dis-

placement ships and speed boats

and utilized as one of means to fight

against enemy aircraft. It was natu-

rally occurred as this kind of weapon

for these ships is not a main one, and

on the other hand it is impossible to

arm such ships with a fully-featured

AA system due to the dimensions of

the latter. Usually, the man-portable

SAMs were stored in a special room

in a ship and in case of air assault

the crews were deployed in particu-

lar places on the deck of a ship be-

ing ready to repel the attack from

the air. As far as submarines are con-

cerned the crew also have such SAM

C2 Post of KORTIK

AA Missile and Gun

System

KORTIK-M AA Missile

and Gun System

AIR DEFENSE

5(55).2010 ● 53

systems which are stored in a special

room as well.

Apart from it, the special turret-

type AA systems, MTU type, were

developed for the Navy. They have

from two up to four AA missiles. The

use of such AA systems significant-

ly increased the fire power of man-

portable SAMs as they were able

to engage air targets by several AA

missiles. The operator manually ex-

ecuted azimuth and elevation guid-

ance. Such AA systems were fielded

at a great number of Soviet and lat-

er Russian Navy, starting from speed

boats up to large landing ships, as

well as fleet auxiliary vessels.

In 1999 Design Bureau “Altair-

Ratep” in cooperation with oth-

er enterprises embarked upon the

“Gibka” system. The Navy demand-

ed cutting-edge AA system that can

use the same missiles as Army man-

portable SAM weapon systems uti-

lize, but should have remote com-

mand-and-control station and mod-

ern sight systems, as manual control

is not possible every time in combat.

In 2001–2002 the first very short-

range anti-aircraft system was de-

veloped and tested. The ready-made

parts and elements, that were pro-

duced by the Russian defense in-

dustry enterprises, were used in this

system. During the tests the engi-

neers managed to provide AA mis-

sile guidance when rocking as well as

to conduct a salvo of two missiles at

one target. In 2003 the “Gibka-956”

AA system was produced and was

planned to be fielded at a destroy-

er, project 956. However, due to fi-

nancial matters the further use of the

system was failed.

In 2005 in accordance with

Navy's order, OAO “Ratep” under

the leadership of Designer-in-Chief

A. Zhil'cov embarked upon the de-

velopment of very short-range anti-

aircraft system “Komar”, which used

the missiles of the “Igla' man-por-

table SAM weapon. Plus some el-

ements and principles of “Gibka”

were used as well. After the tests

the first turret-type launcher was in-

stalled at the “Astrakhan” small ar-

tillery ship project 21630 (the ship

was put into service in 2006). to-

day one more “Komar” AA system

is installed at the “Admiral Kulakov”

large anti-submarine ship project

1155 (the ship is under moderniza-

tion). In future the “Komar” AA sys-

tem is planned to be installed at all

small ships and speed boats of the

Russian Navy.

Leonid Karyakin

PALASH-PALMA AA

Missile and Gun

System

MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS

Name “Polimer-Redut” “Komar”

Passed into Service 2000-s (development) 2006

NATO Classification — —

Range of Fire (m)

Min.:

Max.:

1000

5000 / 135000

500

6000

Operating Altitude

Min.:

Max.:

5

20000 / 35000

500

6000

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of targets)— 1

Simultaneous Target Handling

Capacity (number of missiles)— 2

Designation of Missile9М96 / 9М96М 9М342

Number of Stages 1 1

Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant

AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 333 / 420 11,7

Missile Dimentions (m)

Length:

Diameter:

—

—

1,63

0,072

AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) — 570

Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 750 / 1000 320...400

Type of warhead Aimed High Explosive

Warhead Weight (kg) 24 2,5

Guidance System Radio-Radar Homing Passive IR

C2 system — —

Antenna Station — —

Tracking Range (km) — —

Launcher TypeVertical-launch, honey-

combGuided Turret mount

Number of Launching Ramps 16 4....8

Combat Stock per One Launcher 16 4....8

Firing Interval (sec) —

NAVY

54 ● ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ubmarine Amur 1650

is an export modifica-

tion of new-genera-

tion submarine of Lada

type. The lead unit Saint

Petersburg of this type joined the

Russian Navy in May 2010. Russian

industry created a strong combat

ship able to respond to all eventu-

al challenges at the theatre of oper-

ations.

Two principles were laid in the

basis of design of Amur-class subma-

rines: high combat effectiveness and

easy operation with the displace-

ment being minimal.

The major missions to be per-

formed by these submarines are sim-

ilar:

■ destruction of surface ships and

vessels,

■ destruction of submarines,

■ naval reconnaissance to obtain

data on the tactical situation in

the area.

Torpedo and missile complex

of Amur-class submarines includes

533-mm torpedo tubes with air fir-

ing system and a special low-noise

quick loading gear for torpedo tubes

recharging. Interval between salvoes

does not exceed several minutes.

Loading of ammunition is mecha-

nized and carried out through a tor-

pedo loading hatch. Frogmen with

relevant outfit can be released and

recovered.

Submarine ammunition includes:

■ cruise missiles with range up

to 200 km for firing at sea and

ground targets,

■ universal torpedoes having hom-

ing and wire-guidance modes,

■ mines.

The principal feature of Amur-

class submarines is the ability to take

and use weapons in any combina-

tion as well as to strike missile sal-

vo attacks against enemy ships and

vessels.

The Amur submarines are of low-

noise, their noise level is reduced by

two times compared to Kilo-class

submarines.

To achieve this:

■ the use is made of ship’s machin-

ery with low vibration specially

developed for these submarines,

■ system incorporation of ship’s

means of acoustic protection is

carried out.

The Amur Submarines have elec-

tronic sensors that include the latest

achievements of foreign and Russian

electronics of the last years.

Sonar complex is arranged on

the state-of-the art component base

and software. High-sensitive passive

antenna is located in the forward

end. Its area is several times more

than that of sonar antenna of Russian

and foreign submarines of the same

class.

In combination with own low

noise, the highly-effective sonar

complex of Amur submarines pro-

vides for the guaranteed early detec-

tion and attack of enemy ships or

timely evasion from ASW ships.

Automatic system for control of

the ship and its combat/technical

facilities is arranged on a new com-

ponent base and software. The sys-

tem ensures effective centralized

control from operator panels in CIC

of the submarine. Provision is made

for backup control of equipment

from local posts located in each com-

partment in one and the same place

for easy operation.

Electronic means for receiv-

ing information on external situa-

tion are united into a dedicated data

exchange system of the ship; the sys-

tem carries out automatic processing

S

RUSSIAN NON-NUCLEAR SUBMARINE AMUR 1650

Andrey Baranov

Chief Engeneer

of AMUR submarine

NAVY

5(55).2010 ● 55

and analysis of information from var-

ious sensors at maximum speed and

displays it in generalized form on

operator panels.

Navigation complex has a small-

size inertial navigation system and

ensures safety of navigation and

determination of submarine motion

parameters with the accuracy

required for missile weapon.

The Amur submarines are

equipped with a new-design hoista-

bles: telescopic non-hull penetrating

masts (except the attack periscope).

In addition to the optic channel, the

attack periscope has a low-level TV

camera for observation during night

time, GPS antenna and ESM antenna.

The Amur 1650 submarine is addi-

tionally provided with an optronic

mast with a thermal imager, daylight

and night observation cameras, GPS

antenna and ESM antenna.

Radar complex system has a high-

er target detection range, stealth,

immune stability and accuracy of tar-

get indication. It performs course

auto plotting and solution of naviga-

tion divergence tasks.

The Amur submarines features

good habitability. All crew mem-

bers are arranged in cabins. Galley

and wardroom are comfortable and

well equipped. Effective ventila-

tion and air conditioning systems

are designed to operate in tropi-

cal waters and provide for comfort

microclimate in living and service

rooms of the submarine in all sailing

regimes including snorkelling.

Fresh water stock sufficient per

se can be replenished, if necessary,

from the distilling plant available

onboard and operating on the prin-

ciple of reverse osmosis.

Equipment of Amur submarines

has good life-time features, which

provides for:

■ submarine service life till overhaul

10 years,

■ service life of storage battery  —

not less than 5 years,

■ dock repairs — after 2.5 years.

The Amur 1650 submarine has

considerable reserve for moderniza-

tion. In the first place it pertains to

the electronic equipment being of

an open architecture.

Provision is made for fitting the

Amur submarine with an air-inde-

pendent propulsion plant (AIP).

Structurally, AIP with all its servic-

ing systems is arranged in a module

compartment. The compartment is

technologically adaptable for plug-

ging into the base submarine.

The Amur submarines can be reli-

ably operated in all regions of the

World Ocean at any meteorologi-

cal conditions, in shallow and deep

water areas.

Open Joint-Stock Company “The

Admiralty Shipyards”, leader of mod-

ern Russian shipbuilding, is the oldest

shipbuilding yard in Russia founded

in 1704. Over 2600 ships and vessels

of various types and classes includ-

ing more than 300 submarines slid

down its ways.

Public Joint Stock Company “CDB

ME “Rubin” is the only Russian design

bureau that has designed subma-

rines exported to foreign custom-

ers. The total number of submarines

constructed to the Bureau’s designs

amounts to almost 1000, out of them

103 diesel-electric submarines were

exported to 14 countries. In 2011 CDB

ME “Rubin” will celebrate its 110th

anniversary.

At present, CDB ME “Rubin” and

the Admiralty Shipyards are able to

provide the complete scope of serv-

ices for development, operation and

maintenance of submarines. They

acquired broad experience of inter-

action with customers in training of

personnel and technical engineering

specialists, and after-sale service of

supplied submarines including sup-

ply of spare parts, conduct of mainte-

nance and repair works.

Andrey BaranovChief Engeneer

of AMUR submarine