Armenian rugs (in english)

8/9/2019 Armenian rugs (in english)

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ARMENIAN CARPET

by pronaturaal PRO NATURA ALESSANDRIA . Italia

The term Armenian carpet designates, but is not limited to, tufted rugs orknotted carpets wo en in Armenia or b! Armenians from pre"Christian times to the present #$%&$'&$(& It also includes a number of flat wo en te)tiles# The term co ers alarge ariet! of t!pes and sub" arieties# *ue to their intrinsic fragilit!, almostnothing sur i es+neither carpets nor fragments+from anti uit! until the latemedie al period#

Traditionall!, since ancient times the carpets were used in Armenia to co er floors,decorate interior walls, sofas, chairs, beds and tables# $-& .p to present the carpets

often ser e as entrance eils, decoration for church altars and estr!# /tarting tode elop in Armenia as a part of e er!da! life, carpet wea ing was a must in e er!Armenian famil!, with the Carpet making and rug making being almost women0soccupation# $1& Armenian carpets are uni ue 2te)ts2 composed of the ornamentswhere sacred s!mbols reflect the beliefs and religious notions of the ancientancestors of the Armenians that reached us from the depth of centuries# TheArmenian carpet and rug wea ers preser ed strictl! the traditions# The imitationand presentation of one and the same ornament"ideogram in the unlimited number

of the ariations of st!les and colors contain the basis for the creation of an! newArmenian carpet# In this relation, the characteristic trait of Armenian carpets is thetriumph of the ariabilit! of ornaments that is increased b! the wide gamut ofnatural colors and tints#

Et!molog! of word 2carpet2 in the Armenian and other languages

The Armenian words for carpet are 2 karpet 2 3Armenian 4կարպետ 5$6& or 2 gorg 23Armenian 4գորգ5#$7& Though both words in Armenian are s!non!mous, word

2karpet2 is mostl! used for non"pile rugs and 2gorg2 is for a pile carpet#Two of the most fre uentl! used terms to designate wo en woolen floor co eringsemanate directl! from the Armenian e)perience4 carpet and kali8khali# The term2kapert2 3Armenian 4կապերտ 5, formed of root 2kap2 3 Armenian 4կապ5 thatmeans 2knot2, $9&$:& later to become 2karpet2 3 Armenian 4կարպետ 5 in collo uialArmenian, is used in the 1th"centur! Armenian translation ofthe ;ible 3Matthew :4%6 and Mark '4'%5#$%rench 3>rench 4carpette 5 and English 3English4 carpet 5 in the %(thcentur! 3through Medie al ?atin carpita , meaning 2thick woolen cloth25 $%%& as aconse uence of the trade in rugs through the port cities of the Armenian kingdomof Cilicia #>rancesco ;alducci Pegolotti , a >lorentine merchant stationed in C!prus ,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-ReferenceA-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/carpettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Balducci_Pegolottihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-ReferenceA-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_languagehttp://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/carpettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Balducci_Pegolottihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet


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reported in his ?a pratica della mercatura that from %'7- to %((lorence# $%'&

Armenian word 2gorg2 3 Armenian 4գորգ5 is first mentioned in written sources inthe %(th centur!# This word 32gorg25 is in the inscription that was cut out in thestone wall of @apta an Church in Artsakh 3@arabagh 5 and is dated b! %'-'+%'-(A*# $%(&$%-& rigor @apants!an, professor of Armenian /tudies, considered thatArmenian 2gorg2 3 Armenian 4գորգ5 is a deri ati e of Bittite"Armenian

ocabular!, where it e)isted in the forms of 2koork2 and 2koorkas2# Edgar B#/turte ant , an e)pert in Bittite studies, e)plains the et!molog! of word2koork282koorkas2 as 2horse cloth2# $%1&

As for the Persian 2 ali2, which entered into Turkish as 2 ali2 or as 2khali2 inAnatolia ttoman Turkish and Armenian, $%6& it deri es from the cit! ofTheodosiopolis"@arin"ErDerum, known to the Arabs as ali" ala from the

Armenian 2@arno! kFaghak2, the 2cit! of @arin2# The name 2 ErDerum2 itself, as iswell known, is of Armenian origin from the usage ArtDen ar"Rum# This latter termcame into being after the destruction of the important Armenian commercial centerof ArtDen, %1 kilometers east of Theodosiopolos"@arin, b! the /elGuks in %


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2The comple) histor! of Armenian wea ing and needlework was acted out inthe Near East , a ast, ancient, and ethnicall! di erse region# >ew are the peoplewho, like the Armenians, can boast of a continuous and consistent record of finete)tile production from the %st millennium ;C to the present# Armenians toda! are

blessed b! the di ersit! and richness of a te)tile heritage passed on b! thirt!centuries of diligent practiceH !et the! are burdened b! the pressure to keep ali e a

tradition nearl! destro!ed in the Armenian enocide of %:%1, and sub erted b! atechnolog! that condemns handmade fabrics to museums and lets machines

produce perfect, but lifeless cloth2# $%9& $%:&

Early history

The PaD!r!k carpet

arious rug fragments ha e been e)ca ated in Armenia dating back to the 7thcentur! ;C or earlier# Complete rugs, or nearl! complete rugs of this period ha enot !et been found# The oldest, single, sur i ing knotted carpet in e)istence isthe PaD!r!k carpet, e)ca ated from a froDen tomb in /iberia, dated from the 1th tothe (rd centur! ;C, now in the Bermitage Museum in /t# Petersburg # Althoughclaimed b! man! cultures, this s uare tufted carpet, almost perfectl! intact, isconsidered b! man! e)perts to be of Caucasian, specificall! Armenian, origin# Theeminent authorit! of ancient carpets, .lrich /churmann, sa!s of it, 2>rom all thee idence a ailable I am con inced that the PaD!r!k rug was a funeral accessor! andmost likel! a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship2# $'


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The historian Berodotus writing in the 1th centur! ;C also informs us that theinhabitants of the Caucasus wo e beautiful rugs with brilliant colors which wouldne er fade#

The Christian period

Apart from the PaD!r!k carpet ,,after Armenia declared itself as the first Christian

state in (


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The Armenian rphan rug also known as the haDir rug

The period of the Armenian enocide from %9:-"%:'( saw a demographic changein the hitherto Armenian tradition of rug and carpet making in Anatolia 3Jestern

Armenia as well as Turke!5# E en though carpets from this region had establishedthe commercial name of 2Turkish Carpet2 there is e idence to suggest that themaGorit! of wea ers in the ttoman Empire were Armenians# Bowe er, after %:'(,carpet making in the newl! established Turkish republic was erroneousl! declared a2historicall! Turkish craft2 as is claimed, for e)ample, b! the Turkish and IslamicArts Museum where man! Armenian carpets are depicted as 2Turkish or Islamicart2#$'%&

*uring the enocide, in addition to the catastrophic loss of man! e)pert carpetwea ers, thousands of Armenian children were also orphaned and the Near EastRelief sa ed man! of these children, some of whom ended up in the northern partof ;eirut, where a rug factor! would be established under the guidance of *r# Kacob@uenDler, a /wiss missionar!# This factor! was established for the purpose of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Orphan_rughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Volkmar_Gantzhorn_1998-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghazir_Rug.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Orphan_rughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Volkmar_Gantzhorn_1998-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_Foundation


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teaching !oung orphans 3mainl! girls5 rug wea ing, so that the! ma! go on makinga li ing later on in their adult li es# Thus for a brief period 2orphan"rugs2 werecreated in this factor!, the most famous of which was gifted to the Jhite Bouse in%:'1, as a gesture of gratitude and good will towards the American people b! theorphans# @nown as the Armenian rphan rug , the rug depicts a ;iblical arden ofEden featuring arious animals and s!mbols and measuring %' feet b! %9 feet with

- million knots# This rug is said to ha e been made b! -


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Armenian rugs shown at ernissage market in Lere an

Armenian carpet wea ing that at the initial period coincided with cloth wea ing b!e)ecution techni ue ha e passed the long path of de elopment, starting from simplefabrics, which had been wo en at the braiding frames of arious form to pileknotted carpets that became the lu)urious and daint! pieces of arts#

Carpet"wea ing is historicall! a maGor traditional profession for the maGorit!of Armenian women, including man! Armenian families# Prominent @arabakhcarpet wea ers there were men too# The oldest e)tant Armenian carpet from theregion, referred to as Artsakh during the medie al era, is from the illage of;anants 3near andDak 5 and dates to the earl! %(th centur!# $'(& The first time thatthe Armenian word for carpet, gorg , was used in historical sources was in a %'-'"%'-( Armenian inscription on the wall of the @apta an Church in Artsakh# $'-&

Art historian Bra ard Bakob!an notes that 2Artsakh carpets occup! a special placein the histor! of Armenian carpet"making#2 $'-& Common themes and patterns foundon Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles# The! were di ersein st!le, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were e en separated in categoriesdepending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, suchas artsvagorgs 3eagle"carpets5, vishapagorgs 3dragon"carpets5and otsagorgs 3serpent"carpets5#$'-& The rug mentioned in the @apta an inscriptionsis composed of three arches, 2co ered with egatati e ornaments2, and bears anartistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh# $'-&

The art of carpet wea ing was in addition intimatel! connected to the making ofcurtains as e idenced in a passage b! @irakos andDaketsi , a %(th"centur!Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised ArDu"@hatun, the wife of regional

prince akhtang @hachenatsi, and her daughters for their e)pertise and skill inwea ing#$'1&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandzak,_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscriptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_rugs_at_Vernissage_Yerevan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_carpethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandzak,_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscriptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet#cite_note-25


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Armenian carpets were also renowned b! foreigners who tra eled to ArtsakhH theArab geographer and historian Al"Masudi noted that, among other works of art, hehad ne er seen such carpets elsewhere in his life# $'6&

n the opinion of arious authors that the origin of the oriental carpets and rugs didnot ha e an! association with nomadic tribes , and Central Asia # The! consider thatthe 2oriental carpet is neither of nomadic origin, nor do its origins lie in CentralAsiaH it is a product of ancient oriental ci iliDations in the Armenian .plands at thecrossroads of the oldest trade routes between west, north and south2# $'%&

The de elopment of carpet and rug wea ing in Armenia had been the barestnecessit! that had been dictated b! the climatic conditions of thecomplete Armenian Bighland # The t!pe, siDe and thickness of carpets and rugs hadalso depended upon the climate of e er! specific region within the territor!of Armenian Bighland #$'7& The dwelling houses and other buildings in Armenia

were constructed e)clusi el! of stone or were cut in rocks with no wood flooringinside traditionall!# This fact was pro ed b! the results of e)ca ations carried out inmedie al Armenian cities, such as * in , Artashat ,Ani and others# $-& There has beenthe necessar! source of raw materials in Armenia, including wool !arn and otherfibres, as well as natural d!es #$'9&The most widespread raw materials to produce!arn for carpets and rugs was sheep wool, as well as goat wool, silk, fla), cottonand other#

In the %(th and %-th centuries, when the carpet wea ing started to de elop at Near

East , Armenia 2was one of the most producti e regions2 in this regards# It wasconditioned b! the e)istence of 2good ualit! wool, pure water and d!es, especiall!

beautiful purple d!e2# $':&

ne of the most important conditions for the de elopment of carpet and rugwea ing was the a ailabilit! of towns and cities, where the arts and crafts mightde elop# These cities and towns also ser ed as large commercial centers located onmain ancient trade routs that passed b! the Armenian Bighland , including one ofthe branches of /ilk Road that passed across Armenia $(


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ur knowledge of oriental rugs is entirel! from literar! sources# f these there arethree categories4 the Arab geographers and historians, who represent the mostimportant witnesses of rug making, the Italian merchants and tra elers, and theArmenian historians# The most common term for these Near Eastern floor and wallco ering in these sources are Armenian carpets or carpets from Armenia# It is onl!later, as the ttomans con uered these areas, including all of Armenian in the %6th

centur!, that the term Turkish carpet began to be used, but that too was replaced inthe %:th centur! b! the term Persian rug or carpet because the great commercialagents of England, the .#/#, and erman! began setting up looms for uantit!wea ing in Iran to suppl! the e er increasing demand for the oriental rug in theircountries#

The Medie al Arab sources O al";aladhuri 3a :th"centur! Persian historian5, IbnBaw al 3a %


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Armenian girls, weaving carpets in Van, 1907, Western Armenia

References1. Jump up ̂ Temurjyan, В. С. (19 !. "The Carpet Weaving in Armenia" ("Ковроделие в Армении") . "erevan#

$nstitute %& 'ist%ry, Aca emy %& )cience %& t*e Armenian ))+.. Jump up ̂ -avtyan / 23 С., 45623 8 : 8/5;< . 4= 45623 8>: СС?, @5< /3, 197 , С. (197 !. "Armenian

Carpet" ("Армян !и !#р$е%") . "erevan# Aca emy %& )cience %& t*e Armenian ))+.

. Jump up ̂ B%uymjian, -icCranD BEv%rCian et F. Ac* jian (1991!. "&e' tapi' in' ripti*n' arm+nienne'",in"Tapi' et te-ti.e' arm+nien'" . Garseilles. pp. H7I .

H. J Kump up t%# a b L. Garr, ArmgiM, 19 9, "erevan, p. 197 N in +ussian

. Jump up ̂ OArmenians. T*e Pn %& t*e 19t* N Feginning %& t*e 0t* centuryO at +ussian Pt*n%grap*icGuseum, )t. QetersRurg, +ussia

S. Jump up ̂ 45623 8>N5 8 : U> /5 , XY/ 4= 45623 8>: СС?, @5< /3, 19Z7, 5. H

7. Jump up ̂ 45623 8>N5 8 : U> /5 , XY/ 4= 45623 8>: СС?, @5< /3, 19Z7, 5. 1S7

Z. Jump up ̂ ArmenianNPnglis*, Pnglis*NArmenian -icti%nary

9. Jump up ̂ 45623 8>N5 8 : U> /5 , XY/ 4= 45623 8>: СС?, @5< /3, 19Z7, 5. 710. Jump up ̂ Gatt*ew 9#1S. Ոշ ոք արկանէ կապերտ անթափ [ի վերայ հնացեակ ձորձոյ ., GarC # 1.

Ոշ ոք կապերտ նոր անթափ արկանէ ...etc., '%v*ann \%*rapian, )criptures %& t*e ]l an Lew Testments(critical e iti%n in Armenian!, Venice, 1Z0 , pp. S H, S71.

11. Jump up ̂ OcarpetO in O]nline Ptym%l%gy -icti%naryO, Ocarpet N late 1 t* century, Oc%arse cl%t*DO mi N1Ht*century, OtaRlecl%t*, Re sprea DO &r%m ].^r. carpite O*eavy ec%rate cl%t*,O &r%m G._. carpita Ot*icC w%%len cl%t*,O pp.%& _. carpere Ot% car , plucC,O pr%RaRly s% calle Recause it was ma e &r%m unravele , s*re e , OplucCe O &aRricD &r%mQ$P `CerpN Ot% gat*er, plucC, *arvestO (see *arvest!. Geaning s*i&te 1 t* century t% &l%%r c%verings. ^r%m 1St*N19t*centuries %&ten wit* a tinge %& c%ntempt, w*en use %& men (e.g. carpetNCnig*t, 1 70s! Ry ass%ciati%n wit* lu ury,la iesb R%u %irs, an rawing r%%ms. ]n t*e carpet Osumm%ne &%r repriman O is 1900, .). c%ll%duial (Rut c&. carpet(v.! Ocall (s%me%ne! t% Re repriman e ,O 1Z , Fritis* servantsb slang!. T% sweep (s%met*ing! un er t*e carpet in t*e&igurative sense is &irst rec%r e 19S . T*e verR meaning Ot% c%ver wit* a carpetO is &r%m 1S 0s. +elate # arpete D

carpetingO.

1 . Jump up ̂ Qeg%letti, _a pratica ella mercatura, e ite Ry Allan Pvans. amRri ge, Gass.# Ge iaeval Aca emy %& America, 19 S

1 . Jump up ̂ f>U> /5 :. /5;<

1H. Jump up ̂ B*. 'aC%Ryan, OGe ieval Art %& ArtsaC*O, "erevan, Armenian ))+, OQarReraCan, 1990, p. ZH, $)FLNZ079N019 N9

1 . Jump up ̂ )turtevant, P gar '. (19 1!. /ittite g.*''ar01 2*r3' *4 5n*2n *r *n6e t7re3 meaning, 2ith87merian i3e*gram' an3 A a3ian 2*r3' *mm*n in /ittite te-t' . &ang7age , V%l. 7, L%. , pp. NZ ., &ang7age9*n*graph L%. 9.

1S. Jump up ̂ Kames W. +e *%use, A TurCis* an Pnglis* _e ic%n, %nstantin%ple, 19 1, p. 1H

17. Jump up ̂ 'alil $nalciC, OPrMurumO, T*e Pncycl%pe ia %& $slam, _ei enN_%n %n, 19S , p.71

1Z. Jump up ̂ *ttp#hharmenianstu ies.csu&resn%.e uh&acultyhC%uymjianharticlesharmenia te tiles.*tm -icCranB%uymjian, OArmenia Te tiles# An ]verviewO, T*e catal%gue %& an e *iRiti%n entitle OTrames e mem%ire bArmenie#Rr% eries et tapis sur les c*emins e lbe il e 1900N19H0O %n Armenian re&ugees in t*e te tile in ustry in s%ut*ern

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Armenian rugs (in english)

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