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L973 Opera t i ons

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R. ichard Bryant

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Ethnography

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John I Iaz e ld en

Jonathan K ing andF i o n n 0 ' B e i r i e - R a n e l a g h

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SgrvgJ_Rg!-g-I-! by Richard !i. Brvanl,

T h e o b j e c t i - v e s c f t h e L g r S s u r v e v w e r e t w o - f o r d : a y r a , T e asu rYey o f t l i e , C range l va l k and Coro . ' : a i l - r i s - i ; r i c - t s t o d , i scove r t heo v e r a l l C i s t r i b u t i o n o f a n c i e n t s i - t e s , a n c t L ' e d e t a i l e d " " " " . t d . i r r go f s p c ' c i f i c s i t e s l l . i t h i n t h i s a r e a . i i o u r " " u t , t h e s y s t e m f i n a l 1 yadop te rL rnean t t ha t , i he fu l1 yJower o f t he su rvey team was d i rec te r lt o t he l a t t e r_ o1 , ' j ec t i vc , wh . i i s t i l r e a rca * r . r r r rn ! , a f t e r a r l i i ; i ens i vep e r i o r i i n e a r l v . ; \ p r i 1 , e v o l - v e d . i n . r : , c a s e r i e s o " f

- s h o r t e x p r o r a t i o n si n t e n d e d t o v e r i - f y t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p o s s i b l e s i t e s f i r s t n o i , i . c e d .on _a i r pho tos rap i r s ( rene to "s l - y mzg l . a ' ; a i l ab le by t se r i ze suEarr n d . u s t r i e s L , t u . t " " J u s r r o - '

i l ach o f the major . s i te sur1 . re r . . / s was jr e a s o n , a n d e a c h C e m a n d e d a d i f f l " l . r e n b

Of these s i t es , san 0s tevan r , vas chosen so tha t t he . , , soz : .h r - i fBu l l a rd i n 19 f ;5 cou ld be ampJ- i . f i ed and the 1 , rue ex ien t o f t i r ece remcn ia l - cen t re es i , ab f i s r red , . Th i s ob jec t i ve - r i as .Lhen en la rgec lto i nc lud -e t , he sn read . o f se t t l emen t a rou .nd the cen t re , an .d . t l i enfu r tb 'e r : en la rged ' r , o encom-Dass i he m ino r ce remon ia r cen t re o fchowacol , a ; : .d , the mor- ,nd cr .usters c lubbed. the iv lar t inez qr .oup and.t h e H i p ' l - i t o g r o l l p ; t l r i s v i l 1 b e c o n t i n u e d a s * r r - . r u u , ' ; ; ; ; i l * I o r ,su rvev cove r ing th -e reg ion l " re t , veen the New R i r re r an rd . Long svamp.

l { o h m u l " w a s c h o s e n b e c a u s e i . t , w a s c e r t a i n l y t h e l a r g e s t a n dprobab- l - y t he mos t impor l , an t s i t e i n t he ' a rea , san ta R i ta . l r ecausei t was so des t roved b ua r ry ing and fa rm in ,? tha t some reco r r i wasv i t a l b e f o r e t h e l a s i - t i a c e s o f m a n y s t i . u c t u r e s w e r e r e m o v e da l t o g e t h e r , a n d c o l h a b e c a u s e i t p r l v e d t o b e a m a j o r i n d u s - u r i a l -cen t re ' o f wh ich few have been id6n ' t j . f i ed so fa r f ; t he l u lava a rea .

Y:X i : l : : 1 I i , -1 i_ -1u : f "T o f par t ia l . o r ro ta t des i rucr io r r ;u v v f v l l ,

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!c_e3s!€:el (nigs . T-:l3)rdo i f began ' * i i , h t he reco rd ing o f p laza D to the sou th o f

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: : : : : * :3- l l : : : :y ins the widt l r ana- i - "e t i , o f top and base f rcm: : l l : : l : : :_ ' , : : : t : . : . . f3 i1,1. ' , r i t r , i r , " ; ; ; ; i ; ; , - "r ."*" I ' " I base,: : : : : : : : " :1 :o l : . .o , l ld then be a t remi : ted , rh is Drocedure becames t a n d a r r l f o r a l l s i t e s s u r v e v e d .

seLec ted - g r i d r i nes wer :e then ex tendec l t o no r th , wes t a ,nd .sou th ' To the no r t , h , ' b r , ro l i nes were cu . t r , , h rough heavy bush to; o i n B u l l a r d ' s P l a z , a ' A , w l : i r : h c o u r . d . t h e n b e a c c u r a . t e r y r e l a , t e d t o

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t : : ; i n t o P - l a a a E w h e r e a s e c o n r l t e n m e t ' r e g r i d w a sU q * - n , - - r r - - - - ^ - - r ^ - - J ^ - ' 1 . : - + ^ D l - - ^ ^ I | - - . 1 / fF f f ; ; s r id ' , , ras fur ther extended in* ,o F lazas F and ' G

i i i i t ; a o f bush and a l so fu l l y g r i c l ded . l ' a te r t he- , 1 . ) i " i r i a o f b u s h a n d a l s o f u l l y g r i c l d e d . l a t e r t h e

, " . " , , - 7^ "a "d a r :a j n t o cove r a l a lge p l a t f o rm i i r oup (58id- rva s5 ? . " i r " t e C _ o f b u s h a n d a l s o f u l l y q r l c l d e c . i . : a t € I t n e g l ] . o h r a s

: i , , , Z i t Z t : * * g r j n t o c o v e r a l a l g e p l a t f o r m l i r o u p ( : g ) t o i h e n o r t h

l i ne way su rveyed i n l , o t b re m id .d le o f ai u n s . F r o m g r i d p o i n t s o n t h i s l i n e t h e s e

b y t r i a n g u l a t i o n .

T o " b h e e a s t o f B u l . l . a r d ' s g r o g F ( P l a z a s e , B a n d C ) 1 a y b r o a c l

f ie ld .s of ;qu. i {or cane, anc i e ;s they were cut , they revealed. a sr r reaC--o i o la t fo rm g roups and t i o ' . l se mounds cove r ing mos t o f t he g round .

i . t r " " . , f he ce re rnon ia l cen t re and the Long Sve rmp. Rang ing rod -s

i u t * p i a c e t t r e s f i x e d p o i n t s ' . + i t h i n e a c h o f t h e . r i s i b l e g ' r o u p s a n d

inu " " - - po in t s were re la te i l t o t l i e ' cen t ra l su rvey a rea by t r i e i : 51u1a t ion

i rom + , i i e "bops o f Bu1 la rd ' s s t ruc -bu res 3 an<1 15 . T l : e g roups i he ry -

se l ves cou l -d then be reco rded . by tape and co l i l nass f rom the f i xed .

o o i n t s . T h i s p r o v e d t o b e a h i g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y m e t h o d , a n d - i ' i '

l {as ext ,end.ed- as ne\{ grou.ps or h .ouse mouncis emerged. f rom the cane'

l l i t t r i l : t he San Es tevan su rvey , t h ree o the r su rveys , a fChovaco l , t he l l a r t i nez g roup , and the H ipo l i t o P i rouo l mus ' i , bej . nc lucec l because these s i t es mus l , i r ave f o rmec l pa r t o f t he ove ra - i l -s e t t l e m e n t p a t r , e r n f o r ' r r h i c h S a n . ! s t e v a n p r o v i d . e s t h e f o c a l c e , r t r e .

!b-gg"?__"-_o^- l ( r , iS. 20) is a minor ceremonia l centre sbout threel c iLome+, i J ,C -do the sou th o f i , he San Es ievan cen t ra l g roup" I icons j - s t s o f t r+o r? - l i r zas1 {A and C) , se 'pa ra tec i by a l ower a rea(P : -aza E ) r ' , r l i i ch may be a , t i - r i rC i i l aza o r j us - i , an access a rea .P l a z a A i s a n e n c l o ' s e d c e r e r n o n i a l - n l a z a v i t h a n i n e - m e N r e h i . g hpyramid. a* ' i - - ! ,s southern en '1, ' ^ rh i le PTaza ' ) appears to be a d-ual -pu . rpose , i : r oac l , open n la i ra w j - t , i l a na l -ace s t ruc tu re ac ross i t ssou the rn enC- , a t py ra in id i n i i s no : : t h -eas te rn . co rne r , and a sca t te ro f s m a l l - e r s t . r : u c t l r e s . B c - v o r r d t h i s p v r a m i d ( S t r . 9 ) a l o w e r p l a z ae i * tend .s no r thwe i , r c l s . 0n a i . i . s i d .es o f t he cen t ra l comp lex al i m i t e d . p o r l , i o n o f t i : r e s e t t l - e m e n t p a t ' f e r n w a s r e c o r C - e d . j . n ' L h eCen .se bush "

As j -n San Estevan jJ laze j i , s , ten me1,re gr iC, ' *as la i r r cu*-a l o n g a n o r t h - - s o u t h a x - i s i n F l a z a s A , B a n d . C , a n d l e v e l s w e r etaken a t av { i r J r ' t en meLre po in l , . The i n fo rnna t i . on was aga i "n used .t o c o m p i , r , e a c o n L o u r p l a n , a n d . , w i i , h a d . d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n , t oa t tempt , a r : econs t ruc t i on . I n o rde r 1 ,o t i e i n to t , he su rvey thehouse mo u r -d . s o f 1 ,he se -L t l emen t , t r i angu l .p " t i on as desc r ibecL abovewos o f l im i i ; ed - va . l ue , s i t e i i nes be ine ohscu red" by C-ense bush"0n1y those mound-s wh ich s tood - t c t he eas t o f t he ce romon ia l cc 'n t rewere reco rd .ec l i n t h i s w -ay ; e l . s r :where g r i d l i nes had to be ex tended .in t c t . h .e b r : s i r an r l used - as be i se l . i nes f rom wh ich s t ruc tu res one i the r s i . l e cou1d" be reco : : r i , ed .

T 'he Mar t l ngz -g reg ! (F ig . S4 ) was e i t he r a ve ry sma l lce rencn ia l sdL , -Een t ie o r a ve rJ r I a rge d .oub le -p1aza res id .en t i e !1group. I t i -ay bv t ! :e San Estevan road about l . hrn south of ihequar r i e t l P la t fo rm 7 ] g roup . The re la t i ve . , pos i t i ons o f t he mor :n i sin th i s ' g roup l re r .e d .e f i ned by t r i angu la t i on , and the mounds t t rem-s r : l ves were su rvcyed w i th ' f ape and co rnpass .

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The ; l i tof :- lg*gJogt (Fip;. S3) was a3 , 7 7 k m i r , . r m t h e S a n l i s t e v a r . c c m n l e x .compass , i r ,nc i ios ;e tne l w i i ,h C l^ 'owar :o l - and-r e l a t e C b o t h e S a r E s - L s v a n c e r e r n o n i i r , l -a e r i a l s u r v e y .

F u t u r e I - ' , r 1 o r i - b i e s f c r S a : n l l s * , e v a n

s n a l l g r o u p o f l i o u s e m o u n d . si t vas surveyed" by tape and- t h e l v r a r t i n e z G r o u i r ' , i a s

c e n i r e b t - m e a . n s o f i h e

, p1; : , t fornr groups and. honse moun, i . .si l s h o u l d b e r e l a t e d - t o t h e m a i n

a,nd lhen surveyed- by tape Er,nc' l-

1 . T h e s e ! ; i ; l e r n e n t a r r j s r : r , r o u n d . t l i c ; c e r e m o n i a l c e r r t r e a n d b e t w e e ni t and + , ,he Lon* ' S lwanrn sh , - ru lc - be - j , ,opogranh ica l l y surveyed a longs i t e l i n e s o n e h ' , : r : i . i l i : e d " , n e t r e s i l n a r t . s c L h - e t s u r v e y e d . s t r u c t u r e sc a n b e r e l a t e c i + ' , a t o p o g r e r , p h ; r .

2 " The ob serve .J . l : i l ' i , uns- . i rveyed500 met re s to ' t , l . c sc , r th o f P l - i : , zag r o u p a l o n g 1 e v e 1 - f - e d . s i t ' , ' l - i i l e s :c o m p a s s ,

3 . . T h e p r r l s e n c e o r a b s e n c e c ; f s e t t l . e r n e : : - r s b e t w e e n S a n E s t e v a ne i n d . C h o w a c o l s h o u 1 d b e d e t e r r n i n e d a n c l i f n e c e s s a r y s u r v e y e c .

4 . T h e h - o u s e m c u n d s n e a l ' S e , n E s t e v a n v i J . i a g e s h o u l d b e r e c o r d . e d "b y t a p e a : r d . c o m p c s s .

5 . T h e s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v e c l b u t n o t s u r v e y e d , , b e s i d . e t h e a c c e s sr o a c l i n t o C h o w a c o l , s h c u l d b e s ' - : r v e y e d a n d - r e l . a i e d . t o t h e m a i nC h o w a c o t r c o m p l e x .

6 . T h e c o n t i n u o u s s D r e a d . c l ' s t r u c t u r e s t o r i l i e v e s t o f * , i r ' .S a i r E s t c . v a n r c i a d . s h c u l r l - b e r e c o : : r L e d ,

1 . U l t i m a t e l y . t h : - e i r * , i : : e S a n E s t , e v a n r i d " g e s h o u l d b e d . i v i C e din to one k i lome l i ' c sq l ia re ,s and. sys 'bema- l i ca l l v s r i rveyed- to i ' e r , ,e ,a , [the se i ; i lenen ' r , n r , t , te rz r and. - i ,o r ,cgraohy o f i ,he r id .p :e f o rm theNer . r R , iver l ,o the i , c . ,ng Sr , . ,amp. Th i .s l i l s n€ ' , '€ r bee i r d .one in ts ; . t i ze ,a n d . f o r a f u l i k n o w i e d g ; e o f i ; h e i r o p u l . a t i o n , h i e r a r c h y ' : r n i |d - i s t r i b u l ; i o n o - f o , s . ' t t i e n r t - . n - { ; ; , n c r ' i t s r e l a t i o n s h i n t o t h esur i 'our r rJ . ing count r - " ' , a t l e : :s1 , on€ i such ree t . l , i l eC ju r .vey sh , : r - i1d .

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Tn- sornc wavs Sar : ' - la l l i t ,a r ias * , i re sad.dest s i " te the survey * ,co,mv i s i t e d . . D e s t r u c b i o n h a s ' i : . e c . n s o s o v a g e t h a t e v e n t h e 1 a r l 1 ec o n c r e t e t r i a n g u i - a , t i o n n n . l r k e . i . t c f t , b y t h + D . 0 . S . s u r v e y , l * i : . i c honce crowrred the cyramid, had been r i .opc.c l out o f the r - ' round anclth rown t1own . The con tou l p lan shows some o f t h i s d . j . s tu rbance ,b u t d e t a i l e t l " o b s e r r . a t i o n f i n a l l y d i s " b i n g u i s h e d s t r u c t u r a l m o u n c l sf r o m s p o i l . h e a p s a n c " q u a r r v t i p i . T h . u s

" a t l e a s t t h e c e n t r a l p l a z a

and some o f t he s i t , e se t t , l - emen t na t te rn has been p rese r - . / r : c i " t t r es u r v e y w a s a l m o s t e n t i r e i y c a r r i e d o u t b y R o b a n d T e r r y T h a l l o n ,a n d t o ' p r o d u c e t t i e c o n t o u r m a i : ' o h e w b o l e p l a z a a r e a a r o u n d . t h ep y r a m i i l w a s g r i d - d e d " a t t e n m e t r e i n t e r v a l s a n d l e v e l i e d w i t h atheo r l -o l i t e . The py ramic l i t s t : _ i f r , ' s r s t achec rme 'b r i ca l i . y l eve1 le r if r om po in t s on th j . s r { r i d . l f i r e se t t l emen t pa t te rn was reco rd ,ad bytaoe anc l compass and" t j . ed to -b l re ove ra ]_ l su rvey e i t he r b r r e : i - t ens ionso f t h e g r i d - l i n e s o r i r y t r i a n g u l a t i o n .

, :I'utglg_pl i orlli e p_f o r Saniq_!:ta

1 . The house mound g roup to the eas t , c f t he Coroze i l -San ta l i e l -enaroad . shou lc l be reco rc led . bv ' r ape an rL compass .

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fi.:i:at';,!'ir::l

rF.4 'j

Z.:'

:,,-e..1,

1973 Operat ioq Ntrmbe:g

Each s i - t e i nve s i i qa ted was g i ven an 0pe ra t i on number i n

t h e s e r i e s 1 + i n f i n i t y ; s u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s f r o m e a c h s i i e

were d .es igna te ,J . "A " I f o f f e ' , , ' ed by a bag .numbe l i n t he se r iesI + i n f i n i t ; r ; each excawa* , i on a t t he s i t e vas - l e t ' t e red i n t he

se r ie s B + ? , ' , and each baq numbcred . I + i n f i n i t y . A ] : . yp i ca la " " i g " t t i on f ' o r a she rd . f c t f r om excava l . i ons a t Nohmu l wou ld

t h e r 6 f o r e b e 3 C 1 7 , i v h i l e a s u r f a c e c r i l l e c t i o n f o r S a n E s t e v a n

wou lc l be I A 23 . S i te des igna t i ons g i ve r t i n L973 and the work

d ,one were :

I San Estevan

2 C h o w a c o l

3 Nohmu l

4 C o l h a

5 L o u i s v i l 1 e

6 C u e l l o

7 Aventura

8 Santa Ri ta

9 San V ic to r

I 0 P r o g r e s s o

l. l- Kichpanha

12 Sant ,a Elena

I ) Buena V is ta

L4 Ca led -on ia

r5 H ipo l i . t o gp

16 Mar t i nez gp

17 Sa,n Antonio

18 Benque V ie jo( Santa Cr:uz )

- r e c o f l r L i i : i s l e n u : e , m a p p i n : : , s u r f a c e c c l l e c t ' i o n texcava , t i on , s ' r i l su rvey , e thnograph ica"e, r icu i l ,ure survey

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s h e r d . s o f l i n t s , b c n e s

2 . ) 4 - 2 . 3 8 m . A l m o s t i na t t h i s l e v r : l - , a s a l e n sla rge una r t i cu la iedan 'd . cha rcoa l were

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r1: :

C. i sc ove reCi l ; l v i i d ' d en r " j * r I t r I ' 2 ' 38 -2 ' 44 m ' A s im i l a r

concu* r , t o t i on was a l so found- i n t he Nor th '

l t r e s i " o t o * t -

o f t h e t r e n c h ' l n t h i s d ' e p o s i ' b

seve ra l f " * "= o f d .a rk g re ' / c l ay v9 r : f oun r l ' as

w e l l a s t ; ; ; - t ; ' i i c u l a t e d t i e c e s o f - f r i a b l e

b1ack pu t , i o ' i t v l y i ng on a ho : : i zon ta l p lane '

l l pon fu r t l i e r ' ex ta t ' a t j ' * n th i s l aye r nas found

to ex tena i " " " " " i s ten t l y ove r much 9 . f t he

t r e n c h . S h e r d " s l / e r e o " i y d e n s e i n - t h i s l a y e r t

lili,l"li;;;i:ii;1,;i.lo.;";it*i"::" ed as

Lz t *i*:::-il':i"io; .i;#;?;n-il;'lii " "l:{:lug r e y c l a y - ' I i h e s o i l - a n d ' w h i t e m a r l ' T w o l o w

w a l I s w e r e - " o * p f e t e 1 3 r c o v e r e d b y - t h i s l a r g e l y

s t e r i l e d ; p ; ; i ; : ' ^ t ? d e p t h o f - 2 ' 4 7 m e t r e s

h a l f o f a - i * t g u l a u r e 1 - l e i f f l q l g ^ o f h o n e y -

co lou red . f l - i n t was uncove red (en f Zg ) ' Ca rbon

samp les , and a i a rge samgr le o f t he c lepos i t

i t s L l f , v e r e r e m o v e c l f o r a n a l y s i s ' -

I i : M i d d e n 1 " ; ; i ; t , - z ' 7 o : 2 ' E 8 m ' - A t

t h e b a s e o f

the wa i : - " ' i r , i " ' - r u r1 , " c -a rk o rgan ic p r imary m idden

w a s u n c o v e r e d . C a i U o n f r a g m e n t s v e r e c o m m o n t

and a " tn ,of

u o 'u ' * taken f or dat ing ' I t was

conc l r ra .a " i i u ' i i r t u wa l1s were bu i l t d ' i r ec t l y

u p o n t h j - s l a Y e r ' - -14 : M idd "en ana -U la tock r l ecompos i t i on l aye r V I t

2 . E B - 3 , 4 ' 4 m ' T h i s l i g h t ' g r e ' v c l a y l a y e r h a d

the *pp* " " t r r " " o f p r imary . -m ic lden -o l t op ' bu t

g rad .ed j - ; l ; - ; l " r i t i i ime"s tone rubb le and" then

in to a * . t o *posea bed ' rock and so l i c l be t l rock '

Po t be ry became sca rc ,e be l -o i t t he 3 ' 00 m leve l '

s t ruc tu res : Two low wa i l s rnee t , i ag a t r i gh t -ang les - * "T . t f ound '

i nco rpo ra ted ' i " - r * v " t 72 and res t ' r ng ' r pc l 13 a i a dep t t r o f 2 ' 70 m '

The p la t fo rm t ,ook the f o rm l : - , t - t " t ; 7 na "a p las - t ' e r ,ma t r i x su r round ' i ng

l imes tone ruU l i e - i n t he Nor th Eas t co r l l e r i f t i r e t rench ' and o f a

d ry_ la id . l . imes tone b l -ock * " i - i r unn ing i n one cou rse toward ' s t he

So l tn | t r es t ac ross the t rench '

C o n c l u s i o n s 3 T h i s t e s t p i t r e v e a l e d a c o m p l e x s e q u e n c e o f m i d - c l e n

d .epos i t s o . r " r f r i r by 1 * ex t reme ly i l e . , ep success ion o f p las te r f l oo rs '

T h e p r e s e n c " o i L a t l F r e c l a s s i c p o l t e r y i n t h e m i c l d e n l a y e r s

ind . i ca res qse c f t he s i t e . b ; " ; ; r i aa t ,g l bu i ; a number o f poss ib l y

Ear l y C lass i c " r ,

u tas i n * ,he ' ' ^ ; ; ; ; " : i nd ' i ca te tha t i t may have been

r e d e p o s i t e d - f r o m n e a r b y , w l t h } i t t } e d - a m a g e o c c u r r i n g t o t h em a t e i i a t ; a p " " " f u s s i c d a t e

" i : o t - t f i n m i c l d e i l a y e r s i ' r i i n o c c a s i o n a l

p e n e t , r a t i o n o i - i ; ; ; ; m a t e r i ' a 1 - a n " t o a n i m a l o r r o o t a c t i o n o r a n

unde tec ted . p i . t seems h 'owever - ' no "n j - i ke1y ' The success ion o f

p las te r f t oo rs con ta ined . f i i 1 l e s f re rd m l te r i a l an6 thus canno t be

f i rml .y d-ated. , a l though the io"* , o f the s t ructures around' the pLaza

w h i c h t l r e f I o o r s s . , r f a c u u " o g n t i a C 1 3 " s i c " d a t e i - 1 1 : ^ n u m b e r o f

f l o o r s , m o s t o f t h e n n e w " t ; ; ? ; ; e s

r a 1 , h e r t h a n r e p a i r s , s u g g e s t s a

c o m p l e x c o n s t r u c t i o n a l " o q " u " . e f o r . b } r i s p a r t o f C h o w a c o l i ngenera l , A tggnl -nus_ ag! .g . go;g ror -Lhe

"onst ru" t ion is prov ided

5v the s lab -ed .ged cons t ruc t f f i l r " i f i o "u " t h * Nor th end -o f S t r ' 2 '

4 2 .

w h i c h i s o f F o s t c L a s s i c a r c h i t e c t u r * 1 _ t y n e a n d a p p a r e n t l ya s s o c i a t e i L w i t h a s u r f a c e d e r o s i t o f t a i i p o s t c l a s s i c e f " f i g yincensa r ios . op " 28 ' r ou l i l " t hus see rn t . d -ocumen t a pe r ioc o fP r e c l a s s i c o c c u p a t i o n d u r i n g w h i c h m i d d e n

" ; ; ; i * ; ; ; ; u s e r l a sf i 1 l f o r a s tone_ faced f o . , . , f l a t f n r .m , p r< lbab ly fo : ^ a hcuse ,

{ g r t o w e d - b y a ? g " i o d m o s t t y g r y h o . l i y ' i n t h e - c l a s s i c o f c o n t i n u a rf l c o r - c o n s t r u c t i . o n a s s o c i a i e d i r i t h t i . e d e v e l o p m * n t o f t h e m i n o rc e r e n o n i a l c c n t r e .

Q p . 3

l t ?h*y } ^ : ^ ' g rea t moun t l ' , i t s r cca l ne rne acco r r l i ng to Ganna n d G a n n ( l g l g , - r )a ,nc uann ( I 9J9 , t ) i s t he l a r .ges r ; s i be so fa r d . i sc Sve red . i nno r the rn Be i i ze " i t ] i es on -Lhe wes te r r - - r rno .q t , n f t ho I i - cc rnnawes te r : l r nos t o f t he " l - imes tonel i dg -e_s tha t f o rm the bas i c s t r r : c tu re c f t he reg i c r . , l e t roe "n theR io Hond .o anc l . t he be l t o f s jwa r ip th . r , t passes by -san ' Josd andBuena v i s ta " i v i os t i f no t a l I o f t he i i t " i s i n i , r ru { r r ra r i t a te ra la rea be tween th .e modern v i l . i ages o f Doug las r San V ic io r , San poU ioand San Lu i s , bu i i t s l i n i t s f , aoe no t y l t been c le te rm ine r l and i ti s n o i ; c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e s m a l i e r c e r l m c n i a l - c e n t r e s a t s a n y i c t o r(0p. 9) to the nor ih anr i San Luis t ,c , ih .e soui t l are par t o f Nohnru lo r sepa ra te s i ' + "es "

T h e f r r s t r e c o r d o f t h e s i t e i s a s a n D o n & r r , e d ' s i g n a r a n d .l oo l rou t mound , r - (Gann , LBg7 , 314 ) , and t t re t , i r s -b excava t i on tha to f Gann in t9o8 -9 i n io a numb. . ' o r *o . roa i i c ; ; ; , - r ; ; i , i + : r t " " "i nc lud - ine twc l a rge s t r i r c t , u res , ; robab ly s t r . s . 56 and g " Gann .excava ted ano the r nound in r9 r - r - -12 ( cann , 1914-16 , rg ) c rn *n " i " r , usub -su r faee d .epos i t o f La te Pos tc iase i c " f r i g .1 r

i ncensa r io f r . agmen tshac l been f ou -nd by . an fnC ian . A f te r he had ro t i r : ed f ' om t ,he me .d iea1se rv i ce and - mar r i cd . , .Gann re tu rned . -bo Nohmu l w i th h i s r+ i f . e f o r twoseasons o f excava t i on (Gann and Gann . , 1g3g1 G; lnn , rg i s , goo . r r - t g lg ,260-72) dur i -a ,g - r*L: ich. th i r ty mc:unds i r "ere c ,oened . In 194.4 a road. , * rasbui I t nor ih of the s i te ce i i j ; i .e f ron s i ; r ,

" ; ; i ; - ; " io"g, r r " , par . f r ; , rdes t roy ing an - i so la ted oy ra r i r i d wh ich v i+ ldec i a number o f p ro to_c lass i c vesse r s f rom t r ^ ' o " chambers rE i+ "h in i i " - t i " a ' " " " " "

" "a cook ,

\?++) , ? ld rno re recen t l y l ; enn i s Fu les to : : : r ecove re r l . a bu r ia l f r omth .e roadbed some 50 m ' l L t he eo ,$ t i l i s - r *po r t

i n A r . chaeoJ_og-yDepar t ,men*, , l le l_mopan ) .

The sum res r : l t o f t h i s worh r ^ ras -Nha t NohmuL had . a seg .uencerunning f rom probably the Latu. . l?rec iass ic th . rough a s .brong proto-and ' Ea r l y C lass i c , w i t r t an unknovn da te o f e rbanc lonmen t and l a te rLa te Pos tc lass i - c reuse o f a t l eas+" one

- sna l i - py ramid f o ri n c e n s a r i o d e p o s i t i o n . G a n n ' " _ p i a r r - T c o n n a . r a G a n n , r g 1 ' g , z )sugges ted - a l oose ly -a r "b i c r r l a ted . * ce remon ia l cen t re g i t h a s in ,g lepraza and many - rong rmouncls and banks, encJ.os ing less d.ef ined.a r e a s .

- rhe rg73 survey shove<l t ,hat both the conten.b ancl scale ofGann's p j .an were in lccurate; (n igs : ;e- .6T , t l ie 'nround s an<i banks ,were much sma l l e r re la t i ve to t i l e n ia in p laza than i l e had rec r : r r r i . ec r :and much c l os e r , , f o rm ing a se r ies o f r . , r - i ze rs to the eas t , sou .Lhand ' wes t ; Gann had m i "s6d th " eas te " t r "u r rg ;n c1 l -bhe baL l c6u r t andthe func t i on ' o f t he l ong , cons t ruc t i on runn ing . r , e . s t f r o rn . t he ma inp l a z a a s a s q c b e , a s * n i l a s t h e g * i p - ; f s t r u c t u r e s a t i i ; swes te rn end lG ia i l e .o

"n *o " " i son o f F igs . 2 i -6 v i f , l i Gann and Gan ' r s