ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at...
Transcript of ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at...
![Page 1: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Magnetic shielding and source-mass characterization in the ARIADNE axion experiment
Microwave Cavities and Detectors for Axion Research at LLNL - Aug 21-24th, 2018
Chloe Lohmeyer
![Page 2: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Center for Fundamental Physics (CFP)
Collaborators: Andrew Geraci (Northwestern), Asimina Arvanitaki (Perimeter), Aharon Kapitulnik
(Stanford), Alan Fang (Stanford), Sam Mumford (Stanford), Josh Long (IU), Chen-Yu Liu (IU), Mike
Snow (IU), Inbum Lee (IU), Justin Shortino (IU), Yannis Semertzidis (CAPP), Yun Shin (CAPP),
Yong-Ho Lee (KRISS), Lutz Trahms (PTB), Allard Schnabel (PTB), Jens Voigt (PTB)
Grant No. PHY-1509176, 1510484, 1506508
Axion Resonant InterAction DetectioN Experiment
![Page 3: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
QCD Axion Parameter
Space
DM RadioLC Circuit
ABRACADABRA
ARIADNEAdapted from http://pdg.lbl.gov/2015/reviews/rpp2015-rev-axions.pdf
![Page 4: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Photons Nucleons Electrons
Dark Matter (Cosmic) axions
ADMX, HAYSTACK, DM Radio, LC
Circuit, MADMAX, ABRACADABRA
CASPEr QUAX
Solar axions CASTIAXO
Lab-produced axions
Light-shining-thru- walls (ALPS,
ALPS-II)ARIADNE
CouplingSource
Axion and ALP Searches
![Page 5: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Axion-exchange between nucleons
Axion acts as a force mediator between nucleons
Monopole-monopole Monopole-dipole
• Scalar Coupling ∝ θQCD
• Pseudoscalar coupling
Dipole-dipole
In the non-relativistic limit:
![Page 6: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Spin-Dependent Forces
mf σr
A. Arvanitaki and A. Geraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 161801 (2014)
● Different from an ordinary magnetic field
● Does not couple to angular momentum
● Does not obey Maxwell’s Equations
● Unaffected by magnetic shielding
Fictitious magnetic field
Monopole-Dipole Axion Exchange
![Page 7: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NMR for detection
σrmf
Beff
Spin ½ 3He Nucleus Bext
● Time varying Beff
drives spin precession
● This produces a transverse magnetization
● Magnetization can be detected using a SQUID
A. Arvanitaki and A. Geraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 161801 (2014)
![Page 8: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Constraints and Sensitivity
[3] G. Raffelt, Phys. Rev. D 86, 015001 (2012)] [4] G. Vasilakis, et. al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 261801 (2009).[5] K. Tullney,et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 100801 (2013) [6] P.-H. Chu,et. al., Phys. Rev. D 87, 011105(R) (2013).[7] M. Bulatowicz, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 102001 (2013).
[3]
[4],[5],[6],[7]
![Page 9: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Experimental SetupLaser Polarized 3He gas
SQUID pickup loop
Bext
Superconducting Shielding
Unpolarized tungstensource mass
Limit: Transverse spin projection noise
A. Arvanitaki and A. Geraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 161801 (2014)
![Page 10: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
11 segments100 Hz nuclear spin precession frequency2 x 1021 / cc 3He density10 mm x 3 mm x 150 µm volumeSeparation 200 µmTungsten source mass (high nucleon density)
Experimental Parameters
![Page 11: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cryostat Design
![Page 12: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
IU Test Cryostat
![Page 13: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hyperpolarized 3He• Ordinary magnetic fields cannot be used to reach near unity polarization
• Metastability exchange optical pumping
M Batz, P-J Nacher and G Tastevin, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 294 (2011) 012002Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053503 (2005)
Indiana U. MEOP apparatus
![Page 14: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Experimental Challenges
A. Geraci et al., arXiv.1710.05413. Proceedings of the 2nd Axion Cavity and Detector Workshop (2017).
1/2
![Page 15: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thin Film Superconducting Shielding
● Shield out ordinary magnetic noise
● Sputtered Niobium on quartz tubes/different geometries for tests
● Tests of adhesion, Tc, shielding factor done by CAPP and Stanford collaborators
Younggeun Kim, Dongok Kim, Yun Chang Shin, Andrei Matlashov CAPP/IBS
![Page 16: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thin Film Superconducting Shielding
● Measuring mutual inductance between inner and outer coils
● Place sample with coil in the liquid He dewar
● Found position where spectrum analyzer drops (where B field can no longer penetrate into the superconductor)
Younggeun Kim, Dongok Kim, Yun Chang Shin, Andrei Matlashov CAPP/IBS
![Page 17: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thin Film Superconducting Shielding
● Shield out ordinary magnetic noise
● Sputtered Niobium on quartz tubes/different geometries for tests
● Tc around 7.3K
● Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford)
● Work in progress on optimizing adhesion● Work in progress on measuring shielding factor
Younggeun Kim, Dongok Kim, Yun Chang Shin, Andrei Matlashov CAPP/IBS
Tc Measurement
● With thin films between 250 nm to 1 micron, 7.25 < Tc < 7.5K
● Collaborators at Stanford will also be working towards optimizing Tc
![Page 18: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Source Mass Prototype
● Material: tungsten
● 11 segments
● 3.8 cm in diameter
![Page 19: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Source Mass Characterization - Magnetic Impurities
Magnetic impurities below 0.4 ppmMagnetic impurity testing in Tungstenusing commercial SQUID magnetometer -- Indiana U
![Page 20: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Source Mass Characterization
● Magnetized the wheel with a 30 mT magnet
● Wheel was brought under multichannel SQUID device in shielded room
● After degaussing, the magnetic moment is reduced by one order of magnitude to about 2 pT
● In addition, the wheel generates Johnson noise of some 1-1.5 pT (peak to peak)
Lutz Trahms (PTB)
![Page 21: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Source Mass Characterization
● Lowest measurement plane is shown here.
● Radius of the dotted circle is 16.667 mm.
● Wheel was adjusted in X direction and it was spinning around the Y-axis.
● All recordings were done with 250 Hz sampling rate.
![Page 22: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Source Mass Characterization - Before Degaussing
Lutz Trahms (PTB)
Mag
netic
fiel
d (p
T)Time (s)
![Page 23: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Source Mass Characterization - After Degaussing
Lutz Trahms (PTB)
Mag
netic
fiel
d (p
T)Time (s)
Rotated between 0.25Hz to 0.475Hz
![Page 24: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Rotational Stability
Interferometers
● Two interferometers pointed at bottom of sprocket
● Distance “d” is found
● Thus, wobble distance “x” can be found using geometry
● Distance Sensitivity 19 pm/√Hz
![Page 25: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Test Mass Assembly
Rod details
Material: Ti6Al4VDiameter: 5 ± .01mmLength: 7.5 ± .1” Ovality: < .0004"Runout: < .0005"
Original runout .0005" reduced to .0003" after bearing attachment
![Page 26: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SQUID Development
Field Noise from SQUID measured inside a magnetically shielded room
Yong-Ho Lee (KRISS)
Custom fabricated SQUID on quartz
![Page 27: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Future Plans● Rotational stability testing (Northwestern)
● Improvements to thin film adhesion and Tc (CAPP/Stanford)
● Laser polarized 3He system tests (IU)
● 3He sample spheroidal cavity (Stanford)
● Cryostat building/assembly (Northwestern)
● Continuation of magnetic impurity testing (IU/PTB)
● Integration of SQUID system (KRISS)
![Page 28: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. PHY-1509176, 1510484, 1506508).
Group Members (left to right): Chloe Lohmeyer, Andrew Geraci, Chethn Galla, Evan Weisman, Eduardo Alejandro, Cris Montoya
![Page 29: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Questions
![Page 30: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Extra Slides
![Page 31: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Superconducting Magnetic Shielding
Meissner Effect
• No magnetic flux across
superconducting boundary
Method of Images
• Make “image currents” mirrored
across the superconducting boundary
Dipole with image
→
![Page 32: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Problem of Unwanted Images
• ARIADNE uses magnetized spheroid
– Constant interior field
But want to drive entire sample on resonance
• Magnetic shielding introduces “image spheroid”
Interior field varies
→ variations in nuclear Larmor frequency
![Page 33: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Flattening Solution
• 1 coil – simple configuration• Expected field from spheroid
~1 μT• I on the 0.1 – 1 A range
![Page 34: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
98 times flatterI = 1.6 A
sFrac
= 0.17%
Gradient Cancellation
enabling T2 of ~100 s
![Page 35: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tuning Solution – “D” Coils
• Tune field with Helmholtz coils• Helmholtz field only flat near the
center• Geometry restrictions prevent the
spheroid from being centered in traditional Helmholtz coils
• Inner straight-line currents cancel
• Outer currents do notOne “D” coil and image (bird’s eye view)
• “D” coils look like Helmholtz coils when their images are included
![Page 36: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Quartz block assembly
Fabrication/polishing tests in process
![Page 37: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
SpheroidalCavity for
3He
![Page 38: ARIADNE axion experiment Magnetic shielding and source ... · Work in progress on optimizing Tc at Stanford (A. Kapitulnik, A. Fang, S. Mumford) Work in progress on optimizing adhesion](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042411/5f29dfacd60a006b091e6fcf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Rotational Stability